By Milione Machaia 2020. E-mail: [email protected] Stay Alert and Save Lives.

THE PRONOUNS
I. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun.
Example: Anglers complained about the weather forecast. They said it had not warned them of the
storm. [The pronouns they and them take the place of a noun anglers. The pronoun it takes the place of
the noun forecast.]
II. Types
1. Personal Pronouns take the place of nouns – either common or proper – that refer to people.

I We
You You
He/she/it They

2. Possessive pronouns always act as adjectives because they give information that limits the
noun that follows.
My, mine Our, ours
Your, yours Your, yours
His, her/hers, its Their/theirs

3. Reflexive pronouns are possessive pronouns combined with –self or –selves.

i. Can be used to refer back to an acting subject (Example: Carmen hurt herself.)
ii. Can be used to intensify or emphasize a preceding noun or pronoun (Example: Jeff himself was
not hurt.)
Myself Ourselves
Yourself Yourselves
Himself/herself/itself Themselves

4. Relative pronouns are used to introduce subordinate clauses. (Remember that subordinate
clauses are groups of words with both a subject and a verb that are not complete sentences
because they do not express a complete thought.)
The following sentences have relative pronouns bolded to signal the start of a subordinate
clause. Identify all subjects and verbs in these sentences (means there will be more than one actor
doing more than one thing):
 The people who live there are on vacation.
 The copy that I read was from the library.
 Do you know the woman whose car was stolen? ii. Relative and interrogative pronouns are the
same words. Which category a word fits into is dependent upon context (i.e., how it is behaving in a
given sentence).
5. Interrogative pronouns are used in questions. (Example: Who wrote Wuthering Heights?)
Who Which Whose
Whom What

6. Demonstrative pronouns point out people or things.

This That
These Those

Example: That is an excellent question.

 7. Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not fall into any of the previous categories. Most
express the idea of quantity.
All Each Most Other
Another Either Neither Several
Any Everybody Nobody Some
Anybody Everyone None Somebody
Anyone Few No one Someone
Both Many One Such

Example: All of us are here.

TYPES, FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

What is an adverb?
An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even a whole
sentence. Adverbs often end in -ly, but some (such as fast) look exactly the same as their adjective
counterparts.
 Tom Longboat did not run badly.
 Tom is very tall.
 The race finished too quickly.
 Fortunately, Lucy recorded Tom’s win.

I. Types of adverbs Examples

manner well, badly, accurately, quickly
place here, there, in the laboratory
time now, yesterday, in 2000
indefinite frequency often, seldom, usually
definite frequency monthly, never, once a year
degree/extent slightly, considerably, totally
probability possibly, probably, certainly
attitude/opinion naturally, surprisingly, in my opinion
aspect technically, politically, scientifically

II. Formation of adverbs

Endings Examples
Adjective + -ly quick > quickly, accurate > accurately,
social> socially
-le > -ly simple > simply, ample > amply but: whole > wholly
- y > -ily easy > easily, busy > busily but: dry >
dryly/drily
- ic > -ically basic > basically, economic > but: public >
economically publicly
 -ical > -ically typical > typically, economical >
economically
-ful > fully useful > usefully, helpful >helpfully but: full > fully

Notes:
Adjective : good Adverb: well
His English is good. He speaks English well.

Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives, e.g. early, fast, likely, straight.
Adjective Adverb
He is an early riser. He gets up early.
He is a fast driver. He likes to drive fast.

Some of these adverbs have the same or a similar meaning, e.g.

direct/directly, loud/loudly, wrong/wrongly.
Adjective Adverb
He spoke in a loud voice. Don´t speak so loud.

