Sikolohiyang Pilipino

PSY 4103 – 6 | Prof. Abarete | SEM 1

CHAPTER XX: TITLE

The Beginnings of Sikolohiyang Pilipino language. With it came American
psychology (Lagmay, 1984).
 Colonization of Spain and the USA  With the beginning of the nationalist
movement, Filipino psychologist in the
 Academic Psychology taught in schools
1960’s began confronting the issue of
were predominantly Western
applicability of Western theories, concepts,
 Rizal and Mabini showed dissatisfaction and methods to Filipino realities (Guthrie
regarding pejorative interpretation of and Bulatao, 1963). The most important
Filipino behaviors by the Western development in Filipino indigenous
Observers psychology was founding of the
pambansangSamahan ng Sikolohiyang
 In 1960’s many Filipino intellectuals and Pilipino (PSSP), or the National Association
scholars were already sensitive both to the for Philippine Psychology.
inadequacy as well as the unfairness of the
Western-oriented approaches to
psychology. What is Filipino Psychology?
 The Western approach in research is not
being enmeshed and bound by the culture
 It is an Indigenous Psychology
 1970’s Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez returned to
the Philippines from Northwestern  The scientific study of the ethnicity, society
University USA with a Ph.D. degree and lost and culture of a people and the application
no time in to psychological practice of indigenous
knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic
 introducing the concept of Sikolohiyang heritage and consciousness.
Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)
 He then, together with the chairman of the
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1994). Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous
Department of Psychology at the University Psychology & Cultural Empowerment. Akademya ng Kultura at
of the Philippines (U.P.), Dr. Alfredo V. Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Lungsod ng Quezon.
Lagmay embarked on a research into the
historical and cultural roots of Philippine
Psychology. Sikolohiyang Pilipino {SP)
 Subsequently, the research included
identifying indigenous concepts and  Filipino Psychology, Virgilio Enriquez, 1970
approaches in Philippine psychology and
developing creativity and inventiveness  Refers to the psychology born out of the
among Filipinos. experience, thought and orientation of the
Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino
 From these researches, a two-volume
culture and language.
bibliography on Filipino psychology and a
locally developed personality test:  The approach is one of indigenization from
within whereby the theoretical framework
 Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao
and methodology emerge from the
 In 1975, Enriquez chaired the Unang experiences of the people from the
Pambansang Kumperensya sa indigenous culture
Sikolohiyang Pilipino  It is based on assessing historical and
sociocultural realities, understanding the
Indigenous Psychology in the Philippines local language, unraveling Filipino
characteristics, and explaining them
through the eyes of the native
 When the US colonized the Philippines in
the early 1900’s, it established the
American educational system and Filipino (Pe – Pua and Protacio – Marcelino, 2000)

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The Search for the Filipino Personality

What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
 The focus of local research on the Filipino
personality can be understood as a reaction
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on
to the country’s colonial history, first with
Filipino thought and experience as
the Spaniards, and then the Americans
understood from a Filipino perspective
(Church, 1987). There is a search for
(Enriquez, 1975).
national identity and a quest for national
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino is the scientific study development.
of psychology derived from the experience,
ideas, and cultural orientation of Filipinos.
 “Sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan,
kaisipan, at oryentasyo ng Pilipino, batay ENRIQUEZ’S KAPWA MODEL
sa kabuuang paggamit ng kultura at wikang
Pilipino.”
Kapwa
 SP is an indigenous Asian psychology that
emphasizes identity and national
consciousness, social awareness and  Unity of the self with others, is the central
involvement, psychology of language and value that connects all the different Filipino
culture, and applications. values (Enriquez, 1978).
 SP stressed the need for psychology to be
ethical or respectful of the Filipino
(makatao), to be relevant to Filipino social Pakikiramdam
realities (makabuluhan), and to be culturally
appropriate (angkop sa kultura).
 Heightened awareness and sensitivity,
 It urged Filipino psychologist to confront pivotal value of shared inner perception
social problems and national issues as well
as to utilize indigenous theories and  Key interpersonal process that allows
methods. Filipinos to sense what the other is feeling
and know when it is appropriate to practice
 The use of the Filipino language in SP as hiya, utang-na-loob, and pakikisama
means of understanding Filipino culture
was integral, with language seen as  Feeling for another (Mataragnon, 1987)
reflecting indigenous culture and
promoting national culture.  Similar to the concept of empathy,
sensitivity, and awareness and describe as
measuring
Who is Virgilio Enriquez?  Pakikiramdam is an active process
involving great care and deliberation in
one’s action toward another
 Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez
– a.k.a Doc E.  He/she hesitates to react immediately, pays
close attention to subtle cues and
 Itinuturing na Ama ng
nonverbal behavior, and practices mental
Sikolohiyang Pilipino role – playing
 Laking – Bulacan  Being sensitive to nonverbal cues
 Nag-aral ng post-  Inclination for indirect communication
graduate studies sa ibang bansa (euphemism) (pagtantya) of the other
 Taong 1970s ng bumalik sa Pilipinas  Sikolohiyang Pilipino is thus a psychology
 Established the Philippine Psychology of, for, and by Filipinos, a psychology that
Research and Training House (PPRTH) is applicable to Filipino everyday life (San
Juan, 2006). The Philippines is considered
 UP Department of Psychology Chair from to have the strongest and most articulate
1977-1982 indigenous psychology in Asia (Sinha,
1997).

