Experiment No.

Environment: Microsoft Windows

Tools/ Language: Oracle

OBJECTIVE: To implement the concept of subqueries & set theoretic functions.

Theory:

SET THEORETIC FUNCTIONS

The SQL UNION Operator

The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT statements.

Notice that each SELECT statement within the UNION must have the same number of
columns. The columns must also have similar data types. Also, the columns in each SELECT
statement must be in the same order.

SQL UNION Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
Note: The UNION operator selects only distinct values by default. To allow duplicate values,
use the ALL keyword with UNION.

SQL UNION ALL Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
PS: The column names in the result-set of a UNION are usually equal to the column names in
the first SELECT statement in the UNION.

SQL INTERSECT Operator

The following statement combines the results with the INTERSECT operator, which returns
only those rows returned by both queries:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1

INTERSECT
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;

SQL Minus Operator

The following statement combines results with the MINUS operator, which returns only
unique rows returned by the first query but not by the second:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1

MINUS
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
Sub Queries :--> A sub query is a form of an SQL statement. It is also term as nested query.
The statement containing a sub query is called a parent. The parent statement uses the row
return by the sub query.

It can also use for following:-

 To insert records in a target tables.
 To create tables and insert records in the table created.
 To update records in a target table.
 To create views.
 To provide values for condition in WHERE, HAVING, IN and so on used with
SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE statement.

Examples (Use SQL script given in Practical Assignment):

Q: Find the students name and sid whose GPA is equal to GPA of Amy & Craig?
A: select sID, sName from student
where GPA IN(select GPA from student
where sName in('Amy', 'Craig'));

OUTPUT:
SID SNAME
----- ----------
654 Amy
876 Irene
456 Doris
123 Amy
345 Craig
543 Craig
789 Gary
Q: Find the students name and sid whose GPA is equal to GPA of Amy & Craig but result
should not include Amy and Craig?
A: Select sID, sName
From Student
Where GPA IN ( Select GPA
From Student
Where sName IN ('Amy', 'Craig'))
And sName NOT IN ('Amy', 'Craig ');

Q: Find the name of student with their GPA and Sid whose high school size is not equal to
high school size of Doris?
A: select sID, sName, GPA
from student
where sizeHS NOT IN( select sizeHS
from student
where sName='Doris');
OUTPUT: (Write any four only)
SID SNAME GPA
---------- ---------- ----------------
234 Bob 3.6
345 Craig 3.5
567 Edward 2.9
678 Fay 3.8
789 Gary 3.4
987 Helen 3.7
876 Irene 3.9
765 Jay 2.9
543 Craig 3.4

Q: Find the name and Sid of student who apply to same college where Irene has applied ?
A: select sID, sName from student
where sID in(select sID from apply where Cname in(select Cname
from apply where sID in(select sID from student where sName='Irene')));

OUTPUT:
SID SNAME
---------- ----------
765 Jay
876 Irene
987 Helen
678 Fay
123 Amy
543 Craig
345 Craig

Q: Give the names of colleges who receive same number of applications or more than
Stanford had received?
A: select cName from apply group by cName
having count(sID)>=(select count(sID) from apply
where cName='Stanford')

OUTPUT:
CNAME
----------
Cornell
Stanford
Q: Create a table having two columns college name and number of applications they receive?
A:
Create table collegeinfo
(cName varchar(10), no_of_app number(5));

insert into collegeinfo

selectcName, count(sID) from apply
group by cName;

Q: Create table and load data from already created table

Create a Table having Student id, Student Name, GPA, College Name they applied to and
decision i.e.
sID sName GPA cName decision

A: Create table ApplicationDetail

AS( SELECT S.sID, sName, GPA, cName, decision
FROM STUDENT S, Apply A where S.sID=A.sID);

Q: Update Decision to N for all students who applied to same major as sID 876 have applied.
A: update APPLY
set decision='N'
WHERE major IN ( SELECT major
FROM APPLY
WHERE sID = 876);

