AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY–BANGLADESH (AIUB)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
PHYSICS 1 LAB
Fall 2023-2024

Section:C-2 Group: 3

LAB REPORT ON
Determining the acceleration due to gravity applying linear least square regression method by
using a simple pendulum

Supervised By
DR. MAHJABIN TASKIN

Submitted By
Name ID Contribution
1.Soa Anjum Soa 23-53496-3 Apparatus, Procedure
2.Kazi Jubayer 23-53505-3 Theory
3.KH Moinur Rahman 23-53495-3 Experimental Data
4.MD. Wasif Shahriar 23-53494-3 Analysis and Calculation, Result
5.Ariful Islam Rimon 23-53502-3 Discussion ,References

Date of Submission: October,3rd,2023

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPICS Page no.

I. Title Page 1
II. Table of Content 2
1. Theory 3
2. Apparatus 5
3. Procedure 6
4. Experimental Data 6
5. Analysis and Calculation 6
6. Result 7
7. Discussion 8
8. References 8

Lab Report Department of Physics Page 2 of 9

 1. Theory

𝐿
It can be demonstrated that 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ , is the time period of small-angle oscillation of a
𝑔

simple pendulum, which is a metal bob suspended vertically from a fixed support and attached by
a thin string.

Figure 1.1: A swinging simple pendulum can be effective Length L and amplitude 𝜃.

L is the effective length and T is the time period of a simple pendulum, respectively, in a
location where the acceleration of gravity is g.

A simple pendulum's time period equation can be rewritten as,

2
4𝛱2
𝑇 = 𝐿
𝑔
The value of the acceleration caused by gravity can be calculated using the equation.

4𝜋 2
𝑔=
𝑚
where m is the slope of the T2 vs L graph, in comparison to the state line equation that passes
through the origin (y = mx).

Lab Report Department of Physics Page 3 of 9

The linear least square regression approach can be used for N number of data points for two
types of variables, x and y = f(x), to determine the best fitted line (regression line), as shown
in fig. 1.2.

Figure 1.2: Illustrates how to use the least square regression approach to get the minimal value of 𝐷 = 𝑑12 + 𝑑22 + 𝑑32 +
𝑑42 +𝑑52 +𝑑62 + 𝑑72 to obtain the best-fit line. Y = mx + c, where m is the slope and c is the y-axis interception, is the equation
for the best-fit line. Here, N = 7 is used to denote the number of data points.

The equation for calculating the regression line's slope,

𝛴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 − (𝛴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 )(𝛴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑚= (𝛴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 )2
𝛴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 2 − 𝑁

And intercept 𝑐 = 𝑦̅ − 𝑚𝑥̅ ,where 𝑥̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦̅ are mean value of x and y.

In the slope equation:

𝛴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 + 𝑥7

𝛴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 =𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦4 + 𝑦5 + 𝑦6 + 𝑦7

𝛴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = ( 𝑥1 𝑦1 + 𝑥2 𝑦2 + 𝑥3 𝑦3 + 𝑥4 𝑦4 + 𝑥5 𝑦5 + 𝑥6 𝑦6 + 𝑥7 𝑦7 )2
(𝛴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 )2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 + 𝑥7 )2

Σi xi2 =( 𝑥1 )2 +( 𝑥2 )2 + ( 𝑥3 )2 + ( 𝑥4 )2 + ( 𝑥5 )2 + ( 𝑥6 )2 + ( 𝑥7 )2

Lab Report Department of Physics Page 4 of 9

 2. Apparatus
1. Metal Bob
2. A piece of string
3. Stand
4. Clamp
5. Meter scale
6. Stopwatch

3. Procedure
i. A light piece of string is attached to the hook of a metal ball. The length (L) of the
pendulum from the point of suspension to the mid-point of the bob is measured using a meter
scale.
ii. 'A small angle (less than 10 degrees) is imparted to the pendulum by a swing. 'The time
period, t, is determined. To accomplish it, the total time for 20 oscillations is measured, and it
is divided by 20. The procedure is repeated for different lengths, and the data is recorded in
Table 1.1
iii. 'The value of g is calculated for each set of data using the values of L and T.
iv. The mean value of g and the standard deviation are also calculated using equations.
v. The regression line is found using the linear least square regression method (LLSRM), and
from the value of the slope, g is determined using the relation: slope = 4π²/g.
vi. The T^2 vs. L linear regression line is plotted in Excel.
vii. The mean value of g and the value obtained by LLSRM are compared with the reference
value of g by calculating the percentage of difference in each case.
Viii. 'The variations are discussed if any exist.=

Lab Report Department of Physics Page 5 of 9

 4. Experimental Data

Table 1.1: Time periods T for Different lengths L of the simple pendulum

5. Analysis and Calculation:

Table 1.2: Finding the slope,mand intercept,c by using the linear least square regression method

2
N ∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∑ 𝑦𝑖 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 (∑ 𝑥𝑖 ) ∑ 𝑥2𝑖 m c
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖

7 560 21.39 1829.76 313600 47600 .0421 -0.304

A. The value of g using the LLSRM:

(∑ 𝑥 )(∑ 𝑦 )
∑𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 (560×21.39)
1829.76−
𝑁 7
m= 2 =
47600−
313600 =.0421
(∑ 𝑥 )
∑𝑖 𝑥𝑖2 − 𝑖 𝑖 7
𝑁

∑𝑖 𝑥𝑖 560
𝑥̅ = = =80\
𝑁 7

∑ 𝑦 21.396
𝑦̅ = 𝑖𝑁 1 = 7 =3.056
Intercept, c = 𝑦̅ – m 𝑥̅ = 3.056 – (.0421*80) = -0.304
4𝜋^2 4𝜋 2
Acceleration due to gravity by LLSRM, 𝑔𝑙 = =.0421 = 937.729
𝑚

Lab Report Department of Physics Page 6 of 9

 B. The mean value of g from the data:

𝑔1 +𝑔2 +𝑔3 +𝑔4 +𝑔5 +𝑔6 +𝑔7 7325.38

𝑔𝑀 = = = 1046.5
7 7

C. Percentage of difference between mean value and Reference value:

𝑔𝑀 −𝑔 (1046.5−981)
% difference = × 100 = × 100
𝑔 981
= 6.676%

D. percentage of difference between LLSRM value and Reference value:

(g= 9.81m/𝑠 2 )
𝑔𝐿 −𝑔 937.729−981
% difference = × 100 = × 100
𝑔 981
= -4.41%

6. Result

Lab Report Department of Physics Page 7 of 9

 7. Discussion
The linear least square regression method allows us to determine the acceleration due
to gravity with high accuracy and precision. By analyzing multiple data points, any
systematic errors can be minimized.

8. References
Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2013). Fundamentals of Physics. Wiley

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 (The following part is only to be followed in preparing the report)

Instructions
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• The font size of all the titles are 16 down to 12, 16 being the main title, 14 subtitle,
and so on.

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Lab Report Department of Physics Page 9 of 9