EEL 5245 POWER ELECTRONICS I

Lecture #14: Chapter 4

Non-Isolated DC-DC Converters
PWM Converters
DCM Analysis (DCM)
 Objectives

• Overview of Discontinuous Conduction Mode

• Buck Converter Analysis (DCM)
• Simulation of Buck in DCM
• Boost and Buck Boost Converter Analysis (DCM)
– Voltage Conversion Ratio (M=Gain)
– Average Input and Output Currents
– Output Voltage Ripple via Charge
approximation
– Boundary Between CCM and DCM
• Examples of Analysis and Design for Boost and
Buck Boost Converters in CCM/DCM
• PSPICE Simulation Verification
 DCM Buck Converter
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

iLmin = 0
Means inductor current starts at zero (iL(0)=0) , and ends at
zero (iL(T)=0)
For a certain inductor value, DCM occurs as load is low,, Io is
small.
Io<Io,critical

- In DCM, Vo/Vin= M= f(D,T,R,L)

Vo/Vin= M= f(D,D1) and D1= f(D,T,R,L)

2
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Intuitive Concepts (All other variables are constant)

Smaller L ! Larger inductor current slope

! Larger inductor current ripple
! More likely to go to DCM
Smaller Io ! Smaller inductor average current (DC value)
! More likely to go to DCM

Larger T ! Extended switching period allows more

time for IL to reach zero
! Larger inductor current ripple
! More likely to go to DCM

3
 DCM Buck Analysis
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Mode 1: S on, D off Mode 2: S off, D on Mode 3: S off, D off

Inductor charges from zero Inductor discharges to zero Inductor current =0

0 ! DT DT ! D1T D1T ! T
VL= Vin – Vo VL= -Vo VL= 0
IL(0)=0 I L (t ) " 0
Vin ! Vo !Vo
I L (t ) " t I L (t ) " (t ! DT ) # I L ( DT ) Load is supplied by
L L
output capacitance4
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

I L (0) ! 0
Vin-Vo
Vin " Vo
I L ( DT ) ! DT L
L
-Vo
Volt – Second balance:
L o

(Vin-Vo)*DT - Vo*(D1-D)T = 0
Imax-Io
Vo D
M! ! c
Vin D1 -Io

t
DT D1T T
5
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Vo Area under curve

I L ,avg ! I o ! ! L o
R T
1
I L ( DT ) D1T
1 Vin " Vo 1
!2 ! D D1T
T 2 L

2L Vo
D1 !
RDT (Vin " Vo)
2L # M $
! % &
RDT ' 1" M (

6
 Solve for M
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

D1 2L ! M "
# $ %
D RD 2 T ' 1 & M (
1 2L ! M "
# $ %
M RD 2 T ' 1 & M (
RD 2 T ! 1 & M "
M# $ %
2L ' M (
RD 2 T RD 2 T
M )
2
M& #0
2L 2L

Find roots of M

&b * b 2 & 4ac

2a
D 2 RT ! 8L "
M# $$ 2
) 1 & 1%%
4L ' D RT (
7
 Power Electronics often uses gain curves for design.
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

It is easier to use normalized (Unit less) parameters, such as:

L
!"
R
! L
!n " "
T RT

D 2 # 8! n $
M" '' % 1 & 1(
4! n ) D 2 (
*

8
 Book corrections
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

- Eq. 4.92 must be corrected to:

D3 " 8! n # D
I nL max $ 2 '1 % &1 (( & Eq.4.92
'
4! n ) * !n
2
D

- The y-axis in fig. 4.44 must be labeled I nL max instead of M

9
 DCM buck Output voltage ripple I max -I
o
i
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

c
t1 t2
-I
I L max I ! Io Triangles o
" L max similarity
D1T t 2 ! t1
(I ! I o ) D1T vo
t 2 ! t1 " L max
I L max
1 t
#Q " (t2 ! t1 )( I L max ! I o ) DT D T T
2 1

