AGENTS OF CHANGE

 Innovation
o According to Ferrante (1995), innovations are syntheses, refinements, new applications and
reworking of existing inventions. Innovations also include discoveries-the uncovering of
something that has existed before but has remained unknown, hidden, unnoticed, or
undescribed. Innovations are significant in understanding and identifying social change because
they alter the way people think and relate to one another.
o Anthropologist Leslie White (1949) maintains that the rate of change is tied to the size of the
cultural base, the number of pre existing inventions.
 For example, the first airplane was a synthesis of many pre existing inventions, including
the gasoline engine, the rudder, the glider, and the wheel.
 If a new invention is to come into being, the cultural base must be large enough to
support it.
 The increased of new inventions prompted White to ask: "Are people in control of
their inventions or do our inventions control us?" White believed that inventions
control us. He supported his conclusion with two arguments:
 He suggest that the old adage "Necessity is the mother of invention" is naïve: in
too many cases, the opposite idea-that "invention is the mother of necessity"-is
true.
o White argued, when the cultural base is capable of supporting an invention, that invention will
come into being whether people want it or not.
o According to White, "Inventors maybe geniuses, but they also have to be born at the right time."
In other words, they must live in a society with a cultural base sufficiently developed to support
their inventions.
 Actions of Leader
o The actions of leaders represent a trigger to social change. Max Weber defined power as the
probability that an individual can realized his or her will even against the resistance of others.
o As for C. Wright Mills, he argues that the causes of real changes-events whose causes lie
outside ordinary people's characters or their immediate environments but profoundly affect their
life chances-can be traced to the decisions made by the power elite, those few people
positioned so high in the social structure of leading institutions that their decisions have
consequences affecting millions of people worldwide.
o Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
from 1929 to 1953. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into
an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own
citizens died during his brutal reign.
 Conflict
o Social conflict is defined as the struggle for agency or power in society. It occurs when two or
more actors oppose each other in social interaction, reciprocally exerting social power in an
effort to attain scarce or incompatible goals and prevent the opponent from attaining them.
o Conflicts highlight problems and often points to necessary change. It causes people to reassess
their society.
o Any kind of change has a potential to trigger conflict between those who benefit from the
change and those who stand to lose because of it. Conflict can lead to change. It can lead to
new and efficient technologies.
o These historical events and trends notwithstanding, the sociological outlines of Marx's approach
have much value. His emphasis on conflict, on classes, on their relations to the state, and on
social change was a powerful perspective that should not be discarded. The spirit, if not the
substance, of his theory is worth developing.
SOCIAL SCIENCE

What is Social Science?

Social as in society, as in human. Science as in facts, the systematic study of a thing, the pursuit of its true
nature.
Social Science is any branch of academic study or science that deals with human behavior in its social and
cultural aspects. It seeks to understand the nature of people and society.

FIVE MAJOR BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

The five major branches of social science are anthropology, sociology, political science, psychology, and
geography. Some people also consider economics, history, and law to be core social sciences.
 Anthropology- Study of human societies and cultures and their development.
 Geography- Study of places and the relationship between people and their environment.
 Sociology- Scientific study of society, interpersonal connections and interactions.
 Political Science- Branch of knowledge that deals with systems of government
 Psychology- Scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in
a given context.

Natural Science is a branch of science that deals with the physical world (e.g. physics, chemistry, geology,
biology, etc. that deal with matter, energy, and their interrelations and transformations or with objectively
measurable phenomena).

ANTHROPOLOGY
Derived from Greek, the word anthropos means "human" and "logy' refers to the "study of."
Anthropology is the study of the origin and development of human societies and cultures.
A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are
decomposed, burned, mutilated, or otherwise unrecognizable.
 Cultural Anthropology
o The study of cultures and societies of human beings and their very recent past. Traditional
cultural anthropologists study living cultures and present their observations in an ethnography
 Archaeology
o The study of past societies and their cultures, especially the material remains of the past, such
as tools, food remains, and places where people lived.
 Linguistic Anthropology
o The study of language, especially how language is structured, evolution of language, and the
social and cultural contexts for language
 Physical Anthropology
o Also called biological anthropology, physical anthropology is the study of human evolution and
variation, both past and current.

SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is the science that studies the social life of mankind, whether in groups or societies and studies
social interactions.
A social science concerned chiefly with the description and analysis of political and especially governmental
institutions and processes
 Theoretical Sociology
o Focuses on theory or theoretical out behave, interact, live and deal with one another that we
basis of the theories.
 Historical Sociology
o Concerned with study of the origins, stages, and laws of social life and social institutions
 Sociology of Knowledge
o Examines the social and group origin of ideas. Arguing that the entire "ideational realm"
("knowledges," ideas, ideologies, mentalities) develops within the context of a society's groups
and institutions
 Sociology of Criminology
o Study of the making, breaking, and enforcing of criminal laws. Its aim is to understand
empirically and to develop and test theories explaining criminal behavior, the formation and
enforcement of laws, and the operation of criminal justice system
 Sociology of Religion
o Study of the practices, social structures, historical backgrounds, development, universal
themes, and roles of religion in society Sociology of Economy- the application of sociological
 concepts and methods to analysis of the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of
goods and services.
 Rural Sociology
o Applied sociological research and training that has historically focused on rural people and
places, applied sociological research and training that has historically focused on rural people
and places. Urban Sociology- seeks to describe and interpret the causal connections between
the constitutive elements of a city and the factors that give rise to them
 Political Sociology
o The study of the social basis of political competition, social and political attitudes, processes of
political engagement and competition, the social basis for the formation, change, and
maintenance of political institutions
 Sociology of Demography
o Demography is the study of human populations, in particular their size and composition, and
how they change through fertility (births), migration, aging, and mortality (deaths).
 Sociology of Law
o Refers to the sociological study of law and law-relate phenomena Industrial Sociology-looks at
the impact of labor and industry on society, as well as the ways in which society impacts
industrial forces

POLITICAL SCIENCE
 Domestic politics
o Is generally the most common field of study, its subfields include public opinion, elections,
national government, and state, local, or regional government.
 Comparative politics
o Focuses on politics within countries (often grouped into world regions) and analyzes similarities
and differences between countries.
 International relations
o Consider the political relationships and interactions between countries, including the causes of
war, the formation of foreign policy, international political economy, and the structures that
increase or decrease the policy options available to governments.
 Political theory
o Includes classical political philosophy and contemporary theoretical perspectives (e.g.,
constructivism, critical theory, and postmodernism).
 Public administration
o Studies the role of the bureaucracy. It is the field most oriented toward practical applications
within political science and is often organized as a separate department that prepares students
for careers in the civil service.
 Public law
o Studies constitutions, legal systems, civil rights, and criminal justice (now increasingly its own
discipline).
 Public policy
o Examines the passage and implementation of all types of government policies, particularly
those related to civil rights, defense, health, education, economic growth, urban renewal,
regional development, and environmental protection.

INTERSECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

1. The three are classified as branches of social science
2. Empirical truth as basis for truth
3. Objectivity in science
CULTURE

 It is a "way of life" of a group of people

 It is a "complex whole" which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, moral, customs and any other
capabilities acquired by man as a member of society (Sir Edward B. Tylor)

Complex Whole
 Culture cannot be broken down into a set of characteristics.
 An understanding of a part can only be achieved in relation to other parts of the system
 Because it cannot be reduced to a single essence nor a single aspect

Cultural Elements
 Material Culture- physical or tangible
o Fashion/Accessories
o Technological device
o Artifacts
o Architectural Structures
o Food
 Non Material Culture - the abstract or intangible practices of society that influences behavior
o Language Values
o Ideas
o Religion
o Norms

SOCIETY

 It is a group of people that shares common culture and has common rules and regulation.
 Consists of people and institutions around us, our shared beliefs and cultural ideas

Social Norms
 common standards within a social group regarding socially acceptable or appropriate behavior in
particular social situations, the breach of which has social consequences

DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS:

 Folkways
o The patterns of repetitive behavior which becomes habitual and conventional part of living.
o Folkways are norms that apply to routine matters like eating, sleeping, appearance, posture,
use of appliances and relation to various people, animals and the environment. We may avoid
these people, but we do not consider them as wicked or immoral
 Mores
o The set of ethical standards and moral obligations as dictates of reason that distinguishes
human acts as right or wrong or good from bad.