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SIKOLOHIYA SA PILIPINAS, SIKOLOHIYA NG

PILIPINO AT SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
USAPIN AT USAPANG SP

Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
Universality of Psychology

 Lahat ng mga pag-aaral, libro (texbook), at

 The use of English as the medium of
sikolohiyang makikita sa Pilipinas, banyaga
instruction in psychology made possible
man o makapilipino.
the speedy introduction of American –
oriented psychology and values. Filipinos  Ang kabuuang anyo ng sikolohiya sa
began learning not only a new psychology, kontekstong Pilipino – KANLURANIN.
but a new culture
 The scientific character of psychology is
Sikolohiya ng Pilipino
accepted by Sikolohiyang Pilipino, but its
universality is questioned by the Filipino as
it is being questioned elsewhere.
 Lahat ng mga pag-aaral, pananaliksik at
mga konsepto sa sikolohiya na may
When we are talking about Sikopil, we are talking kinalaman sa mga Pilipino.
about Indigenization from within  Palasak na anyo;
 Looking for the indigenous psychology  Refers to theories/research on the social
from within the culture itself and not just psychology of the Filipino done by both
clothing a foreign body with a local dress local and foreign researchers (utang na
 Emphasized the major role of language as a loob, hiya)
tool for fairly and clearly bringing out and  Nilalayong anyo ng sikolohiya sa Pilipinas.
studying Filipino psychological constructs
and social realities  Sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan
at orenyentasyong Pilipino (KKO)
 Product of the Filipino cultural experience,
cognition, and orientation
 Later, Enriquez defined it as “the study of
diwa (psyche), which in Filipino directly
refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by
the philosophical concepts of “essence”
and an entire range of psychological
concepts from awareness to motives to
behavior.”

DEVELOPMENT OF INDIGENOUS PERSONALITY

MEASURE

Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao

TAO SA BAHAY/TAONG-BAHAY?
 Culturally sensitive in its assessment of the
 Filipino personality
 SIkopil to the taong – bahay, a committed
o Lakas ng loob,
person who has a role and meaning in the
household, rather than just a temporary mahirap
occupant of the house. kausapin, pikon,

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 Chapter X: Title

mapagtimpi, pagkamausisa, o Diversity because it is a psychology

malikhain that is drawn from the experiences
and particularities of various
countries and cultures.
Indigenous Research Method
o Equality because it respects these
various psychologies equally valid,
Pakapa-kapa important, and relevant and does
not attempt to impose its ideas to
 Characterrized by groping, searching and others.
probing into an unsystematized mass of
social and cultural data to obtain order,  Sikopil attempts not only to test
meaning, and directions for research hypotheses based on western theories but
rather to generate its own set of
 Pagtatanong – tanong, hypotheses, theories, and body of
pakikipagkwentuhan, ginabayang knowledge. It has started that long process
talakayan, nakikigaling pagmamasid, through its articulation and clarification of
pakikisama, pagdalaw – dalaw, new concepts and methods that have been
panunuluyan considered meaningful not only for
Filipinos but also for some other Asian
cultures as well
Levels of interaction