1 ( I L max ! I o ) 2 D1T
#Vc "
2C I L max
2L Vo
D1 "
RDT (Vin ! Vo)

L ( I L max ! I o ) 2 Vo $ Vin ! Vo %
#Vc " I
, where & L max " DT '
CRD I L max (Vin ! Vo) ( L )
10
 CCM Boost Converter
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Mode 1: S on Mode 2: S off

Mode 1:

Mode 2:

Switch and diode voltage stress= Vo

PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
 Voltage gain
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

(from mode 1)

(from mode 2)

Using the above two equations, or using volt-second balance

PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
 Min & Max inductor current
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

!I
! I L min " I in #
2
!I
! I L max " I in $
2

Critical inductor
Converter enters DCM when inductor current reaches zero

find critical Io?

 CCM Boost Output voltage ripple
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Use capacitor charge

!Q " DTI o
DTVo
!Vc "
CR
!Vc D
"
Vo RCf

find vc(t)?
 DCM Boost Converter
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Vin
iL (t ) ! t 0 ! DT
L
Vin " Vo
iL (t ) ! (t " DT ) # I L ( DT ) DT ! D1T
L
iL (t ) ! 0 D1T !T
 iL
Vin
I L ( DT ) # DT from mode 1 IL
L
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Vin " Vo
I L ( D1T ) # 0 # ( D1 " D)T ! I L ( DT ) 0 DT D1T T t
L
from mode 2 vL
Vin

Using the above two equations, or t

(Vo Vin )
using volt-second balance
iD
Vin DT ! (Vin " Vo)( D1 " D)T # 0 IL(DT)
Io
Vo D1
#
Vin D1 " D ic

ILmax Io

t
Io
 Solve for M
1
I ( DT ) ! ( D1 " D)T
1 VinD ( D1 " D)T
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Vo 2 L
I D ,avg # Io # # #
R T 2 L
Vo R
# D( D1 " D)T (1)
Vin 2 L
D1
M#
D1 " D
( D1 " D) M # D1
D1 ( M " 1) # DM
DM
D1 # (2)
( M " 1)

Substitute eq.2 in eq.1

1% 2D2 & % L &

M # (1 ' 1 ' ) $
( n # )
2 (* $n )
+ * RT +
 DCM boost output voltage ripple
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

I L max I ! Io Triangles
" L max
( D1 ! D )T t1 ! DT similarity
( I L max ! I o )( D1 ! D )T
t1 ! DT " ic
I L max

1 ILmax Io
#Q " (t1 ! DT )( I L max ! I o )
2
1 ( I L max ! I o ) 2 ( D1 ! D )T 1
t
#Vc " Io
2C I L max

DM
D1 "
( M ! 1) vc

Vin Vo
I L max " DT
L
t
 CCM Buck-Boost Converter
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Mode 1: S on Mode 2: S off

Note that buck-boost
is an inverting
converter (output is
negative)

Mode 1: 0 ! DT

Mode 2: DT ! T

Switch and diode voltage stress= Vin + Vo 2

 3
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

(from mode 1)

(from mode 2)

Using the above two equations, or using volt-second balance

3
3

M>1 2

M ( D)
M<1
1
M=1

0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0 D 1

4
 5
1-D:D
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
 Min & Max inductor current
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Critical inductor
Converter enters DCM when inductor current reaches zero

find critical Io?