Norms
 FOLKWAYS = RIGHT VS. RUDE
 MORES = RIGHT VS. WRONG
 TABOOS = RIGHT VS. FORBIDDEN
 LAWS = RIGHT VS. ILLEGAL
ASPECTS OF CULTURE

 Dynamic, flexible and adaptive

o There is continuous change of culture as new ways of life evolved by the changing conditions of
the societal life. There are cultural practices that no longer useful today. The cultural adaptation
is the evolutionary process that modifies the social life.
 Shared and contested
o Culture is collective-it is shared by some group of people. Social learning is the process by
which individuals acquire knowledge from others.
 Learned through socialization or enculturation
o Enculturation or socialization is the process by which infants and children socially learn the
culture of those around them.
 Patterned social interactions
o People act differently because of the distinctions their culture make between males and
females, old and young, rich and poor, plumbers and and attorneys, and so forth.
 Integrated and at times unstable
o Human beings always consider the harmonious relationship with any group cultures being
grown for a period of time.
 Transmitted through
o socialization Social learning is the process by which individuals acquire knowledge from other in
the groups to which they belong.
 Requires language and other forms of communication
o The communication process uses language or symbols to identify the given actions, attitudes
and behaviors

CULTURAL VARIATION

 Differences among individuals that exist because they have acquired different behavior as a result of
some form of social learning.
 Cultural variation is affected by man's geographical set-up and social experiences. There are two
important perceptions on cultural variability namely ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.

ETHNOCENTRISM
 Invented by sociologist William Graham Sumner in 1906, ethnocentrism is defined as the technical
name for the view of things in which one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are
scaled and rated with reference to it.
 In addition, according to Joel Charon, ethnocentrism means that people ("ethnos") think their culture is
central ("centrism") to the universe
 Is the act of judging another culture based on the values and standards of one's own culture.
 Develop out of socialization which provides us the knowledge of the existence of different cultures that
leads the formation of "us" and "them"
 It means you use your own culture as the center and evaluate other cultures based on it. You are
judging, or making assumptions based on your own norms, values, or beliefs.
 Develop out of socialization which provides us the knowledge of the existence of different cultures that
leads the formation of "us" and "them"

IS ETHNOCENTRISM BAD OR GOOD?

 From the standpoint of society, it discourages innovation and change as well as the solution of social
problems because we are generally committed to a particular way of solving our own problems.
 From the standpoint of individual, it hinders our understanding of others for it makes us too quick to
judge those who are different.
 It create loyalty among the same social group or people in the same society.
 For example, during the World Cup or Olympics, you may tend to root for your own country and believe
that the players or teams representing your country are much better. National pride is also part of
ethnocentrism.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM

 Is an ethical theory about the nature of morality which states that different cultures have different moral
codes, judgements and practices.
 According to Joan Ferrante in her book entitled, Sociology: A Global Perspective cultural relativism
mean two things:
 (1) that a foreign culture should not be judge by the standard of a home culture; (2) that a behavior or a
way of thinking must be examined in its cultural context based on its own values, norms, beliefs,
environmental challenges and history.
 the idea that a person's beliefs, values and practices should be understood on that person's own
culture rather than be judged against the criteria of another

XENOCENTRISM
 preference for the products, styles, culture, people and food of others rather than of one's own.

XENOPHOBIA
 is fear and hatred of strangers or foreigners or of anything that is strange or foreign

SYMBOL
 Is an object, word or action that stands for something else and represents abstract ideas or concepts
that has meaning to people bound by common cultural, social and other organizational affiliation or
ideology
 Capacity to excite or objectify a response
 A mark or character used to represent a culture such as the Catholic cross.
 A graphic design such as national flag, seal, or log
 Music such as songs, anthems, instruments, or musical traditions.
 Language such as a word, phrase, principle.
 Colors are associated with a culture.
 Food and beverages associated with the traditional
 Places such as Manila
 Fashion such as Baron Tagalog and Filipiniana
 Individual such as Jose Rizal

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SYMBOLS

 Are concrete manifestations that indicate the beliefs of a particular culture relating to human society.
These symbols may be marks, color, language, fashion, architecture, music, foods & beverages,
animals, arts, places, holidays, etc.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PRACTICES

 Are the customary and routine behavior of people based on shared beliefs and value systems.