Q: Delete the Application of student who have applied to same college as of ‘Irene’
A: delete from Apply
where cName IN (Select cName from Apply
where sID IN (Select sID from Student
where sName = 'Irene'));
Q:Find IDs and names of student who share same name with another student.
A: Select *
From Student S1
Where exists ( Select * From student S2
Where S1.sName=S2.sName)
Running above query will give WRONG result as every student of outer query will match (or
each S1 student having same name as S2), we need ensure we are talking about different
person. So,
Select *
From Student S1
Where exists ( Select * From student S2
Where S1.sName=S2.sName
and S1.sID <> S2.sID)
Q: Find IDs of students that applied to all colleges.
Insert these to get student who applied to all college.
insert into Apply values (123, 'MIT', 'CSE', 'N');
insert into Apply values (123, 'Harvard', 'CSE', 'N');

A: Select s.sID, s.sName

From Student S
Where NOT Exists ( (Select C.cName from College C)
MINUS
(Select A.cName from Apply A where A.sID=S.sID));

Kindly delete the above two rows

Delete from apply where major='CSE';
 Practical Assignment - 5

Department: Computer Engineering & Applications

Course: B.Tech. (CSE)
Subject: Database Management System Lab (CSE3083)
Year: 2nd Semester: 3rd

SQL Script for this Experiment

BEGIN
FOR cur_rec IN (SELECT object_name, object_type
FROM user_objects
WHERE object_type IN
('TABLE',
'VIEW',
'PACKAGE',
'PROCEDURE',
'FUNCTION',
'SEQUENCE'
))
LOOP
BEGIN
IF cur_rec.object_type = 'TABLE'
THEN
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP '
|| cur_rec.object_type
|| ' "'
|| cur_rec.object_name
|| '" CASCADE CONSTRAINTS';
ELSE
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP '
|| cur_rec.object_type
|| ' "'
|| cur_rec.object_name
|| '"';
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS
THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ( 'FAILED: DROP '
|| cur_rec.object_type
|| ' "'
|| cur_rec.object_name
|| '"'
);
END;
END LOOP;
END;
/
commit;
drop table College;
drop table Student;
drop table Apply;
create table College(cName varchar2(10) primary key, state
varchar2(10), enrollment int);
create table Student(sID int primary key, sName varchar2(10), GPA
real, sizeHS int);
create table Apply(sID int, cName varchar2(10), major varchar2(20),
decision char(1), primary key(sID, major, cName), constraint sID_fk
Foreign key(sID) references Student, constraint cName_fk Foreign
key(cName) references College);

delete from Student;

delete from College;
delete from Apply;

insert into Student values (123, 'Amy', 3.9, 1000);

insert into Student values (234, 'Bob', 3.6, 1500);
insert into Student values (345, 'Craig', 3.5, 500);
insert into Student values (456, 'Doris', 3.9, 1000);
insert into Student values (567, 'Edward', 2.9, 2000);
insert into Student values (678, 'Fay', 3.8, 200);
insert into Student values (789, 'Gary', 3.4, 800);
insert into Student values (987, 'Helen', 3.7, 800);
insert into Student values (876, 'Irene', 3.9, 400);
insert into Student values (765, 'Jay', 2.9, 1500);
insert into Student values (654, 'Amy', 3.9, 1000);
insert into Student values (543, 'Craig', 3.4, 2000);
insert into College values ('Stanford', 'CA', 15000);
insert into College values ('Berkeley', 'CA', 36000);
insert into College values ('MIT', 'MA', 10000);
insert into College values ('Cornell', 'NY', 21000);
insert into College values ('Harvard', 'MA', 50040);
insert into Apply values (123, 'Stanford', 'CS', 'Y');
insert into Apply values (123, 'Stanford', 'EE', 'N');
insert into Apply values (123, 'Berkeley', 'CS', 'Y');
insert into Apply values (123, 'Cornell', 'EE', 'Y');
insert into Apply values (234, 'Berkeley', 'biology', 'N');
insert into Apply values (345, 'MIT', 'bioengineering', 'Y');
insert into Apply values (345, 'Cornell', 'bioengineering', 'N');
insert into Apply values (345, 'Cornell', 'CS', 'Y');
insert into Apply values (345, 'Cornell', 'EE', 'N');
insert into Apply values (678, 'Stanford', 'history', 'Y');
insert into Apply values (987, 'Stanford', 'CS', 'Y');
insert into Apply values (987, 'Berkeley', 'CS', 'Y');
insert into Apply values (876, 'Stanford', 'CS', 'N');
insert into Apply values (876, 'MIT', 'biology', 'Y');
insert into Apply values (876, 'MIT', 'marine biology', 'N');
insert into Apply values (765, 'Stanford', 'history', 'Y');
insert into Apply values (765, 'Cornell', 'history', 'N');
insert into Apply values (765, 'Cornell', 'psychology', 'Y');
insert into Apply values (543, 'MIT', 'CS', 'N');
commit;
 Student Apply
sID sName GPA sizeHS sID cName major decision
123 Amy 3.9 1000 123 Stanford CS Y
234 Bob 3.6 1500 123 Stanford EE N
345 Craig 3.5 500 123 Berkeley CS Y
456 Doris 3.9 1000 123 Cornell EE Y
567 Edward 2.9 2000 234 Berkeley biology N
678 Fay 3.8 200 345 MIT bioengineering Y
789 Gary 3.4 800 345 Cornell bioengineering N
987 Helen 3.7 800 345 Cornell CS Y