III. Comparison of adverbs

1. Regular comparicon
One-syllable adverb + -er, -est quick quicker quickest
adverbs
Adverbs of two or more, most + adverb easy more easily most easily
more syllables

Remember: early – earlier- earliest

2. Irregular comparison
Adverb Comparative Superlative
well better best
badly worse worst
little less least
much more most, mostly
far farther, further farthest, furthest

Notes:
- The superlative of adverbs is usually not preceded by the definite article (unlike the superlative of
adjectives).
 PREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS
A prefix is a group of letters attached to the beginning of a word to demonstrate its definition. A root
word is a base or stem of a word that conveys meaning.

Root or Prefix Meaning Example

ab away (from) absent
ad to, toward adhere
ante before anteroom
anti against, opposed antipathy
aqua water aquatic
aud hear auditory
auto self automatic
bene well, good beneficial
cede, ceed go, move proceed, recede
chron time chronological
circum around circumference
co, con, com together, with cooperate, conspiracy
cogni know recognize
counter, contra against, opposite counteract, contrary
cred believe credential
de from, away depart
dic, dict say dictate
dis apart, from, away distract
gamy marriage monogamy
gress go, move progress
inter between interrupt
mega big megaphone
mis wrong, wrongly mistake
mort death mortality
multi many multitude
non not nonadjustable
path feeling, suffering apathy
poly many polygamy
post after postpone
pre before preamble
pro forward propel
re back, again return, redo
retro backward retrospect
scrib write transcribe
spect see, look spectator, inspect
super over, above superior, supersonic
syn, sym with, together synchronize, symmetry
trans across transport
A numerical prefix indicates how many there are of a particular thing.

Prefix Meaning Example

uni one uniform
mono one monologue
du, duo two duet
bi two biped
tri three triangle
tetra four tetrameter
quad four quadruplets
penta five pentagon
quint five quintet
sex six sexagenarian
hex six hexagon
sept seven septet
oct eight octopus
nov nine novena
dec ten decade
cent hundred percent
hect hundred hectogram
mil thousand millimeter
kil thousand kilometer
semi half semicircle
hemi half hemisphere
demi half demitasse

A suffix is a group of letters added to the end of a word to adjust its meaning or change its part of
speech.

Suffix Meaning Example

able, ible able to readable, excusable
al pertaining to musical, facial
ar, er, or one who teacher, actor
ful full of hopeful, careful
ish like, close to foolish, twentyish
ist one who psychologist, dentist
less without hatless, fearless
logy study of cosmetology, biology
ous full of cancerous, zealous
ness state of, condition of kindness, happiness
ly characteristic of quickly, happily
est most, comparative biggest, funniest
ion, tion, ation, act, process attraction, citation
ition
 CONNECTORS AND CONJUNCTIONS
A connector is a word that is used to join together words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Connectors are
derived from:
Conjunctions: and, but, although, if, or, because, since, therefore
Examples:
a) The project was a failure since the planning was faulty.
b) You will be forgiven if you promise not to repeat it.

Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that, what.

Examples:
a) That is what I meant.
b) She is the girl who lost both her parents.

Relative adverbs: where, when, how, why.

Examples:
 This is the reason why she was late.
 That is where the event took place.

Prepositions: besides, for, after, before, since.

Examples:
 Besides Jack, Jill too is invited.
 She has been upset since the accident.

The connectors express the following ideas:

Place — I know the place where he was born.
Time —
Look both ways before you cross the road.
She feeds the cow as soon as she gets up.
Dad was smiling as he came in.
I always brush my teeth after my meals.
Wait here until I get back.
Tim listens to music while he does his Mathematics.
You have grown since I last saw you.

Addition — It is cold and windy today.

She is not only pretty but also intelligent.
Ram as well as Shyam is lazy.
Both Nita and Rita are twin sisters.
Besides her money, she lost her passport too.
Contrast — I felt humiliated, but just walked away.
She looked carefully, yet she slipped.
Although she is ninety, she is active.

