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General Chemistry 2
Quarter 3 - Module 2.1
Week 2: Phase Changes

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

What This Module is About

The lesson contained in this module is all about Phase Changes.

What to be discussed in this module are the phase diagram, heating, and cooling
curve. Here, we will discuss what a phase diagram is and how to interpret heating
and cooling curves.

You are expected to answer the activities given in each lesson. You may write
your answers on the answer sheets provided. Remember to strictly follow the
instructions. If you have any questions and clarifications about the lessons, feel free
to contact me via cellphone number 09264702108 or via email;
[email protected].

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-107);

2. Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-109).

What I Know
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. It is the graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different

conditions of temperature and pressure.
A. Venn Diagram B. States of Matter
C. Phase Diagram D. All of the above
2. It is the combination of pressure and temperature at which all three phases of matter
are at equilibrium.
A. First Point B. Triple Point
C. Double Point D. Boiling Point
3. The curve on a phase diagram which represents the transition between liquid and
solid states.
A. Melting (or Freezing) curve B. Vaporization (or Condensation) curve
C. Sublimation (or Deposition) curve D. None of the above

4. It is a plot wherein a substance is subjected to increasing temperature against time to

measure the amount of energy it absorbs and changes state with increasing
temperature.
A. Cooling curve B. Heating curve
C. Time curve D. Temperature curve
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 5. Determine which among the choices is not a type of phase change.
A. Freezing B. Solid
C. Melting D. Sublimation
6. Solid Carbon Dioxide is also known as ________.
A. Ice B. Dry Ice
C. Gas D. Toxic Gas
7. The molecules that make up a _________are arranged in regular, repeating patterns.
A. Liquid B. Solid
C. Vapor D. Gas
8. The reverse change from gas to liquid is condensation, gas to solid is deposition, and
liquid to solid is freezing. These changes give off heat (heat lost) and are ________.
A. Endothermic process B. Physical process
C. Chemical process D. Exothermic process
9. The change from solid to gas is called _____________.
A. Condensation B. Sublimation
C. Melting D. Freezing
10.When a system contains only one phase (solid, liquid or gas), the temperature will
_______ when it receives energy.
A. Increase B. Decrease
C. Not change D. None of the above

Lesson

2.1 Phase Changes

What I Need to Know

This module discusses about the different phase changes and how phase
diagrams are used, as well as how phase changes affect the heating and cooling
curves.

After going through this module, you are expected to

1. Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-107)

2. Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-109)

What’s New

Activity 2.1.1. Match Me! Choose the answer that best matches each of the definitions
below. Write the letter of your answer on the column entitled “Match”.

Definition Match Key Terms

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 A gas or a liquid; a substance
1 A. Vapor
that can flow.
A gaseous substance that
B. Vaporization (or
2 exists naturally as a liquid or
condensation) curve
solid at normal temperature.
A phase change from liquid to
3 C. Fluid
gas.
The curve on a phase diagram D. Normal melting and
which represents the transition boiling points
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between the gaseous and liquid
states. E. Vaporization

Melting and boiling points when F. Sublimation (or

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the pressure is 1 atm. deposition) curve

What Is It
In the previous lessons we discover the properties of liquids and solids to the nature
of forces between particles. Now, in this lesson, we will look at phase changes in terms of
the accompanying changes in energy and forces between particles.
If you recall your previous lessons, the three phases of matter namely; gas, liquid,
and solid are always involved in every reaction. Phase changes are transformations of
matter from one physical state to another.
They occur when energy (usually in the
form of heat) is added or removed from a
substance. They are characterized by
changes in molecular order; molecules in
the solid phase have the greatest order,
while those in the gas phase have the
greatest randomness or disorder.

In regular, repeated patterns, the

molecules which make up a solid are arranged. They are
held firmly in place but can vibrate within a limited area. Figure 1: Phases of Matter
The molecules that simply make a liquid flow around one
another. With attractive forces between them, they are kept from flying apart. Liquid assume
the shape of their containers. Lastly, the molecules that make up a gas fly in all directions at
great speeds. They are so far apart that attractive forces between them are insignificant.

