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PART 1
Read and answer questions 1-13

The Rise of Teotihuacán

The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50

kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City,
began its growth by 200 –100 B.C. At its height,
between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a
population of more than 125,000 people and
covered at least 20 square kilometers. It had over
2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large
number of industrial workshops, an administrative
center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a
regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. Clearly,
much planning and central control were involved in
the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis.
Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps
religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica
(modern Central America and Mexico).

How did this tremendous development take place,

and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley?
Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s
geographic location on a natural trade route to the
south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the
obsidian(a type of volcanic glasslike rock used for
manufacturing tools and ceremonial objects)
resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the
valley’s potential for extensive irrigation. The exact
role of other factors is much more difficult to
pinpoint, for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious
significance as a shrine, the historical situation in
and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of
the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and
foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally,
the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic
eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.

This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated

in Teotihuacán’s rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of
relatively small centers coexisted in and near the
Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of
these centers,Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a
volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land
covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a
potential rival, any one of a number of relatively
modest towns might have emerged as a leading
economic and political power in Central Mexico. The
archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though,
that Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the
predominant force in the area by the first century
A.D.

It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources

along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their
potential gave the city a competitive edge over its
neighbors. The valley, like many other places in
Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in
obsidian. The hard volcanic stone was a resource
that had been in great demand for many years, at
least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who
flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it
apparently had a secure market. Moreover, recent
research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has
shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the
Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán
obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable
commodity for many centuries before the great city
arose.

Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the

elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide
variety of exotic goods, as well as a relatively
prosperous life. Such success may have attracted
immigrants to Teotihuacán. In addition,
Teotihuacán’s elite may have consciously attempted
to attract new inhabitants. It is also probable that as
early as 200 B.C. Teotihuacán may have achieved
some religious significance and its shrine (or
shrines) may have served as an additional
population magnet. Finally, the growing population
was probably fed by increasing the number and size
of irrigated fields.

The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic

picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining
and working, trade, population growth, irrigation,
and religious tourism. The thriving obsidian
operation, for example, would necessitate more
miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools,
and additional traders to carry the goods to new
markets. All this led to increased wealth, which in
turn would attract more immigrants to Teotihuacán.
The growing power of the elite, who controlled the
economy, would give them the means to physically
coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as
additions to the labor force. More irrigation works
would have to be built to feed the growing
population, and this resulted in more power and
wealth for the elite.

Questions: 1 - 6
Choose A,B,C or D

In paragraph 1, each of the following is mentioned as a

1 feature of the city of Teotihuacán between A.D. 150 and
700 EXCEPT

A regularly arranged streets

B irrigation works

C many manufacturing workshops

D apartment complexes

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2

2
as a main factor in the development of Teotihuacán?

The presence of obsidian in the

A
Teotihuacán Valley
The potential for extensive irrigation of
B
Teotihuacán Valley lands
A long period of volcanic inactivity in the
C
Teotihuacán Valley
Teotihuacán’s location on a natural trade
D
route

What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Cuicuilco

3
prior to 200 B.C.?

A It was a fairly small city until that date.

B It was located outside the Valley of Mexico.

It emerged rapidly as an economical and

C
political center.

D Its economy relied heavily on agriculture.

According to paragraph 4, what has recent research on

4
obsidian tools found at Olmec sites shown?

Obsidian’s value was understood only when

A
Teotihuacán became an important city.
The residents of Teotihuacán were
B
sophisticated toolmakers.
The residents of Teotihuacán traded
C obsidian with the Olmecs as early as 400
B.C.
Some of the obsidian used by the Olmecs
D
came from the area around Teotihuacán.

Select choice that is mentioned in paragraph 5 as being

5 features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted
immigrants to the city.