Purpose —
She worked hard so that she might emerge victorious. He
is going abroad, therefore he is at the embassy.
Comparison —
She is shorter than I am. He
is as tall as a giant.
 Cause and — She lady is smiling because of the joke.
Result — He went there since he had no option.
Alternative —
Either Jack or Jill will go up the hill.
Neither Jane nor Jenny is fit for the job.
Concession — Mary kept on walking although she felt very tired.
or Contrast You are doing quite well, though I think you could try
harder.

Condition — If it rains the match will be cancelled.

You will not pass your exams unless you work hard.

WORD ORDER
Word order refers to the way words are arranged in a sentence. The standard word order in English is:
Subject + Verb + Object. To determine the proper sequence of words, you need to understand what
the subject, verb and object(s) are.

Subject: typically a noun or pronoun—the person, place or thing

Verb: the action or state of being
Object: the word or group of words influenced by the verb

The sequence of words is critical when communicating in English because it can impact the meaning of
what you’re trying to say. The sentence, “The chicken crossed the road” and “The road crossed the
chicken” take on two different meanings because the subject and object are inverted. The same would
be true if the verb was used out of order, for example: “Crossed the road the chicken.”
Here’s one for you to try. Choose the correct word order for the group of words below:
A. Dropped the boy the ball.
B. The boy dropped the ball.
C. The ball dropped the boy.

If you chose option B, you would be correct. If not, consider listening to English conversations to help
build your skills and pick up on these patterns. Do this often and you’ll be a word-order expert in no
time!

There are six situations about word order

Inverted (verb subject) word order

Place time
Subject Verb Object/complement expression expression

We watched a vedeo at home last night

Questions:
verb subject
Are you hungry?
 Sentences beginning with "there":
verb subject
There are Seven continents

Sentences beginning with "it":

verb subject
It wasn't easy to find a parking place

Sentences beginning with Place expression +an intransitive verb:

Place expression verb subject

Next to the motorcycle stood a tall man with leather jacket

Sentences beginning with negative word:

Negative verb subject

Nowhere were the children in danger

Not only does he win, but he also set a
new world record

QUANTIFIERS
What are Quantifiers?
A quantifier is a word that usually goes before a noun to express the quantity of the object; for
example, a little milk. Most quantifiers are followed by a noun, though it is also possible to use them
without the noun when it is clear what we are referring to. For example:
 Do you want some milk? – Just a little. (It’s clear that I mean ‘a little milk’.)

Quantifiers are very important words because they let us express the quantity of something. There are
several quantifiers in English and they can be a little tricky to use. Therefore, here is a description of
each quantifier with examples to help improve your understanding of them.
When we want to emphasize a really big quantity we can add ‘so’ in front of ‘many’ and ‘much’. For
example:
There were so many passengers on the train, it was difficult to get off.
She had so much work to do, she stayed at the office until midnight.
A Few, A Little, A Bit (of)
To talk about small quantities we can use ‘a few’ and ‘a little’. We use ‘a few’ with countable nouns and
‘a little’ with uncountable nouns. It’s also possible to use ‘a bit’ with uncountable nouns, but it is more
informal.
Here are some examples:
 We need a few coins for the car park.
 Would you like a little milk in your coffee?
 They ate a few biscuits with their tea.
 The engine needs a little oil.
When we want to refer to a small quantity with a negative sense, we use ‘few’ and ‘little’ without ‘a’.
For example:
 Few trains arrive on time. (A small number of trains arrive on train which is a bad thing.)
 Little attention is given to the problem of parking. (A small amount of attention is given to this
problem and it’s not good.)

Some and Any are used before plural nouns and uncountable nouns to talk about an indefinite
quantity:
 Some letters
 Some money
 Any letters
 Any money

Some is used in affirmative sentences.

Ex:
▪ There are some letters for you.
▪ I’ve got some money.

Some is used in questions when we want to encourage people to say ‘yes’; for example in requests and
offers.
Ex:
 Can you let me have some paper?
 Would you like some more tea?
 Have you got some paper I could have, Please?