POLITICAL
 Political Symbols
o Are representations that are used to signify a political perspectives
 Political Practices
o Are activities that are associated with making groups or other decisions in forms of power
relations.
o Outward manifestations of political culture.

ECONOMIC
 Economic Symbols
 o are those relating to economic activities such as production, distribution and consumption of
goods and services
o Example money we are Exchange Banking, Life insurance and many more
 Economic Practices
o are the process by which resources are distributed, and goods and services are traded in
societies.

THEORY OF SOCIO CULTURAL EVOLUTION

 The process by... is affected through time, eventually producing a form of structure which is
qualitatively different from the ancestral form.

TYPES OF SOCIETIES
 Hunting And Gathering Societies
o Earliest form of society whose members survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, gathering
edible plants
o Characteristics:
 Family is the society's primary institution. These societies are small compared to the
others
 Members are mutually dependent on others There is division of labor based on sex.
 Pastoral Societies
o Rely on herding and the domestication of animals as means of survival.
o Breed livestock for food, clothing and transportation and they created a surplus of goods
o Most pastoralists are nomads.
 Horticulture Society
o Are formed when people learned to use human muscle power and hand-held tools to cultivate
fields start permanent settlements.
o And are classified as subsistence farming and surplus farming political organization is. conf ned
in the village and positions of authority are inherited through kinship system
 Agricultural Societies
o Are characterized by the use of permanent tools such as the plow in farming
o Crop rotation are practiced and irrigation system enabled the farmers to produce better harvest.
o Tools are made of metal, human settlements grow into towns and cities.
o Referred to as the "dawn of civilization".
 Feudal Societies
o Are based on strict hierarchical system of power emanating from tand ownership and protection.
Vast tracks of land become fiefdoms owned by lords (nobility). managed by vassal and these
lands are cultivated by peasants ( lower.class)
o Authority and power are passed through family lines, with peasant families serving the lords for
generations.
 Industrial Societies
o Are established due to a dramatic rise in technological invention, ushering in an era known as
"Industrial Revolution".
o A society that needs an immerse, diverse, highly skilled and well coordinated labor force.
o Highly organized systems of exchange between suppliers of raw materials and industrial
manufacturers.
 Post-Industrial
o Societies are also known as information societies or digital societies.
o Computers come into play in the daily lives of people and computer industries become
widespread
o Society marked by a transition from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based
economy, a transition that is also connected with subsequent societal restructuring
EVOLUTION

 Is a scientific theory explaining the appearance of new species and varieties through the action of
various biological mechanism — Merriam Webster
 Evolution is a process of continuous branching and diversification from common trunks. This pattern of
irreversible separation gives life's history its basic directionality —Stephen Jay Gould

Sociopolitical Development is the process by which Individuals acquire the knowledge, analytical skills,
emotional faculties, and the capacity for action in political and social systems necessary to interpret and resist
oppression.

PREHISTORIC PERIODS
 PALEOLITHIC (Old Stone Age)
o Lasted over 2 million years (longer in Africa and Asia)
o Culture were base on hunting, fishing and gathering
o Use of simple pebble tool
o Learned to live in caves
o Discovered the use of fire
 MESOLITHIC (Middle Stone Age)
o All human groups continued to have some variety of a hunting, gathering, fishing mode of
production.
o Forest of birch and pine spread over the land
o Hunters made their camps in clearing along riverbanks and at lakesides, estuaries, and the
seashore.
 NEOLITHIC (New Stone Age)
o Development of refined stone tools and weapons
o New methods of food production
o Crafts (pottery and weaving)
o Greater control of reproduction of plants and animals was achieved by the development of
farming and stock raising Homo Sapiens change from rare to an abundant species

What do you remember about the early civilization?