876 Irene 3.9 400 345 Cornell EE N

765 Jay 2.9 1500 678 Stanford history Y

987 Stanford CS Y
654 Amy 3.9 1000
987 Berkeley CS Y
543 Craig 3.4 2000
876 Stanford CS N
College 876 MIT biology Y
cName state enrollment 876 MIT marine biology N
Stanford CA 15000 765 Stanford history Y
Berkeley CA 36000 765 Cornell history N
MIT MA 10000 765 Cornell psychology Y
Cornell NY 21000 543 MIT CS N

Harvard MA 50040

Write SQL queries for the following:

1. IDs and names of students who have applied to major in CS at some college.
2. Find ID and name of student having same high school size as Jay.
3. Find ID and name of student having same high school size as Jay but result should not
include Jay.
4. Find the name of student with their GPA and Sid whose GPA not equal to GPA of
Irene?
5. Find college where any student having their name started from J have applied?
6. Find all different major where Irene has applied?
7. Find IDs of student and major who applied in any of major Irene had applied to?
8. Find IDs of student and major who applied in any of major Irene had applied to? But
this time exclude Irene sID from the list.
9. Give the number of colleges Jay applied to? (Remember count each college once no
matter if he applied to same college twice with different major)
10. Find sID of student who applied to more or same number of college where Jay has
applied?
11. Find details of Students who applied to major CS but not applied to major EE? (sID
987, 876, 543 should only be include in result)
12. All colleges such that some other college is in same state. (Cornell should not be part
of result as no other college in New York Hint: use exists)
13. Find the college with highest enrollment.
14. Find name of student having lowest GPA.
 15. Find the most popular major.
16. Find sID, sName, sizeHS of all students NOT from smallest HS
17. Find the name of student who applies to all the colleges where sID 987 has applied?
(Hint: see Query Find IDs of student applied to all colleges)

Run the following SQL script before next query

insert into Apply
select s1.sID, 'Berkeley', 'CSE', 'Y'
from student s1
where s1.sID IN (select s.sID from student s
MINUS
select a.sID from apply a where a.cName = 'Berkeley');
18. Find college where all the student have applied.

For next three queries you are expected to solve using without joins and IN
operators (Use only SET Theoretic Functions)
19. Find sid of student who have not applied to Stanford.
20. Find sid of Student that applied to both Stanford and Berkeley.
21. Give list of all names including all names of colleges and students.

22. Create a table ApplicationInfo having columns sID: int, sName:

varchar2(10) and number_of_applications: number(2) they filed?
Populate this table with appropriate data using insert command. (Remember to include
details of ALL students that have applied or not applied)
23. Create table ApplicationData and load with ID, name of college where they
applied with state of college on runtime using single query.
24. Stanford decide not to take any student who have also applied to its rival Berkeley turn
their application decision to N. (Hint: Turn decision to N only if any student applied to
both Stanford and Berkeley, Update decision of only Stanford Application )
25. Delete applications that are filed Colleges situated at city ‘New York’.

Pre Experiment Questions

1. What is Union Compatibility?

2. What are correlated sub queries?
3. What are nested queries?

Post Experiment Questions

1. When we use sub queries?
2. What will be different from join results and sub queries?