Any is used in negative and question form.

Ex:
• Are there any new stories in your store.
• Is there any tea in the cupboard?
• I don’t have any new stories for you. - There isn’t any tea in the cupboard.

Any is used after words with negative meaning such as without, never, seldom, rarely, hardly. Ex: - I
found a taxi without any trouble.
 You never do any homework.
 There are hardly any eggs left.
 He hasn’t got many books.

We use much and many mostly in question and negative. Much is used with uncountable nouns, and
many is used with countable plural nouns.
 Is there much rice left?
 We haven’t got much rice left.
 Has he got many books?

Note: We often use much and many in affirmative sentences after too, as, so and very.
Ex:
Take as much milk as you want.
I’ve got so many jobs to do today. - We enjoy the party very much.
We’ve got too much milk.

In affirmative sentences, we normally use a lot (of), lots (of) and plenty (of), not much and many.
We use a lot (of), lots (of) and plenty (of) with both uncountable nouns and plural nouns.
Ex:
 We’ve got a lot of milk.
(Not: We’ve got much milk.)
  He’s got a lot of / plenty of books.
(Not normally: He’s got many books.)

SEQUENCE MARKERS
We use sequence markers to show the order in which things happened, will happen or are
happening. Sequencers are words that organize your writing and speaking, words like first, next, then,
after that, finally etc. We often use sequencers in English when we give instructions, describe a
process, or tell stories. Using sequencers is a simple trick that improves your writing and speaking
because it organizes your ideas into sections and gives them an order.

Sequence markers in English are a certain group of items, mainly adverbs and preposition phrases,
that link sentences together into a larger unit of discourse. These linguistic items go by various names,
e.g. conjuncts, sentence adverbials, connectives, linking devices, amongst others.

Notes: Sequence markers can signal how to interpret the relationship between sentences in a number
of different ways. For example:

1. They can indicate chronological order, or order of importance (e.g. first ... secondly ... thirdly; to begin
with .... next ... to conclude).
2. They can add to or reinforce what has already been said (e.g. furthermore; in addition; what is more).
3. They can indicate that two propositions have equal status (likewise; similarly).
4. They can indicate cause-result relationships (e.g. consequently; so; as a result).
5. They can indicate that a given proposition contradicts an earlier one (e.g. conversely; on the contrary;
by way of contrast).
6. They can indicate concession (e.g. nevertheless; in any case; for all that; all the same).

Sometimes a distinction is made between internal and external sequencers, i.e. the use of these
markers to indicate ‘real world’ events (external), or ‘rhetorical organization’ (internal). For example,
First of all .... then .... finally can indicate chronological sequence (external), or order of importance
(internal).

First of all First of all, I’d like to thank my family.

In conclusion In conclusion, nobody is perfect.
Then First, brush your teeth, then go room.
Next Next, leave it for 5-10 minutes, depending on the tea.
As soon as As soon as my daughter gets up, she will wash her face.
Later They’ll call you later today.
All in all My son may not be brilliant, but all in all As far as I know he did quite well
in his exams.
Eventually It might take her five weeks but she will do it eventually.

At last At last she passed the math exam.

Furthermore Reading books help to learn new information, furthermore, it helps to
keep the brain cells fresh.
Finally The notebook finally reached me last night.
Meanwhile My moter was talking to my father Meanwhile, my son was making lunch.
Moreover Mary plays football. Moreover she works a hotel.
Besides Besides the guitar, she plays the piano.
In the end She worked hard, and in the end, she passed the exam.
In addition Samuel writes short stories, In additon, he writes articles for a newspaper.
 Comprehension: Read the text below and then choose the best answer A, B, C or D
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following text.