6
 CCM Buck-Boost Output voltage ripple
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Use capacitor charge

!Q " DTI o
DTVo
!Vc "
CR
!Vc D
"
Vo RCf

find vc(t)?
7
 DCM Buck-Boost Converter
Mode 1: S on
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Mode 2: S off Mode 3: S & D off

Mode 1: 0 ! DT

Mode 2: DT ! D1T

Mode 3: iL (t ) ! 0 ic (t ) ! " I o D1T ! T

Switch and diode voltage stress= Vin + Vo 8

 Vin
I L ( DT ) ! DT from mode 1
L
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

"Vo
I L ( D1T ) ! 0 ! ( D1 " D)T # I L ( DT )
L
from mode 2

Using the above two equations, or

using volt-second balance

Vin DT " Vo( D1 " D)T ! 0

Vo D
!
Vin D1 " D

9
 Solve for M
1
I ( DT ) ! ( D1 " D)T
1 VinD ( D1 " D)T
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

Vo 2 L
I D ,avg # Io # # #
R T 2 L
Vo R
# D( D1 " D)T (1)
Vin 2 L

D
M#
D1 " D
( D1 " D) M # D
D1M # D(1 $ M )
1
D1 # D ( $ 1) (2)
M

Substitute eq.2 in eq.1

D
M# & L '
2% n %
( n # )
* RT +

10
 DCM Buck-Boost output voltage ripple
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

I L max I ! Io Triangles
" L max
( D1 ! D )T t1 ! DT similarity
( I L max ! I o )( D1 ! D )T
t1 ! DT " ic
I L max

1 ILmax Io
#Q " (t1 ! DT )( I L max ! I o )
2
1 ( I L max ! I o ) 2 ( D1 ! D )T 1
t
#Vc " Io
2C I L max

1
D1 " D( $ 1) vc
M
Vin Vo
I L max " DT
L
11 t
 Buck Converter Analysis:
iPES Examples for Buck DCM

DC/DC-Converter Basic Topologies

Buck-Converter - (1)
Buck-Converter - (2)
Buck-Converter - (3)
Buck-Converter: Start-Up with Constant Duty Cycle
Buck Converter Analysis:
Simulation Verification
Example-Buck DCM
Buck Converter Analysis:
Simulation Verification
Example-Buck DCM
Buck Converter Analysis:
Simulation Verification
Example-Buck DCM
Buck Converter Analysis:
Simulation Verification
Example-Buck DCM
Buck Converter Analysis:
Simulation Verification
Example-Buck DCM
 Buck Converter Analysis:
Simulation Verification
Example-Buck DCM

10V 2.0V

0V
1.0V

-10V
SEL>>
0V
V(Gate)
V(L:1,L:2)
5.0A 2.0A
9.880m,6.4896u)

(9.894m,15.685m)
2.5A 0A

SEL>> -2.0A
(9.890m,3.2006) 9.89ms 9.90ms 9.91ms 9.92ms 9.93ms
-1.0A
9.8875ms 9.9000ms 9.9125ms I(Cf)
I(L) Time
Time
 Buck Converter Analysis:
Simulation Verification
Example-Buck DCM

16V 15V

10V (0.000,14.048)
14V

5V
SEL>>
12V SEL>>
V(RLoad:1) 0V
1.50A V(RLoad:1)
2.0A

1.25A
1.0A

1.00A
9.89ms 9.90ms 9.91ms 9.92ms 9.93ms 0A
I(RLoad) 0Hz 40KHz 80KHz 118KHz
Time I(RLoad)
Frequency
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost

• Consider a buck-boost converter with the following values:

Vo=12V, Pout=25W, Vin=20V and ƒ=100kHz.
– (a) Design the above converter so that it will operate in ccm
– (b) Repeat part (a) for dcm,
– (c) Find the maximum inductor current under both ccm and
dcm
– (d) If the load resistance increases by 50% (i.e. the load current
changes 2.08A to 1.39A) determine the mode of operation for
the two converters and then the maximum inductor current
– (e) Sketch the new inductor currents derived from part (e.)
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost
3
Vo := 12 Vin := 20 Po := 25 f := 100 ⋅ 10

1
Ts :=
f

(a) For CCM

2 12 D solve , D
Vo → .375
R := 20 1−D float , 3
Po
D := .375
R = 5.76
−5
Ts = 1 × 10
2
( 1 − D)
Lcrit := R ⋅ Ts ⋅ −6
2 D ⋅ Ts = 3.75 × 10