A The prosperity of the elite

B Plenty of available housing

Opportunities for well-paid agricultural

C
employment

D growing population

The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic

6
picture of positive feedback among

A population growth

B irrigation, and religious tourism

C obsidian mining and working

D All the above

Questions: 7 - 13
Fill in the blanks with not more than 3 WORDS

7 Teotihuacán had economic and religious contacts with

most parts of

8 Main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location ,

the in the Teotihuacán

Valley itself and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation.

9 Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the

in the area by the first

century A.D.

10 Teotihuacán was rich in

11 Teotihuacán’s may

have consciously attempted to attract new inhabitants.

12 Increased wealth would attract more

to Teotihuacán.

13 More irrigation works would have to be built and this

will result in more for the

elite.

PART 2
Read and answer questions 14-28

Dinosaurs

A. Although the name dinosaur is derived from the

Greek for "terrible lizard", dinosaurs were not, in
fact, lizards at all. Like lizards, dinosaurs are
included in the class Reptilia, or reptiles, one of the
five main classes of Vertebrata, animals with
backbones. However, at the next level of
classification, within reptiles, significant differences
in the skeletal anatomy of lizards and dinosaurs have
led scientists to place these groups of animals into
two different superorders: Lepidosauria, or
lepidosaurs, and Archosauria, or archosaurs.

B. Classified as lepidosaurs are lizards and snakes

and their prehistoric ancestors. Included among the
archosaurs, or "ruling reptiles", are prehistoric and
modern crocodiles, and the now extinct thecodonts,
pterosaurs and dinosaurs. Palaeontologists believe
that both dinosaurs and crocodiles evolved, in the
later years of the Triassic Period (c. 248-208 million
years ago), from creatures called pseudosuchian
thecodonts. Lizards, snakes and different types of
thecodont are believed to have evolved earlier in the
Triassic Period from reptiles known as eosuchians.

C. The most important skeletal differences between

dinosaurs and other archosaurs are in the bones of
the skull, pelvis and limbs. Dinosaur skulls are found
in a great range of shapes and sizes, reflecting the
different eating habits and lifestyles of a large and
varied group of animals that dominated life on Earth
for an extraordinary 165 million years. However,
unlike the skulls of any other known animals, the
skulls of dinosaurs had two long bones known as
vomers. These bones extended on either side of the
head, from the front of the snout to the level of the
holes on the skull known as the antorbital fenestra,
situated in front of the dinosaur's orbits or
eyesockets.

D. All dinosaurs, whether large or small, quadrupedal

or bidepal, fleet-footed or slow-moving, shared a
common body plan. Identification of this plan makes
it possible to differentiate dinosaurs from any other
types of animal, even other archosaurs. Most
significantly, in dinosaurs, the pelvis and femur had
evolved so that the hind limbs were held vertically
beneath the body, rather than sprawling out to the
sides like the limbs of a lizard. The femur of a
dinosaur had a sharply in-turned neck and a ball-
shaped head, which slotted into a fully open
acetabulum or hip socket. A supra-acetabular crest
helped prevent dislocation of the femur. The position
of the knee joint, aligned below the acetabulum,
made it possible for the whole hind limb to swing
backwards and forwards. This unique combination
of features gave dinosaurs what is known as a "fully
improved gait". Evolution of this highly efficient
method of walking also developed in mammals, but
among reptiles it occurred only in dinosaurs.

E. For the purpose of further classification,

dinosaurs are divided into two orders: Saurischia, or
saurischian dinosaurs, and Ornithischia, or
ornithischian dinosaurs. This division is made on the
basis of their pelvic anatomy. All dinosaurs had a
pelvic girdle with each side comprised of three
bones: the pubis, ilium and ischium. However, the
orientation of these bones follows one of two
patterns. In saurischian dinosaurs, also known as
lizard-hipped dinosaurs, the pubis points forwards,
as is usual in most types of reptile. By contrast, in
ornithischian, or bird-hipped, dinosaurs, the pubis
points backwards towards the rear of the animal,
which is also true of birds.