AIDS, Malaria and Cholera are the diseases which are killing millions of people around the world.
Mozambique is not an exception. Let us have a look at one of these killing diseases and see what measures
can be taken to prevent or to combat it. Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterium
vibrio cholera.
The disease is carried in water, so someone may get Cholera by drinking water or eating food contaminated
by someone infected with the cholera bacterium. In an epidemic, the source of contamination is usually
faeces of an infected person.
The disease can spread rapidly in areas with inadequate treatment of sewage and drinking water. Cholera
has a short incubation period from less two to five days which can quickly lead from watery diarrhoea and
vomiting to severe dehydration and death, if treatment is not given promptly. Most cases of diarrhoea can
be treated adequately by providing a solution of oral rehydration salts, but patients who become severely
dehydrated must be given intravenous fluids.
In severe cases an effective antibiotic can reduce the volume and duration of diarrhoea. When Cholera
appears in a community, it is essential to ensure three things: hygienic disposal of human faeces; an
adequate supply of safe drinking water and good food hygienic.
The Cholera Centres for disease control and the Ministry of Health urge residents of Cholera affected areas
to drink only boiled water or treated with chlorine, bleach or iodine.
Other safe beverages include tea and coffee made with boiled water and carbonated, bottled beverages with
no ice. Make sure all vegetables are cooked – avoid salad. A simple rule of thumb is: “boil it, cook it, peel it,
or forget it”. Wash your hands before preparing and having meals and after toilet use. Purify river water by
filtering it through a clean cloth and adding bleach or boiling it for three minutes. Use toilet facilities, pit
latrines, or bury human faeces well away from water sources.
Source: Ingês 12ª Classe, Texto Editores

1. What is the text mainly about?

A AIDS B Cholera C Malaria D Water

2. People can be infected with cholera when they...

A carry contaminated drinking water. C eat food and drink water.
B consume liquids with cholera bacterium. D talk to many infected people.

3. Cholera can spread rapidly in areas with unsafe...

A condoms and tablets. C needles and beds.
B food and drinking water. D syringes and vaccines.

4. The following statements are correct measures to prevent cholera EXCEPT...

A faeces are exposed at the appropriate places.
B food should be prepared and eaten with safety.
C toilets are kept untidy and there are no facilities.
D People use chlorine or other procedures to treat water.

5. Chlorine, bleach, and iodine can be used to…

A cook vegetables. C spread cholera.
B purify water. D wash hands.
 Comprehension: Read the text below and then choose the best answer A, B, C or D
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following text.

People and Water

Water falls onto the ground in rain, and runs off in streams or seeps deep into rivers under the Earth.
From all streams, undergrounds or above it, water flows to the sea.
Warm air, thick with moisture, rises from the seas, cools off into clouds, and falls again onto the land as
rain. The same water, over and over, travels through the air and onto the land. People today use the
same water that their ancestors used and that their children and children´s children use.
All the people on Earth need water to drink and to make plants grow. People use water and also pollute
water. People pollute water in many ways. For a long time, most people have used streams and rivers
as a place to get rid of their sewage.
Giant sewer pipes sometimes empty raw sewage into streams, carrying filth and diseases to the water
that will flow to another place. Small water plants feed on the sewage, and a slime of algae grows and
spreads over polluted streams. Water plants, animals and birds that live near the water die.
Some factories pollute water when they empty their waste – dirt, ink, chemicals – into rivers. The waste
can clog up streams and poison water, plants, birds and fish.
Some factories, particular power plants that use water to make energy, turn cool river water into hot
water and send it back into rivers. The hot water can kill water plants and fish for miles around the
factory.
Source: Inglês 11ª Classe, Plural Editores

6. How does water fall into the ground?

A Coming down as rain C Running off in streams
B Flowing to the sea D seeping deep into rivers

7. In the second paragraph the writer is describing the...

A applications of water. C disadvantages of water.
B cycle of water. D ways of protecting water.

8. The text mentions that people endanger water by...

A boiling it. B overusing it. C poisoning it. D wasting it.