 Level of interaction or relationship that

exists between the researcher and ANG PAGLAGO NG SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
researched significantly determines the
quality of the data obtained in the research
process (pakikipagpalagayang – loob) Limits of Western Concepts & Methods
 Research participants should always be
treated by researchers as equal, if not
superior whose sole function is to provide  Applicability of the Western theories and
data (patanong – tanong, should be with principles taught as well as the research
respect) concepts and methods used in the
Philippine setting.
 The primary ethical responsibility of Timothy Church (1985) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of
researchers should be to the people and
not to their institution or funding agency (if  The limits of Western social research
it will harm participants, stop!) methods in rural Philippines: The need for
innovation
 Researchers cannot expect people to adjust
Gloria D. Feliciano (1965) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya,
to the method; the method should adjust to Metodo at Gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the
the people (pakikiramdam – sensitivity to Philippines Press: Quezon City.
how method will work)
 The limits of applicability of Western
 It is in their own mother tongue that a concepts, values and methods in the social
person can truly express their innermost sciences to the concrete realities of Asian
sentiments, ideas, perceptions, and societies.
attitudes (if interpreters are needed, get Augusto C. Espiritu (1968) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book
one!) of Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang
Pilipino: Quezon City.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino
UNIVERSALITY OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO from a movement to an academic discipline

 Through the discovery and use of Principal emphasis in psychology

indigenous concepts and methods, Sikopil
 Identity and national consciousness
is contributing to a truly universal
psychology which is based on a new set of  Social awareness and involvement
principles: diversity and equality
 Psychology of language and culture

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 Applications & bases of Filipino  Methodologically leans on the side of

psychology (health practices, agriculture, analysis but interprets the result of analysis
art, religion) with a bias for wholeness (social context,
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1992). From colonial to liberation political implications, cultural meaning of
psychology: The Philippine experience. University of the the study)
Philippines Press. QC

Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a ‘Taong-bahay’

Primary areas of protests of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

Metaphor
It is against
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained
 A psychology that perpetuates the colonial through a metaphor: (a characteristic way
status of the Filipino mind. of clarifying concepts) – difference between
 A psychology used for the exploitation of tao sa bahay (person in the house) and
the masses. taong-bahay (house person).

 The imposition of psychologies developed

in foreign countries. Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a Call

Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino  For the exercise of care in the adoption of

foreign theories… “uncritical rejection is
just as dangerous as uncritical acceptance
On psychological practice of Western theories”
 Conceptualization of psychological practice  For example: psychological problems are
in a Philippine context (industriya vs. the same anywhere however, the sources of
kabuhayan; klinika vs. kalusugan) such problems differ greatly.
 Concerned with folk practices, indigenous
techniques of healing, popular
religiopolitical movements Lines of filiations in Philippine psychological
thought

On Science – Humanism issue

 Academic-scientific psychology: Western
 Utilizes scientific methodology in the study
of psychological phenomena  Academic-philosophical psychology:
Clergy
 Concerned not only with the universal
validity of psychological science but also in  Ethnic psychology: Indigenous psychology
utilizing such for the purpose of serving the  Psycho-medical system: Religion -
interest of all mankind, affording protection cohesive element and explanation.
to the disadvantaged
Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw,
at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985).
National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila.
On Mentalism - Behaviorism issue
 Uses both phenomenological & Psychology: The Western Tradition
behavioristic concepts, but lesser
emphasis on individual experience and
greater emphasis on the collective
 Academic-scientific psychology: Wilhelm
experience
Wundt, the German tradition, University of
 Attaches greater importance to kamalayan, the Philippines (1908), and other American
subsidiary importance to ulirat traditional schools
 Academic-philosophical psychology:
Thomistic philosophy and psychology
On Analysis – Wholeness Issue
University of Santo Tomas (1611)

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ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY therapy that are still present (alternating

NATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT chants during wakes, poetry, consensus).