F. Of the two orders of dinosaurs, the Saurischia was

the larger and the first to evolve. It is divided into
two suborders: Therapoda, or therapods, and
Sauropodomorpha, or sauropodomorphs. The
therapods, or "beast feet", were bipedal, predatory
carnivores. They ranged in size from the mighty
Tyrannosaurus rex, 12m long, 5.6m tall and weighing
an estimated 6.4 tonnes, to the smallest known
dinosaur, Compsognathus, a mere 1.4m long and
estimated 3kg in weight when fully grown. The
sauropodomorphs, or "lizard feet forms", included
both bipedal and quadrupedal dinosaurs. Some
sauropodomorphs were carnivorous or omnivorous
but later species were typically herbivorous. They
included some of the largest and best-known of all
dinosaurs, such as Diplodocus, a huge quadruped
with an elephant-like body, a long, thin tail and neck
that gave it a total length of 27m, and a tiny head.

G. Ornithischian dinosaurs were bipedal or

quadrupedal herbivores. They are now usually
divided into three suborders: Ornithipoda,
Thyreophora and Marginocephalia. The ornithopods,
or "bird feet", both large and small, could walk or run
on their long hind legs, balancing their body by
holding their tails stiffly off the ground behind them.
An example is Iguanodon, up to 9m long, 5m tall and
weighing 4.5 tonnes. The thyreophorans, or "shield
bearers", also known as armoured dinosaurs, were
quadrupeds with rows of protective bony spikes,
studs, or plates along their backs and tails. They
included Stegosaurus, 9m long and weighing 2
tonnes.

H. The marginocephalians, or "margined heads",

were bipedal or quadrupedal ornithschians with a
deep bony frill or narrow shelf at the back of the
skull. An example is Triceratops, a rhinoceros-like
dinosaur, 9m long, weighing 5.4 tonnes and bearing
a prominent neck frill and three large horns.

Questions: 14 - 21
Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph

14 Paragraph A

15 Paragraph B

16 Paragraph C

17 Paragraph D

18 Paragraph E

19 Paragraph F

20 Paragraph G

21 Paragraph H

Hold and drag the below answer to correct question

165 million years

The body plan of archosaurs

Dinosaurs - terrible lizards

Classification according to
pelvic anatomy

The suborders of Saurischia

Lizards and dinosaurs - two

distinct superorders

Unique body plan helps

identify dinosaurs from other
animals

Herbivore dinosaurs

Lepidosaurs

Frills and shelves

The origins of dinosaurs and

lizards

Bird-hipped dinosaurs

Skull bones distinguish

dinosaurs from other
archosaurs

Questions: 22 - 24
Complete the sentences below WITH NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS

22 Lizards and dinosaurs are classified into two different

superorders because of the difference in their

23 In the Triassic Period,

evolved into thecodonts, for example, lizards and snakes.

24 Dinosaur skulls differed from those of any other known

animals because of the presence of vomers:

Questions: 25 - 28
Phone call about the second-hand furniture

25 Dinosaurs differed from lizards, because

26 Saurischian and ornithischian dinosaurs

27 Unlike therapods, sauropodomorphs

28 Some dinosaurs used their tails to balance, others

Hold and drag the below answer to correct question

are both divided into two

orders.

the former had a "fully

improved gait".

were not usually very heavy.

could walk or run on their back

legs.

their hind limbs sprawled out

to the side.

walked or ran on four legs,

rather than two.

both had a pelvic girdle

comprising six bones.

did not always eat meat.

PART 3
Read and answer questions 29-40

The Creators of Grammar

No student of a foreign language needs to be told

that grammar is complex. By changing word
sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs
and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny
variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into
a question, state whether an action has taken place
or is soon to take place, and perform many other
word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning.
Nor is this complexity inherent to the English
language. All languages, even those of so-called
'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical
components. The Cherokee pronoun system, for
example, can distinguish between 'you and I',
'several other people and I' and 'you, another person
and I'. In English, all these meanings are summed up
in the one, crude pronoun 'we'. Grammar is universal
and plays a part in every language, no matter how
widespread it is. So the question which has baffled
many linguists is - who created grammar?