9. Why is it not a good idea to empty raw sewage into streams? Because...
A all plants and animals live near water. C it kills living creatures.
B factories pollute water everyday. D war sewage comes from giant pipes.
10. Which word can best replace the underlined
phrase?
A Clean B Obstruct C Open D Refresh

In questions 11 to 20 choose the best word/words to fill the gap

11. HIV is a virus, a tiny creature -------- enters the body

A what B Which C Who D Whom

12. Football -------- in many parts of the world.

A are played B is played C playing D plays

13. Children should respect their parents. -------- they.

 A Don’t B Shall C Should D Shouldn’t

14. Some people have a great fear of-------- by an aeroplane.

A travel B travelled C travelling D travels

15. John and James are both 22 years old. In this case, John is -------- James.
A as old as B as old than C as older as D older than

16. Raúl can not drive. --------, he has bought a car.

A And B Despite C However D So

17. I have never been to the town -------- my mother was born.
A where B which C who D whom

18. I -------- breakfast when the phone rang.

A am having B had C have D was having

19. This record-shop -------- be a book-shop a few years ago.

A used B used to C uses D using

20. “Must I take my umbrella?” No, you --------. It is not going to rain.
A don’t B haven’t C mustn’t D needn’t

21. Which expression shows disagreement?

A I see things rather differently B I share C It is not exactly different the same opinion
D well, that’s it

22. As I waited for my interview, I became....

A more and more nervous. C nervous and more nervous. B more nervous and more nervous.
D nervous and more nervous.

23. Bill doesn’t watch TV. He doesn’t read newspaper....

A either. B neither. C never. D too.

24. I am having a party next week but Paulo and Raquel....

A can’t come. B couldn’t come. C not coming. D to come.

25. The plural of leaf is...

A leaf’s. B leafs. C lives. D leaves.

26. They are so selfish! They took everything for...

A theirs. B them. C themselves. D they.

27. These are all English speaking countries, EXCEPT...

A Botswana. B Ivory Coast. C Tanzania. D Zambia.

28. Matos needs a bicycle -------- mine

A as B as ... as C like D similar

29. The passive voice of the sentence “Lourenço is building a house” is a house…
 A is being built by Lourenço. C was building by Lourenço. B is building by
Lourenço. D was built by Lourenço.

30. Which sentence is in present continuous?

A David is listening to music. C Someone was driving a luxurious car. B Sandra
had been working for two hours. D We were all living in the same house.

Choose one correct option A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the numbered spaces in the
text.

Good evening. Tonight the main news is about the weather. Storms are reported in all ---- 31 ---- of the
country.
In Tete and the north of the ---- 32 ----, many roads are closed because of strong winds. Two main
roads in Nampula are blocked by ---- 33 ----.
In the south, too, heavy rain and ---- 34 ---- are reported. Near Xai-Xai, fifty ---- 35 ---- have been
flooded, and last night a lorry on the N1 road was blown over by the ---- 36 ----.
In the east, high tides have flooded many areas. Many small boats have been lost, and this morning one
boat was found two ---- 37 ---- inland. High tides are expected again tonight.
Things are better in the west. But two ---- 38 ---- have been flooded by the Incomati ---- 39 ----.
Four people were rescued by ---- 40 ---- this afternoon. And the
forecast? More storms are expected tomorrow.

31. A continents B houses C parts D roads

32. A country B place C railway D river
33. A bicycles B chairs C ships D trees
34. A clouds B light C storms D waters
35. A houses B lakes C rivers D seas
36. A rain B storm C wind D window
37. A centimeters B metres C miles D steps
38. A boats B countries C hours D villages
39. A lake B ocean C river D sea
40. A aerodrome B danger C helicopter D train

CORONAVIRUS is the infectious disease. Protect yourself against COVID-19, avoid touching your
eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands, wear the mask and keep social distancing.

By Milione Machaia 2020. E-mail: [email protected] Stay Alert and Save Lives.