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Learning Outcomes:
Explain the plant structures based on plant tissue
system.
Discuss the primary growth of plants.

Introduction
Each roots, stems, leaves and in some instances
flowers, is composed of tissues, which are defined
as “groups of cells performing a similar function ”.
Any plant organ may be composed of several
different tissues; each is classified according to its
structure, origin, or function.

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Meristematic Tissue
Also known as meristem.
Permanent regions of growth.
Area where cells actively divide.
small, six-sided, boxlike structures, each with a
proportionately large nucleus, usually near the center,
and with tiny vacuoles or no vacuoles at all.

Apical Meristems
Meristematic tissues found at, or near, the tips of roots
and shoots, which increase in length as the apical
meristems produce new cells.
Primary meristems are called protoderm, ground
meristem, and procabium.

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Lateral Meristems
Includes vascular cambium and cork cambium.
Produce tissues that increases the girth of the
roots and stems.

Vascular Cambium
Also referred to as cambium
Produces secondary tissues that function primarily in
support and conduction.
Form of a thin cylinder of mostly brick-shaped cells.
The tissues it produces are responsible for most of the
increase in a plant ’s girth as it grows.
Initials - individual remaining cells of the cambium.
Derivatives - sister cells.

Cork Cambium
It is in the form a thin cylinder that runs the lenght of
roots and stems of woody plants.
It lies outside of the vascular cambium, just inside the
outer bark, which it produces.

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Intercalary Meristems
Develop at intervals along stems, where, like the tissues
produced by apical meristems, their tissues add to stem
length.
Grasses and related plants have neither a vascular
cambium nor cork cambium.
Nodes - leaf attachment areas.

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Tissue Produced by Meristem

After cells are produced by meristems, the cells assume
various shapes and sizes related to their functions as
they develop and mature.
Some tissues consist of only one kind of cell, whereas
others may have two to several kinds of cells.

Ground Tissue
Parenchyma Tissue
Composed of parenchyma cells.
Parenchyma cells most abundant of the cell types
and are found in almost all major parts of higher
plants.
They are more or less spherical in shape when they
are first produced but when all the parenchyma cells
push up agin against one another, their thin, pliable
walls are flattened at the points of contact.

Ground Tissue
Chlorenchyma tissue
 Collection of parenchyma cells containing numerous
chloroplast.
 Function: mainly in photosynthesis, while parenchyma
tissues without chloroplasts function mostly in food or water
storage.
Transfer cells
 Found in nectaries of flowers and in carnivorous plants.
 They apparently play a role in transferring dissolved
substances between adjacent cells.

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Ground Tissues

Ground Tissues
Collenchyma cells
 They cytoplasm and may remain alive a long time.
 Their walls are thicker and more uneven in thickness than
those of parenchyma cells.
 Occur beneath the epidermis; typically, they are longer than
they are wide, and their walls are pliable as well as strong.
 They provide flexible support for both growing organs and
mature organs, such as leaves and floral plants.

Ground Tissues

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Ground Tissues
Sclerenchyma Tissue
Consists of cells that have thick, tough, secondary
walls, normally impregnated with lignin.

Two forms: sclereids and fibers

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Vascular Tissues
Important complex tissues:
Xylem and phloem

 Functional primarily in the transport of

water, ions, and soluble food through out the
plant.

Vascular Tissue: Xylem

Xylem
Conducting sclerenchyma
Consists of a combination of parenchyma cells, fibers,
vessels, tracheids, and ray cells.
Vessels
 Long tubes composed of individual cells.
 Have thick secondary walls of vessel elements develop
irregularly, and depending on maturity, the walls of these
cells can show different patterns.

Vascular Tissue: Xylem

Tracheids
Dead at maturity and have relatively thick secondary
cell walls, are tapered at each end, the ends
overlapping with those of other tracheids.
Rays
Function in food storage, are actually long-lived
parenchyma cells that are produced in horizontal
rows by special ray initials of the vascular cambium.

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Complex Tissues

Vascular Tissues: Phloem

Phloem Tissue
Conducts dissolved food materials produced by
photosynthesis throughout the plant, is composed
mostly of two types of cells without secondary walls.
Derived from the parent cells of the cambium, which
also poduce xylem cells.
Often includes fibers, parenchyma, and ray cells.

Vascular Tissues: Phloem

Sieve tube members
Sieve tube elements
relatively large, more or less cylindrical.
Walls are full small pores through which cytoplasm
extends from cell to cell.
Companion cells
Narrower, and more tampered.

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Vascular Tissues: Phloem

Dermal Tissue: Epidermis

Epidermis
 Outermost layer of cells of all young plant organ.
 It is subject to modification by the environment and often
includes several different kinds of cells.
Velamen roots
 Aerial roots / Air roots
 Specialized type of root found in certain epiphytic orchids
and other plants.
 Absorb water and nutrients from the surrounding
environment, particularly from the atmosphere.

Dermal Tissue: Epidermis

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Dermal Tissue: Epidermis

Cutin
Fatty substance secreted by epidermal cells.
A waxy, water-resistant substance that is found in the
cuticle, which is the outermost layer of cells on the
surface of the aerial part of plants.
It serves as as protective barrier against water loss,
pathogens, and other environmental stresses.

Dermal Tissue: Epidermis

Cuticle
A thin, transparent layer composed of cutin and
cuticular wax.
Refers to the protective layer that covers the outer
surfaces of the aerial parts, including leaves, stems
and fruits.
Composed of cutin, cuticular wax, and other lipids.

Complex Tissues: Epidermis

Trichomes
Small, hair-like structures that can be found on the
surfaces of various plant parts, including leaves,
stems and flowers.
Protection and reduction of water loss,
Stomata
Tiny openings or pores found on the surface of plant.
Surrounded by two specialized cells called guard cells,
which control their opening and closing.

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Periderm
A protective tissue that develops in the secondary
growth of woody plants.
It replaces the epidermis, which is the outermost
layer of the primary plant body, the plant
undergoes secondary growth.

Lenticels
Pockets of tissue protrude through the
sruface of the periderm.
Function in gas exchnage between the air and
interior of the sem.

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Secretory Cells and Tissues

Secretory cells
May function individually or as part of a secretory
tissue.
Secrete substances such as nectar, oils, mucilage,
latex and resins
Common secretory tissues:
 Secrete nectar in flowers.
 Oils in citrus, mint, and many other leaves.
 Mucilage in the glandular hairs of sundew.
 Latex in member of several plant families.
 Resins in coniferous plants.

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