−5
Lcrit = 1.125 × 10
Note-This is an arbitrary assignment
that puts us into CCM mode. Since
Chose L higher than Lcrit for CCM in CCM M is independent of L, we
do not effect the conversion ratio so
−3 long as L>Lcrit. The value of L
L := .1 ⋅ 10 chosen does effect ripple current in
the inductor though.
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost

(b) For DCM Chose L to less than Lcrit −6

L := 5 ⋅ 10
L
D
R M
τ n :=
Ts 2 ⋅τ n

12
τ n = 0.087 D := ⋅ 2 ⋅τ n
20

D = 0.25
D 2
M solve , D 1 →
D1 − D 3
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost

−3
(c) For CCM L := .1 ⋅ 10 D := .375

D ⋅ Vin Vin ⋅ D ⋅ Ts D ⋅ Vin Vin ⋅ D ⋅ Ts

iLmax := + iLmin := −
2 2 ⋅L 2 2 ⋅L
R ⋅ ( 1 − D) R ⋅ ( 1 − D)

iLmax = 3.708 iLmin = 2.958

−6
(c) For DCM L := 5 ⋅ 10 D := .25

Vin
iLmax := ⋅ D ⋅ Ts
L
iLmax = 10
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost
(d) Assume load resistance increase by 50%

Assume Vo remains at 12V and Po Changes

R := 5.76 + .5 ⋅ 5.76 D := .375

2
R = 8.64 Vo
2 P :=
( 1 − D) R
Lcrit := R ⋅ Ts ⋅
2
P = 16.667
−5
Lcrit = 1.688 × 10

With L at .1mH, we are still in CCM for our original CCM design

−3
L := .1 ⋅ 10 D := .375
D ⋅ Vin Vin ⋅ D ⋅ Ts D ⋅ Vin Vin ⋅ D ⋅ Ts
iLmax := + iLmin := −
2 2 ⋅L 2 2 ⋅L
R ⋅ ( 1 − D) R ⋅ ( 1 − D)

iLmax = 2.597 iLmin = 1.847

 Example 4.11-BuckBoost

For our original DCM design, reducing the load current moves us deeper into DCM

(b) For DCM Chose L to less than Lcrit −6

L := 5 ⋅ 10
L
D
R M
τ n :=
Ts 2 ⋅τ n

12
τ n = 0.058 D := ⋅ 2 ⋅τ n
20

D = 0.204
D
M solve , D1 → .54433105395181735515
D1 − D

Vin
iLmax := ⋅ D ⋅ Ts
L
iLmax = 8.165
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost
Simulation CCM Original (R=5.76)
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost
Simulation CCM Original (R=5.76)
0V 4.0A

-5V
3.6A

-10V

3.2A
-15V

2.8A
-20V 14.980ms 14.985ms 14.990ms 14.995ms
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms -I(L)
V(Output) Time
Time
4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0
14.980ms 14.985ms 14.990ms 14.995ms
V(Gate) -I(L)
Time
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost
Simulation DCM Original (R=5.76)
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost
Simulation DCM Original (R=5.76)

0V 12

8
-5V

-10V

-15V -4
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 14.980ms 14.985ms 14.990ms 14.995ms
V(Output) -I(L) V(Gate)
Time Time
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost
Simulation CCM New (R=8.64)
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost
Simulation CCM New (R=8.64)

0V 2.6A

-5V 2.4A

-10V 2.2A

-15V 2.0A

-20V 1.8A
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 14.980ms 14.985ms 14.990ms 14.995ms
V(Output) -I(L)
Time Time
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost
Simulation DCM New (R=8.64)
 Example 4.11-BuckBoost
Simulation DCM New (R=8.64)

5V 10A

0V
5A

-5V

0A

-10V

-15V -5A
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 14.980ms 14.985ms 14.990ms 14.995ms
V(Output) -I(L)
Time Time