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Physiology02 Cell Physiology

This document provides information on cell physiology including: 1. The basic components and structures of cells including the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and nucleus. 2. The functions of various organelle like mitochondria generating energy, endoplasmic reticulum processing proteins, Golgi apparatus packaging proteins, and lysosomes breaking down materials. 3. Functional systems of cells including endocytosis, exocytosis, autophagy, autolysis, and cellular locomotion which allow cells to transport materials, move, and degrade components.

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31 views63 pages

Physiology02 Cell Physiology

This document provides information on cell physiology including: 1. The basic components and structures of cells including the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and nucleus. 2. The functions of various organelle like mitochondria generating energy, endoplasmic reticulum processing proteins, Golgi apparatus packaging proteins, and lysosomes breaking down materials. 3. Functional systems of cells including endocytosis, exocytosis, autophagy, autolysis, and cellular locomotion which allow cells to transport materials, move, and degrade components.

Uploaded by

smpoojasubash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cell physiology

A.Shamyar
Medical Doctor
cytoplasm = (cytosole + cytoskeletone) + organelles
Plasma Plasma
Cell 1 membrane membrane

Intracellular
space

Cell 2
Cell
membrane
Complex sphingolipids function :

1-protection from harmful environmental factors

2-signal transmission

3-adhesion sites for extra-cellular proteins

Cholesterol :
1-degree of permeability

2-fluidity of cell membrane


protein:

1-integral proteins:
( pores ; carriers ; enzymes ; receptors )

enzymatically activation of intracellular part

second messenger

2-peripheral:
(enzymatic role)
1-glycoproteins(carbohydrate part)

Galycocalyx 2-glycolipids(carbohydrate part)

3-proteoglycans

1-negative electrical charge

2-attachment to other cells


Galycocalyx
function 3-receptor substances

4-immune reactions
Intermediate
filaments
Mitochondria
High energy phosphate bonds
Mitochondria:
1-one hundred to several thousands in different cell types

2-it is produced more whenever is needed more energy


( for example: long term exercise training )
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum

The space inside the ER is connected with the space


between the two membrane bilayers of the nuclear
membrane.
- enzymes for breaking down of
glycogen to glucose
- detoxification of drugs &…..
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus

Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi complex or Golgi


body, membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotic cells
(cells with clearly defined nuclei) that is made up of a
series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae.

It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic


reticulum and near the cell nucleus and it has
membrane similar to those of the agranular
endoplasmic reticulum.

While many types of cells contain only one or several


Golgi apparatus, plant cells can contain hundreds.
Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus functions in association with


the endoplasmic reticulum and is responsible for
transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and
lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted
destinations.

Secretory proteins and glycoproteins, cell membrane


proteins, lysosomal proteins, and some glycolipids
all pass through the Golgi apparatus at some point in
their maturation.
Golgi Apparatus
- synthesizing certain carbohydrate compounds:
(formation of large saccharide polymers
bound with small amount of proteins)
[ hyaluronic acid & chondroitin sulfate ]
1-major components of proteoglycans secreted in
mucus and other glands

2-ground substance (nonfibrous) component of


extracellular matrix acting as filler between collagen
fibers and cells

3- principal component in bone & cartilage matrix

4-important in many cell activities including migration &


proliferation
This apparatus
is prominent in
secretory cells,
where it is
located on the
side of the cell
from which the
secretory
substances are
extruded.
lysosomes

Lysosomes are formed by the fusion of vesicles that have budded


off from the trans-Golgi.

The sorting system recognizes address sequences in the


hydrolytic enzymes and directs them to growing lysosomes.
lysosomes

These membrane-bound organelles contain a variety of


enzymes called hydrolases (as many as 40 different hydrolase
enzymes) that can digest proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and
complex sugars.

The lumen of a lysosome is more acidic than the cytoplasm.

This environment activates the hydrolases and confines their


destructive work to the lysosome.

The lysosomes provide an intracellular digestive system that


allows the cell to digest:
1- damaged cellular structure
2- food particles that have been ingested by the cell
3- endocytotic matters such as bacteria
FORMATION OF LYSOSOMES

Rough Protein synthesis


endoplasmic N-linked glycosylation
reticulum

Incoming Cis: phosphorylation


Cis
transport vesicles
of M-6-P

lumen
Golgi Medial cisterna

Newly forming
vesicles
Trans: M-6-P receptor binds
Trans M-6-P of lysosomal enzymes

Lysosomal maturation Transport vesicles

lysosomes
lysosomes

vesicles that bud off from the plasma membrane


via endocytosis are also sent to lysosomes, where
their contents — fluid and molecules from the
extracellular environment — are processed.