The Types of Phase Changes

 The change from solid to liquid is melting, liquid to gas is vaporization, and solid to gas
is sublimation. These changes take place when heat is absorbed (heat gained). They
are endothermic processes.
 The reverse change from gas to liquid is
condensation, gas to solid is deposition, and
liquid to solid is freezing. Such modifications
emit heat (heat lost) and are Exothermic
processes.

It is important to determine what phase of

matter a compound is in, because each phase
offers different kinds of data for a compound. A
phase diagram is a graphical depiction of a
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Figure 2: Phase Changes
substance's physical states under varying temperature and pressure conditions. It gives the
potential combinations of pressure and temperature at which a substance will be observed in
certain physical condition or states. Each substance has its own phase diagram. A typical
phase diagram is shown below.

Phase diagrams are plots of pressure

(usually in the atmosphere) vs temperature (usually
in degrees Celsius or Kelvin). The diagram is split
between solid, liquid, and gaseous states. The
boundary between the liquid and gaseous regions
stop at red dot, the critical point for the substance.
The lines that serve as physical state borders
represent the combinations of pressures and
temperatures at which two phases can exist in
equilibrium. In other words, these lines identify
Figure 3: General Phase Diagram points for phase transition.

Figure 4: Melting (or Figure 5: Vaporization (or Figure 6: Sublimation (or

freezing) curve condensation) curve deposition) curve
– the curve on a phase – the curve on a phase – the curve on a phase
diagram which represents diagram which represents diagram which represents
the transition between liquid the transition between the transition between
and solid states. gaseous and liquid states. gaseous and solid states.
The green line divides the The blue line divides the The red line divides the solid
solid and liquid phases and liquid and gas phases and and gas phases and
represents melting (solid to represents vaporization represents sublimation (solid
liquid) and freezing (liquid to (liquid to gas) and to gas) and deposition (gas
solid) points. condensation (gas to liquid) to solid) points.
points.

There are two important points on the diagram – the triple point, and the critical
point. Triple point is a unique combination of temperature and pressure where all three
phases are in equilibrium together. At the triple point, the lines depicting the conditions of
solid-liquid, liquid-vapor, and solid-vapor equilibrium meet. Meanwhile, critical point
terminates the liquid/gas phase line and relates to the critical pressure, the pressure above
which a supercritical fluid form. The temperature and pressure associated with the triple
point lie below the standard temperature and pressure for most compounds. While the
pressure for the critical point lies above standard pressure. Therefore, the majority of
substances changes from solid to liquid to gas at standard pressure as the temperature
rises, and most substances change from gas to liquid to solid at standard temperature as the
pressure increases.
How is the normal melting and boiling points determined in a phase diagram?
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  The normal melting and boiling points are those when the pressure is 1 atmosphere.

How does the phase diagram of water and carbon

dioxide look like?

Figure 7: The Normal Melting and

Boiling Point Location
Figure 8: Phase diagrams for CO2 (left) and for H2O (right)
There is only one difference between
the phase diagram for water and the other phase diagrams. The solid-liquid equilibrium line
(the melting point curve) slopes backwards rather than forwards. For water, at greater
pressures, the melting point gets lower. The explanation for this is that solid ice is less
compact than liquid water. This phenomenon is caused by the crystal structure of the solid
phase. In the solid forms of water and some other substances, the molecules crystallize in a
lattice with greater average space between molecules, thus resulting in a solid occupying a
larger volume and consequently with a lower density than the liquid. When it melts, the liquid
water formed occupies a smaller volume. An increase in pressure will move the above
equilibrium to the side with the smaller volume. Liquid water is produced. To make the liquid
water freeze again at this higher pressure, the temperature should be reduced. Higher
pressures mean lower melting (freezing) points.
On the other hand, the only thing special about the phase diagram of carbon
dioxide is the position of the triple point, which is well above atmospheric pressure. It is
impossible to get any liquid carbon dioxide at pressures less than 5.2 atmospheres. At 1 atm
pressure, carbon dioxide will sublime at a temperature of 197.5 K (-75.5 °C). Therefore, solid
carbon dioxide is also called "dry ice." Under normal conditions, there is no liquid carbon
dioxide - only the solid or the vapor.
Moving on, how does a change in energy affect phase changes?
 Phase changes occur when heat is added or removed from a substance.