 Indigenous psychology: kinagisnan and Psycho-medical system: religion as cohesive

katutubong sikolohiya. element and explanation
 Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic  (1565) Babaylan or Catalonan techniques of
traits, as observed by foreigners or as felt healing; disease theory, causation, therapy.
and expressed by Filipinos.
 (1650) Messianic movements
 The practice of psychology by Filipinos –
 (1730) Herbolaryo
techniques of enculturation, socialization.
 (1900) Espiritista

Ethnic Psychology
Filipino psychological knowledge

Kinagisnang sikolohiya
Filipino Language
 The subconscious psychology imbedded in
the native language, art, music, culture and  Use as a tool for identifying/rediscovering
religion (one has been born into; unaware). indigenous concepts
 e.g., kaluluwa at ginhawa  e.g.,, study of diwa (psyche), refers to the
Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, wealth of ideas implied by the philosophical
metodo, at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). University of the concept of “essence”.
Philippines Press: Quezon City.
 “Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino
and does his writing in Pilipino; merely as a
Katutubong sikolohiya heuristic device, a discovery procedure…
returning to the ‘deep structure’ of the
 Psychology worked out by Filipinos with
language… Enriquez worked in an area
indigenous elements as basis (innate to the
where Filipinos are most adept, where the
Filipino) e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan, Jose
language has a rich vocabulary of feeling
Rizal, Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes.
and sentiment.”
Andrew B. Gonzales (1982) in Indigenous Psychology: A book
of readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang
 Katutubong sikolohiya and Kinagisnang Pilipino: Quezon City.
sikolohiya constitute Katutubong
sikolohiya
Language, a Heuristic Tool

Psychology of Filipinos
 Methods: Ethnography, Language Analysis,
 Based on mainly Western system of
Semantics, Introspection
thought e.g. Spanish: Pigafetta’s quite
objective observation of the Filipinos in the  Language provided the instrument to refine
Visayas (impressed by them); American: the tools of research so as to discover
Worcester’s view of the Filipinos as distinct categories and subcategories which would
ethnic groups different from one another as be lost to a Western English-speaking
Christian and non Christian (pagans and researcher…
Moros).

Filipino, the Philippine Lingua Franca

Practice of psychology by Filipinos
a. Indigenous techniques of enculturation/
socialization, e.g. myths for social control,  The issue of national language has long
or as affected by Christianity or Islam. been resolved by the Filipino masses
through their use and propagation of a
b. Proto-clinical practice, e.g. tagapayo, language based on the Manila lingua
manghuhula, ancient techniques of group franca, Manila being the seat of

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government, the business hub, melting pot,  These concepts lay the foundation for the
center of history. formation of indigenous psychological
Virgilio G. Enriquez & Elizabeth P. Marcelino (1984). Neo- theories and models of analysis that
colonial politics and language struggle in the Philippines. correspond more fully to the realities of the
Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.
life and culture of a society.

Language & Knowledge

Development of technical terminology in Filipino
Psychology
System of communication
 Summing-up our lived experiences  System of affixation in the Filipino language
a resource for terminology development
 The meaning changes because of the use
Social interaction
of affixes (suffixes, prefixes, infixes,
 Expressing our thoughts and feelings postfixes) paki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang,
ma, ka, maka
Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw,
Spoken language at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985).
National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila
 From bodily gestures to linguistic acts
 Direct borrowing (saling-angkat)
specialized speech apparatus primary
medium of communication o Perception (L) persepsyon
o Psicologia (S) sikolohiya
Thinking & Language  Surface assimilation (saling-paimbabaw)
o Reinforcement – reimporsment
 Interdependence of knowledge & language,  Grammatical translation (saling-
i.e. the thinking process cannot work panggramatika)
independently of language
o Social interaction – interaksyong
 Language is not a neutral system of signs sosyal
nor is it value-free, i.e. it is partisan to the
values, perspectives, and rules of cognition  Loan translation (saling-hiram)
of a particular class or society o Defense mechanism mekanismong
pananggalang
Language, history, and socio-economic-cultural o Word invention (salitang likha)
life
o Masturbation – mag-isang
pagpaparaos
 Specific historical features and
socioeconomic-cultural conditions shape  Abbreviated words (salitang daglat)
the thinking and language of a people, o STM short term memory
giving distinctive meanings and value
judgments to their words. o PUP Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao
 Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of  Parallel translation (salitang-tapat)
the innermost thoughts and intimate
o Relationship = pakikisalamuha
feelings of a people bound by a common
historical heritage and a specific socio-  Indigenous-concept oriented translation
economiccultural environment. (salitang taal)
o Kapwa: hindi ibang-tao, ibang-tao •
Psychological concepts and human behavior  Amalgamated translation (salitang sanib)
o Mahay (Cebuano), nagmamahay
 The formation of psychological concepts is
the more important stage in the entire
process of understanding human behavior. Categorization of words and concepts