The process of endocytosis is an example of reverse


vesicle trafficking, and it plays an important role in
nutrition and immunity as well as membrane
recycling.

Lysosomes break down and thus disarm many kinds


of foreign and potentially pathogenic materials that
get into the cell through such extracellular sampling
Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are similar physically to lysosomes, but


they are different in two ways:
1- They are believed to be formed by self-replication
(or perhaps by budding off from the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum) rather than from Golgi
apparatus.
2- They contain oxidases rather than hydrolases.
Peroxisomes are organelles that sequester diverse oxidative
reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive
oxygen species detoxification, and signaling.

Several of the oxidases are capable of combining oxygen with


hydrogen ions derived from different intracellular chemicals to
form hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Hydrogen peroxide is a highly oxidizing substance and is used in


association with catalase, another oxidase enzyme present in
large quantities in peroxisomes, to oxidize many substances that
might otherwise be poisonous to the cell.
(for instance, about half the alcohol a person drinks is detoxified
by the peroxisomes of the liver cells in this manner.)

Oxidative pathways housed in peroxisomes include fatty acid


β-oxidation, which contributes to embryogenesis, seedling
growth, and stomatal opening.
NUCLEUS
-A nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's
chromosomes.
-The interior of the nucleus has a skeleton of fine filaments that are
attached to the nuclear membrane, or envelope which surrounds
the nucleus.
-This membrane is a double bilayer membrane, and spaces between
the two folds are called perinuclear cisterna.
- The membrane is permeable only to small molecules.
- However, it contains nuclear pore complexes.
- Each complex has eightfold symmetry and is made up from a tunnel
through which transport of proteins and mRNA occurs.
- There are many transport pathways, and proteins called “importins”
and “exportins” have been isolated and characterized.
- A protein is named “Ran” appears to play an organizing role.
Nucleus is made up in large part of the chromosomes.

Except in germ cells, the chromosomes occur in pairs, one


originally from each parent.

Each chromosome is made up of a giant molecule of


“desoxyribonuleic acid (DNA)”.

The DNA strand is about 2 m long, but it can fit in the nucleus
because at interval it is wrapped around a core of histone
proteins to form a “nucleosome” (about 25 million).
The whole complex of DNA and proteins is called “chromatin”.

The nucleus of most cells contains a “nucleolus”. The nucleolus,


unlike most other organelles, does not have a limiting
membrane. Instead, it is simply an accumulation of large
amounts of “Ribo-Nucleic Acid (RNA)” and proteins of the types
found in ribosomes.

Genes( active genes) determine the cell’s proteins including


the structural proteins , as well as the intracellular enzymes
that control cytoplasmic & nuclear activities.

The nucleus becomes considerably enlarged ,when the cell


is actively synthesizing proteins.
FUNCIONAL SYSTEMS OF THE CELLS
1-Endocytosis:
Endocytosis is a process in which a cell internalizes non-particulate
materials such as proteins by engulfing them in an energy-dependent
manner. Endocytosis generally includes :

Endocytosis generally
includes :

- pinocytosis ((cell drinking)


( coated pits - clathrin )
- receptor-mediated
endocytosis
- phagocytosis (sponization
FUNCIONAL SYSTEMS OF THE CELLS

2-Exocytosis
FUNCIONAL SYSTEMS OF THE CELLS
3-Autphagy:
Autophagy is the natural, conserved degradation of the cell that
removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a
lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism. It allows the orderly
degradation and recycling of cellular components
FUNCIONAL SYSTEMS OF THE CELLS
4-Autolysis:
Autolysis is the enzymatic digestion of cells by the action of its own
enzymes, and it mostly occurs in dying or dead cells.
-regression of tissues & regression of damaged cells
-a new cell is performed by mitotic reproduction of neighbor cell
FUNCIONAL SYSTEMS
5-Locomotion of cell : OF THE CELLS
-Ameboid movement:
a)exocytosis&endocytosis activity
b)pseudopodium (receptore proteins for attachment)
-Cilliary movement:
a)microvills
b)sperm tail
Thanks for
your
attention

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