Civilizations first appeared in Mesopotamia (Iraq) and later Egypt. Civilizations thrived in the Indus Valley by
about 2500 BCE, in China by about 1500 BCE and in Central America (Mexico) by 1200 BCE. Civilization
ultimately developed on every continent except Antarctica.

The Neolithic Revolution, also called the Agricultural Revolution, marked the transition in human history from
small nomadic bands of hunter-gatherers to larger, agricultural settlements and early civilization. The Neolithic
Revolution started around 10,000 B.C. in the Fertile Crescent, a boomerang-shaped region of the Middle East
where humans first took up farming. Shortly after, Stone Age humans in other parts of the world also began to
practice agriculture. Civilizations and cities grew out of the innovations of the Neolithic Revolution.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION?

 Biological evolution is a population- level process guided by selection, and it leads to an increase of the
adaptation of the population for the environmental circumstances in which the population lives.
 Culture can be defined as the wholeness of the mental and material achievements of a society or
mankind as a whole. The theory of cultural evolution provides an explanation for how culture and
societies change overtime.
 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION CULTURAL EVOLUTION

Unconscious, Opportunistic and not Goal- Conscious, Best Planned and can have a
Oriented goal

Source of Variation are Mutations and Genetic Sources of Variation are certain acts
Recombination based on human creativity

Heredity is connected with reproduction and is Imitation and certain move advance forms
mediated to subsequent generations via genetic of learning
material

Transfer of Genetic Information is Unidrectional Transfer of information is bidirectional and

can also be horizontal or oblique (network-
like)

The evidence of change in economic aspect have resulted in the transformation of man's way of life. Early
societies started to emerge as a result to man's interaction with his environment. Every society is organized in
such a way that there will be rules of conduct, customs, traditions, folkways and mores and expectations that
ensure appropriate behavior among members. Sociologically and anthropologically, society possesses
different characteristics that show the interdependence of people with one another.

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

 "Identify political organization throughout history

 "Recognize the Weberian types of authority
 Political organization refers to the way power is distributed and embedded in societies.

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION:
 BAND
o Very small nomadic community
o It is a natural grouping of humans consisting of few extended families
o No differing levels of wealth
o Decisions made throughbconsensus (no fixed leadership)
o Members are mostly hunter-gatherers
 TRIBE
o Collection of bands
o Comprises individuals who share more or less similar culture, a defended territory
o Farming and herding subsistence strategies
o Status often achieved as a result personal behavior (exchange, redistribution)
o Group decisions by consensus
o Authority is personal, not elected (no centralized leadership)
o It has a potential to become a more complicated form of government such as chiefdom
 CHIEFDOM
o More densely populated than tribes
o Have permanent full time head with real authority to make major decisions
o Leaders commonly have the highest standard of living (ascribed status)
o Status determined by closeness to chief
o Chief resolve conflicts, distribute goods, plan the use of resources and public labor, supervise
religious ceremonies, and command military affairs
  STATES
o Centralized political structure that administers a large population, with hierarchy of varying
political positions and the power to impose its resolutions
o There is a presence of legislatures, constitutions, bureaucracies, and armies
o Levies taxes and operates a military and police force
o Distribute and re-distribute resources and wealth