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 Foreign concepts (konseptong banyaga)  Eight behaviorally recognizable levels

under two general categories in Filipino
o Home for the aged
were identified (ibang-tao; hindi ibang-tao).
 Superficial assimilation (paimbabaw na Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in
asimilasyon) Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-
Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press: Quezon
City.
o Reinforcement – gantimpala, ‘may
napala’
 Labeling (pagbibinyag) Ibang-tao (outsider)

o Utang-na-loob – reciprocity  Pakikitungo (amenities, civility)

o Hiya – shame  Pakikisalimuha (‘mixing’)

o Pakikisama – comradeship  Pakikilahok (joining, participating)

 Semantic indigenization (pag-aandukha)  Pakikibagay (conforming)

o Paniniyansing, tambayan (stand by)  Pakikisama (adjusting)

 Semantic delimitation (pagtatakda)

o Gunita – recall Hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us)
 Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)
o Alaala – memory
 Pakikisangkot (getting involved)
o Personality – personalidad, not
pagkatao  Pakikiisa (full trust, oneness, fusion)
 Indigenous concepts (katutubong
konsepto)
Kapwa, the shared inner self
o Saling-pusa (informal member)
o Pagka-pikon (to be peeved)
 Kapwa (English: both, fellow being, others)
others is used in opposition to the ‘self’
implies the recognition of the ‘self’
o ‘self’ as a separate identity
KAPWA

Kapwa in Filipino
 Unity of the self with others, is the central
value that connects all the different Filipino  A recognition of shared identity
values (Enriquez, 1978)
 An inner self shared with others
 A core concept in Filipino Psychology
 The ‘ako’ (ego) and the ‘iba sa akin’ (others)
 The English others is actually used in are one and the same in kapwa psychology
opposition to the self, and it implies the
recognition of the self as a separate
identity. In contrast, kapwa is a recognition  Pakikitungo, pakikipagkapwa are mutually
of shared identity, Enriquez argues for a replaceable in taxonomic analysis, either
Filipino psychology that begins with the covers the entire lexical domain.
concept of shared inner self, or a self with
others (Conaco, 2007).  Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically fertile
concept when analyzed semantically; much
deeper and profound in its implications as
Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino Psychology it means accepting and dealing with the
other person as an equal.

 The Filipino language provides a

Surface values
conceptual distinction in several levels and
modes of social interaction (antas ng
pagtutunguhan).

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 Readily apparent attributes appreciated and  Mas malala ang taong WALANG
exhibited by many Filipinos PAKIKIPAGKAPWA
1. Walang pakisama – matututo din
Accommodative surface value 2. Walang hiya – hindi naturuan ng
mabuti ng magulang
 Function to maintain or keep the status quo
between individuals and/or groups 3. Walang utang na loob – iiwasan
4. Walang kapwa tao – napakasama na
niya
Confrontative surface value
 Surface values may differ from sub-culture
 Surface when Filipinos take active to sub-culture, but the core value remains
participation in a situation the same for all Filipinos
 Ang konsepto din ng ABNORMALITY ay iba
ASV are recognized as a triad, which emanates ang turing para sa mga Pilipino
from the single trunk (CORE VALUE)
o Hindi tinitingnan bilang sakit ang
 They are not free-standing values one can abnormality
easily learn
o EX: sira ang ulo, may sayad, na-
 You have to be INGRAINED with the CORE baliw vs you have schizophrenia, I
value for the SURFACE values to am depressed
MANIFEST itself

Studying the surface values led to the identification

of an underlying pre-condition:
 EX: a person without PAKIKIRAMDAM,
cannot have PAKIKISAMA and UTANG NA
LOOB or HIYA

Kailangan para gumana ang SV's ng isang tao

 Ang taong hindi nakikitaan ng mga
SURFACE values ay tinatawag na
MASAMANG TAO

Importance of language and it's use in the

Philippine context
 Ang attribution ay directed towrads the
inside of the person
o EX: ang masamang tao ay WALANG
HIYA, WALANG UTANG NA LOOB,
WALANG PAKIKISAMA
o “WALA” denotes the absence of
SURFACE VALUES
 Hindi napapakita ang
surface; hindi nag-surface!
 Mas masaklap ang WALANG PAKIRAMDAM
– MANHID
o Mas inner ang kakulangan; walang
pivotal value

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