The added energy is used by the substance in either of two ways when a
substance is heated: a. The added heat increases the kinetic energy of the particles and the
particles move faster. The increase in kinetic energy is accompanied by an increase in
temperature.
b. The added heat is used between particles to break off attractive forces. There is no
observed increase in temperature when this happens. Often a change in the physical
appearance of the substance is observed, such as a phase change.

Conversely, in two ways, the loss or release of heat results in:

a. A decline in the particles' kinetic energy. The motion of the particles slows down. A
decrease in temperature is observed.
b. Forces of attraction are formed, and there may be a phase transition. No change in
temperature is observed.

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 Figure 9: Heating Curve (left) and Cooling Curve (right) for Water at 1.00 atm Pressure

Energy is transmitted into it as the system is heated. The system shifts in response
to the energy it receives, for example, by increasing its temperature. If a material's
temperature during heating is monitored, it varies with time. The heating curve is called a
plot of the temperature versus time.

• Between A & B, the material is a solid. The heat supplied to the material is used to
increase the kinetic energy of the molecules and the temperature rises.
• Between B & C, the solid is melting. Heat is still being supplied to the material but the
temperature does not change. Heat energy is not being changed into kinetic energy.
Instead, the heat is used to change the arrangement of the molecules.
• At point C, all of the materials have been changed to liquid.
• Between C & D, the heat supplied is again used to increase kinetic energy of the molecules
and the temperature of the liquid starts to rise.
• Between C & D, the liquid is heated until it starts to boil.
• Between D & E, the liquid is still being heated but the extra heat energy does not change
the temperature (kinetic energy) of the molecules. The heat energy is used to change the
arrangement of the molecules to form a gas.
• At point E, all of the liquid has been changed into gas.
• Between E & F, the gas is heated and the heat energy increases the kinetic energy of
molecules once more, so the temperature of the gas increases.
When a system contains only one phase (solid, liquid, or gas), the temperature will
increase when it receives energy. The rate of temperature increase will be dependent on the
heat capacity of the phase in the system. When the heat capacity is large, the temperature
increases slowly, because much energy is required to increase its temperature by one
degree. Thus, the slopes of temperature increase for the solid, liquid, and gases are
different.

The figure below shows how to calculate the total energy change for such a process.
All the steps should be included.

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,
What’s More
Activity 3.1.2. True or False! Write the word True if the idea expressed in
the statement is correct. If the statement is wrong, write the word False. Underline
the word/s that make the statement wrong, then write the correct answer.

_______________________1. Phase diagrams are plots of pressure (usually in pascals)

versus temperature (usually in degrees Celsius or Kelvin).

_______________________2. There are two important points on the diagram, the triple
point, and the critical point.

_______________________3. 1 atm is the standard pressure.

_______________________4. The melting and boiling points of the substance can be

determined by the vertical lines on the curve.

