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The document discusses intelligent transport systems and automated highway systems. It describes how an automated highway system would work, with vehicles guided by sensors and communication between the road and vehicle. This would reduce driver error and improve traffic flow, capacity and safety. The goals of an AHS include reducing congestion, improving safety and mobility, increasing road and land efficiency, and reducing emissions. It also discusses different concepts for vehicle and infrastructure control, potential social impacts, and examples of AHS demonstrations.

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NM2104TE06 PRATHURI SUMANTH
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29 views

Its 4

The document discusses intelligent transport systems and automated highway systems. It describes how an automated highway system would work, with vehicles guided by sensors and communication between the road and vehicle. This would reduce driver error and improve traffic flow, capacity and safety. The goals of an AHS include reducing congestion, improving safety and mobility, increasing road and land efficiency, and reducing emissions. It also discusses different concepts for vehicle and infrastructure control, potential social impacts, and examples of AHS demonstrations.

Uploaded by

NM2104TE06 PRATHURI SUMANTH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intelligent Transport Systems

Lecture: 4.1

K. Srikanth
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
[email protected]
Introduction:
➢ The demand on our overburdened highway system is increasing every
day. Traffic is increasing, drivers are irritated.
➢ What should be a routine 20-minute trip can take hours, as traffic
congestion multiplies the effects of individual variations in driving
performance "as determined by physical abilities, knowledge,
experience and, indeed, personality.“
➢ We lose control over our plans and schedules; we rush because we're
late; we cause accidents and create ill will through recklessness and
bad temper.
➢ This, in turn, makes the highway system even more sluggish,
unpredictable, and nonresponsive to driver needs.
Introduction:
➢ The Automated Highway System (AHS) program, stepped up to
"develop an automated highway and vehicle prototype from which
future fully automated intelligent vehicle-highway systems can be
developed," will provide the vision and technology to make highway
driving efficient, safe, and predictable
Automated Highway System:
➢ In an automated highway system, the car will be guided by the road
rather than by the driver.
➢ Sensors and communication devices will link the road and the vehicle
to maximize driving performance.
➢ Driver error will be reduced and ultimately, with full implementation,
eliminated
Automated Highway System:
➢ A new relationship between driver and highway infrastructure.
➢ Designated lanes along limited access roadway, specially equipped
vehicles operated and completely automatic control.
➢ Uses vehicle and highway control technologies – shift driving
functions from driver/operator to vehicle
How it Works:
• Driver using AHS – validation lane – checking for suitability –
function properly in AHS.
• Destination determined, tolls deducted – driver steers into automated
lane.
• Improper working vehicles – directed to manual lanes, rest driven to a
merging area
• Automatic Control System – takes control of vehicle till it moves
outside – driver relaxed state
• At the exit point , system checks on driver – conscious/able to take
control/sick/dead etc.
• Control TRANSFERRED – vehicle moves out of the lane
AHS Goals and Benefits:
▪ Over the long term, traffic congestion will be reduced; safety will be
enhanced to produce a virtually collision-free environment; driving will
be predictable and reliable
▪ More vehicles can be accommodated on the highway. The number of
vehicles per hour per lane can be significantly increased as traffic speeds
are standardized and increased and headway distances are decreased.
▪ Driving safety will be significantly greater than at present. The human
error factor will be removed.
▪ High-performance driving can be conducted without regard to weather
and environmental conditions. Fog, haze, blowing dirt, low sun angle,
rain, snow, darkness, and other conditions affecting driver visibility (and
thus, safety and traffic flow) will no longer impede progress.
AHS Goals and Benefits:
▪ All drivers using AHS can be safe, efficient drivers. AHS offers
enhanced mobility for people with disabilities, the elderly, and less
experienced drivers.
▪ Fuel consumption and emissions can be reduced. In the short term, these
reductions will be accomplished because start-and-stop driving will be
minimized and because on-board sensors will be monitored to ensure
that the vehicle is operating at top performance. In the long term, the
AHS can support future vehicle propulsion/fuel designs.
▪ Land can be used more efficiently. Roads will not need to take up as
much room, since AHS facilities should allow for more effective use of
the right of way
AHS Goals and Benefits:
▪ More efficient commercial operations. Commercial trucking can realize
better trip reliability to support "just-in-time" delivery.
▪ More efficient transit operations. Transit operations can be automated,
extending the flexibility and convenience of the transit option to increase
ridership and service.
▪ Improve environmental efficiencies – reducing emissions, solid base for
reliable & lower cost transit, alternate powered vehicles
▪ Create Jobs – stronger national economy, increased research on ITS
development, technology transfer.
AHS Automation systems:
Two types
1. Partially Automated Systems
2. Fully Automated Systems

1. Partial Automation – rely on the driver for most driving functions –


limited control of the vehicle during an emergency.
2. Full Automation – drivers totally disengaged from driving tasks –
SAFER
AHS System concept:
1. Independent Vehicle Concept – In-vehicle technology, no coordination
between vehicles also & no infrastructural assistance.

2. Cooperative Concept – Vehicles on the road communicate through


radars and sensors deployed COORDINATION & SAFETY.

3. Infrastructure Supported Concept – Automated vehicles in dedicated


lanes using global information & smart infrastructure to assist vehicle
operations.

4. Infrastructure Assisted Concept – automated roadside system –


assistance & coordination during entry, exit, merging & emergencies.
AHS –Control Design:
1. Physical Layer – onboard vehicle controllers

2. Regulation Layer – responsible for the longitudinal and lateral guidance


of the control , execution of manoeuvers ordered by the coordination
layer.

3. Coordination Layer – responsible for selecting the vehicle activities – in


consultation with other coordination layers of neighbouring vehicles +
link layer (updation of activity plan)
AHS –Control Design:
4. Link Layer – Roadside Control System – every 0.5-1.0 km – control
traffic link within to attain max capacity & min travel time. Link
receives traffic flow from neighbouring links, measures vehicle densities
at each link junctions ,taking along many considerations and devises on
a activity plan for the vehicle or the platoon as a whole.

5. Network Layer – control entering traffic and route them to links that
constitute AHS in order to optimize capacity & travel time, minimize
congestion
AHS –Social and Environmental Impacts:
1. Congestion at entry and exit: more number of vehicles using the AHS
could congest the entry and exit sectors.

2. Unclear Social and Environmental Impacts: AHS might trigger urban


sprawl, thus increasing the dependence on vehicles -> HIGHER
emissions.

3. Safety: brake failure ,chain reaction of accidents. Safety at a realistic


cost??

4. Equity: federal and state government funding possibilities. Proper


utilization of public worth..??
Automated Highway System (AHS)
Automated Highway System (AHS)
• The 8-vehicle platoon demonstration – San Diego,CA (Aug. 97) –
California PATH program.

• Standard automobiles “Buick LeSabres” operated under precise


automatic control & highway speeds – feasibility study for the public.

• Increased highway output , closer distances of separation , twice as


much traffic capacity , reduced congestion , safer , stress free ride Since
platooning enables vehicles to operate much closer together than is
possible under manual driving conditions, each lane can carry at least
twice as much traffic as it can today.
Automated Highway System (AHS)
Automated Highway System (AHS)
• Closer Spacing – reduced aerodynamic drag – reduced fuel
consumption.

• The high-performance vehicle control system also increases the safety


of highway travel, reduces driving stress and tedium, and provides a
very smooth ride

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