Brady- Chapter 1

1. Measurements involve comparison.

 Always measure relative to reference
Ex. Foot, meter, kilogram
 Measurement = number + unit
Ex. Distance between 2 points = 25
 What unit? inches, feet, yards, miles
 Meaningless without units!!!
2. Measurements are inexact.
 Measuring involves estimation.
 Always have uncertainty.
 The observer & instrument have inherent physical limitations.

Ex. Area
 Derived from SI units based on definition of area
 length × width = area
 meter × meter = area
2
m×m=m
2
 SI unit for area = square meters = m

 What is the SI unit for volume of a cube?

Volume (V) = length × width × height
V = meter × meter × meter
3
V=m

1. Length
 SI Unit is meter (m)
 Meter too large for most laboratory measurements
 Commonly used.
 Centimeter (cm)
–2
 1 cm = 10 m = 0.01 m
 Millimeter (mm)
–3
 1 mm = 10 m = 0.001 m

1
 3
 SI unit for Volume = m
 Most laboratory measurements use V in liters (L)
3
 1 L = 1 dm (exactly)
 Chemistry glassware marked in L or mL.
 1 L = 1000 mL
 What is a mL?
1 mL = 1 cm3

 SI unit is kilogram (kg)

 Frequently use grams (g) in laboratory as more realistic
size
 1 kg = 1000 g 1 g = 0.1000 kg = g
 Mass is measured by comparing the weight of sample with weights
of known standard masses.
Instrument used = balance

The melting point of uranium hexafluouride is 64.53 °C. What is the melting
point of uranium hexafluoride on the Fahrenheit scale?
A. 67.85 °F
B. 96.53 °F
C. 116.2 °F
D. 337.5 °F
E. 148.2 °F

1. All non-zero numbers are significant.

Ex. 3.456
has 4 sig. figs.
2. Zeros between non-zero numbers
are significant.
4
Ex. 20,089 or 2.0089 × 10
has 5 sig. figs
3. Trailing zeros always count as significant if number has decimal point
2
Ex. 500. or 5.00 × 10
has 3 sig. figs

2
 4. Final zeros to right of decimal point are significant
Ex. 3.00 has 3 sig. figs.
st
5. Leading zeros, to left of 1 nonzero digit, are never counted as
significant
–4
Ex. 0.00012 or 1.2 × 10
has 2 sig. figs.

- How many significant figures are in 19.0000?

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6

- Round each of the following to 3 significant figures. Use scientific notation

where needed.

37.459 37.5 or 3.75 × 101

5431978 5.43 × 106

2
132.7789003 133 or 1.33 × 10

0.00087564 8.76 × 10–4

7.665 7.67

3
Multiply: 10.54 × 31.4 × 16.987 = 5620 = 5.62×10

4 sig. figs. × 3 sig. figs. × 5 sig. figs = 3 sig. figs.

2
Divide: 5.896 ÷ 0.008 = 700 = 7×10

4 sig. figs. ÷ 1 sig. fig. = 1 sig. fig.

3
Give the value of the following calculation to the correct number of significant
figures.

 635.4  0.0045 
 
 2 .3589 
A. 1.21213
B. 1.212
C. 1.212132774
D. 1.2
E. 1

12.9753
319.5
+ 4.398
336.9

397
– 273.15
124

When the expression,

412.272 + 0.00031 – 1.00797 + 0.000024 + 12.8
is evaluated, the result should be expressed as:
A. 424.06
B. 424.064364
C. 424.1
D. 424.064
E. 424

For each calculation, give the answer to the correct number of significant figures.

1
10.0g + 1.03 g + 0.243 g = 11.3 g or 1.13 × 10 g

–3
19.556 °C – 19.552 °C = 0.004 °C or 4 × 10 °C

4
 3 2
327.5 m × 4.52 m = 1.48 × 10 m

15.985 g ÷ 24.12 mL = 0.6627 g/mL or 6.627 g/mL

(71.359 m  71.357 m) (0.002 m) –4 2

 = 2 × 10 m/s
(3.2 s × 3.67 s) (11.744 s 2 )

3
(13.674 cm × 4.35 cm × 0.35 cm ) (20.818665 cm3 ) = 0.87 cm /s

(856 s + 1531.1 s) (2387.1 s)

For the following calculation, give the answer to the correct number of significant
figures.

(14.5 cm  12.334 cm)

(2.223 cm  1.04 cm)
2
A. 179 cm
(178.843 cm2 )
B. 1.18 cm (1.183 cm)
C. 151.2 cm
D. 152 cm
2
E. 178.843 cm

Convert 0.097 m to mm.

–3
 Relationship is 1 mm = 1 × 10 m

1 mm
0.097 m 
1  10  3 m
= 97 mm

5
Convert 3.5 3 3
m to cm

 Units & numbers

3 3
 (1 cm) = (0.01 m)
3 –6 3
 1 cm = 1 × 10 m

3 1 cm 3
3.5 m  
6 3
1  10 m
6 3
3.5 × 10 Cm