_______________________5. Cooling curve is the reverse of heating curve.

What Is It

Definition of Terms:
 Fluid - a gas or a liquid; a substance that can flow.
 Solid - a phase of matter with definite shape and volume.
 Liquid - a phase of matter with definite volume but no definite shape.
 Gas - a phase of matter with no definite shape or volume of its own.
 Vapor - a gaseous substance that exists naturally as a liquid or solid at normal
temperature.
 Phase - a homogeneous part of a system in contact with other parts of the system
but separated by a well-defined boundary.
 Phase changes - transformations from one phase of matter to another.
 Melting - phase change from solid to liquid.
 Vaporization - a phase change from liquid to gas.
 Sublimation - a phase change from solid to gas.
 Condensation - a phase change from gas to liquid.
 Freezing - a phase change from liquid to solid.
 Deposition - a phase change from gas to solid.
 Melting (or freezing) curve - the curve on a phase diagram which represents the
transition between the liquid and solid states.
 Vaporization (or condensation) curve - the curve on a phase diagram which
represents the transition between the gaseous and liquid states.
 Sublimation (or deposition) curve - the curve on a phase diagram which represents
the transition between the gaseous and solid states.
 Triple point - the point on a phase diagram at which the three states of matter
coexist.
 Critical point - the point in temperature and pressure on a phase diagram where the
liquid and gaseous phases of a substance merge together into a single phase. The

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 temperature and pressure corresponding to this are known as the critical temperature
and critical pressure.
 Exothermic process - process that gives off or releases heat to the surroundings.
 Endothermic process - process that absorbs heat from the surroundings.
 Heating curve - a plot of temperature versus time.

What I Have Learned

Activity 3.1.3. Give Example! Give two examples of the topics listed below that
happen in everyday life.
1. Endothermic process
2. Vaporization
3. Sublimation
4. Exothermic process
5. Freezing

What I Can Do

Activity 3.1.4. Know Me! Answer the following questions. You may refer to books
and the internet to solidify your explanation.

1. You went for a hike on the mountaintop near your vicinity. To help you regain your
strength following the exhausting work, you decide to hard-boil an egg and eat it. To
your surprise, water seem to boil quicker than usual, but after 10 mins in boiling
water, the egg is still not cooked. Why is that?
2. Why do pressure cookers save time in the kitchen? Explain the effect of pressure on
boiling point.

Summary
Moving about the phase diagram reveals information about the phases of matter.
Moving along a constant temperature line reveals relative densities of the phases. When
moving from the bottom of the diagram to the top, the relative density increases. Moving
along a constant pressure line reveals relative energies of the phases. When moving from
the left of the diagram to the right, the relative energies increase.

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 Types of Phase Changes Transformations
Melting Solid to liquid
Freezing Liquid to solid
Vaporization Liquid to gas
Condensation Gas to liquid
Deposition Gas to solid
Sublimation Solid to gas
Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. The line separating any two regions indicated conditions under which these two phases
can exist in __________.
A. Equal B. Equilibrium
C. Balance D. All of the Above
2. A phase diagram is divided into _____ regions, each of which represents a pure phase.
A. One B. Two
C. Three D. Four
3. What enables us to predict changes in the melting and boiling point of a substance
because of changes in the external pressure?
A. Phase Change B. Heating Curve
C. Phase Diagram D. Melting Curve
4. The normal melting point and boiling point of water at 1 atm are ________, respectively.
A. 100°C and 0°C B. -1°C and 100°C
C. 100°C and -1°C D. 0°C and 100°C
5. Water behaves differently because ice is ____ dense than liquid water.
A. More B. Less
C. Not D. More or Less
6. As we would expect, cooling a substance has the opposite effect of heating it. If we
______ heat from a gas sample at a steady rate, its temperature _______.
A. Remove, Decreases B. Remove, Increases
C. Add, Decreases D. Add, Increases
7. The added heat increases the ________ energy of the particles and the particles move
faster.
A. Physical B. Kinetic
C. Thermal D. Mechanical
8. When the heat capacity is _____, the temperature increases ______, because much
energy is required to increase its temperature by one degree.
A. Small, Rapidly B. Small, Slowly
C. Large, Slowly D. Large, Rapidly
9. To make the liquid water freeze again at a high pressure, the temperature should be
_______.
A. Increased B. The Same
C. Reduced D. None of the above

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10.Under normal conditions, what states of matter does carbon dioxide take?
A. Solid & Liquid B. Liquid & Gas
C. Solid, Liquid and Gas D. Solid & Gas

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