At first, it would appear that this question is

impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is
created, someone needs to be present at the time of
a language's creation, documenting its emergence.
Many historical linguists are able to trace modern
complex languages back to earlier languages, but in
order to answer the question of how complex
languages are actually formed, the researcher needs
to observe how languages are started from scratch.
Amazingly, however, this is possible.

Some of the most recent languages evolved due to

the Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves from a
number of different ethnicities were forced to work
together under colonizer's rule. Since they had no
opportunity to learn each other's languages, they
developed a make-shift language called a pidgin.
Pidgins are strings of words copied from the
language of the landowner. They have little in the
way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for
a listener to deduce when an event happened, and
who did what to whom. [A] Speakers need to use
circumlocution in order to make their meaning
understood. [B] Interestingly, however, all it takes
for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a
group of children to be exposed to it at the time
when they learn their mother tongue. [C] Slave
children did not simply copy the strings of words
uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to
create a new, expressive language. [D] Complex
grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are
termed creoles, and they are invented by children.

Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign

languages for the deaf. Sign languages are not
simply a series of gestures; they utilise the same
grammatical machinery that is found in spoken
languages. Moreover, there are many different
languages used worldwide. The creation of one such
language was documented quite recently in
Nicaragua. Previously, all deaf people were isolated
from each other, but in 1979 a new government
introduced schools for the deaf. Although children
were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom,
in the playgrounds they began to invent their own
sign system, using the gestures that they used at
home. It was basically a pidgin. Each child used the
signs differently, and there was no consistent
grammar. However, children who joined the school
later, when this inventive sign system was already
around, developed a quite different sign language.
Although it was based on the signs of the older
children, the younger children's language was more
fluid and compact, and it utilised a large range of
grammatical devices to clarify meaning. What is
more, all the children used the signs in the same
way. A new creole was born.

Some linguists believe that many of the world's most

established languages were creoles at first. The
English past tense –ed ending may have evolved
from the verb 'do'. 'It ended' may once have been 'It
end-did'. Therefore it would appear that even the
most widespread languages were partly created by
children. Children appear to have innate grammatical
machinery in their brains, which springs to life when
they are first trying to make sense of the world
around them. Their minds can serve to create
logical, complex structures, even when there is no
grammar present for them to copy.

Questions: 29 - 40
Choose the most suitable option for each question

In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information

29
about the Cherokee language?

To show how simple, traditional cultures

A
can have complicated grammar structures
To show how English grammar differs from
B
Cherokee grammar
To prove that complex grammar structures
C
were invented by the Cherokees.
To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn
D
the Cherokee language

30 What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language?

A It contained complex grammar.

B It was based on many different languages.

It was difficult to understand, even among

C
slaves.

D It was created by the land-owners.

All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign

31
language are true EXCEPT:

A The language has been created since 1979.

The language is based on speech and lip

B
reading.
The language incorporates signs which
C
children used at home.
The language was perfected by younger
D
children.

In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be

placed? STATEMENT: It included standardised word
32
orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither
the pidgin language, nor the language of the colonizers.

A A

B B

C C

D D

33 'From scratch' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:

A from the very beginning

B in simple cultures

C by copying something else

D by using written information

34 'Make-shift' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:

A complicated and expressive

B simple and temporary

C extensive and diverse

D private and personal

Which sentence is closest in meaning to this sentence?

35 SENTENCE: Grammar is universal and plays a part in
every language, no matter how widespread it is.

All languages, whether they are spoken by

A a few people or a lot of people, contain
grammar.
Some languages include a lot of grammar,
B
whereas other languages contain a little.
Languages which contain a lot of grammar
C are more common that languages that
contain a little.
The grammar of all languages is the same,
D
no matter where the languages evolved.

All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan

36
sign language EXCEPT:

All children used the same gestures to

A
show meaning.
The meaning was clearer than the previous
B
Questionssign language.
Part 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
The hand movements were smoother and
C