THEORIES ON THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATION

I. George Herbert Mead
 According to George Herbert Mead, a sociologist, we create our own designation: the self. The self is a
distinct identity that sets one apart from others. It is not a static phenomenon, but continuous to develop
and change throughout our lives.
 Sociologists and psychologists alike have expressed interest on how the individual develops and
modifies the sense of self as a result of social interaction.
 Infants, according to Mead begin with no self. As they learn to use language and other symbols, the self
emerges through play which involves taking the roles of significant others. Gradually children move
from simpler games to more complex ones involving others such as team sports.
o Stage 1: Imitation Children under age 3 No sense of self Imitate others
o Stage 2: Play Ages 3 to 6 Play "pretend" others iprincess, Spider-Man, etc.)
o Stage 3: Team Games After about age 6 or 7 Team games Corganized play") Learn to take
multiple roles
II. Charles Horton Cooley
 In the early 1900's, Charles Horton Cooley advance the belief that we learn who we are by interacting
with others. Cooley use the phrase looking-glass self to emphasize that the self is the product of our
social interactions with others.
 Our view of ourselves comes not only from direct contemplation of our personal qualities but also from
our impressions of how others perceive us.
o Three phases of developing self-identity/concept:
 We imagine how we present ourselves to others
 We imagine how others evaluate us
 We develop some sort of feeling about ourselves
 I AM NOT WHAT I THINK I AM AND I AM NOT WHAT YOU THINK I AM I AM WHAT I THINK YOU
THINK I AM.
III. Erving Goffman
 In his book, The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life (1959), Erving Goffman compared the
behavior of individuals in society to acting on stage and maintains that everyone is consciously playing
a role. He use the analogy of the theater to focus on the minor dramas of everyday life.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Model of Personality combined basic needs and the influence of society into a
model of personality with three parts: id, ego, and superego. The id represents the human being's basic drives,
or biological and physical needs which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction. In the human
personality, the superego refers to the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual. Society, through
its values and norms, opposes the self- centered id. The ego is, thus, a person's conscious efforts to balance
innate pleasure-seeking drives (id) with the demands of society (superego).
 Id-instinct/pleasure
 Superego- conscience/morality
 Ego- Reality/ decision making
JOHARI WINDOW MODEL

The Johari Window is a framework for understanding conscious and

unconscious bias that can help increase self-awareness and our
understanding of others. It is the creation of two psychologists,
Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham, who named the model by
combining their first names

 Social control is established by encouraging individuals to

conform and obey social norms, both through formal and
informal means.
 Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and
behaviors to group norms. The tendency to conform occurs in
small groups and in society as a whole, and may result from subtle unconscious influences or direct
and overt social pressure. Conformity can occur in the presence of others, or when an individual is
alone.
o Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three major types of conformity: compliance,
identification, and internalization.
 Compliance is public conformity, while possibly keeping one's own original beliefs independent. It is
motivated by the need for approval and the fear of being rejected.
 Identification is conforming to someone who is liked and respected, such as a celebrity or a favorite
uncle. This can be motivated by the attractiveness of the source, and this is a deeper type of
conformism than compliance.
 Internalization is accepting the belief or behavior and conforming both publicly and privately. It is the
deepest influence on people, and it will affect them for a long time.

ROBERT K. MERTON'S DEVIANCE TYPOLOGY

Merton argued that individuals at the bottom of society could

respond to this strain in a number of ways Different orientations
toward society's goals and differential access to the means to
achieve those goals combine to create different categories of
deviance.

 Conformity: individuals are following a societal goal through

legitimate means. Although a conformist may not
necessarily achieve the societal goal, he has enough faith in
society to follow legitimate means. For example, a student
who is going to school in order to advance a professional
career is conforming, as he is following the American cultural value of success through an approved
means (Inderbitzen, Bates, & Gainey 2016).
 Innovation: the individual shares the cultural goal of the society but reaches this goal through
illegitimate means. Thieves - who share the cultural goal of wealth obtainment, but do so through
breaking the law (such as drug dealing or embezzlement), are innovators.
 Ritualists: individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate
according to society's approved means. A member of middle management, for example, who accepts
that they will never progress but nonetheless stays in their position is a ritualist.
 Retreatists (like dropouts or hermits): individuals who have rejected both a society's goals and the
legitimate means of obtaining them, and live outside conventional norms altogether. Drug addicts and
 figures such as Chris McCandleless - an Emory University graduate found dead in Alaska after
attempting to reject capitalism, hitchhike north, and live off the land-retreat from both societal rule and
societally-approved means (Krakauer 2018).
 Rebellion exists outside of Merton's system altogether. Rebels aim to replace societal goals with those
of their own and devise their own means of achieving them. The most obvious examples of rebellion
are terrorist organizations, which attempt to advance a goal, typically political, through means such as
violence (Inderbitzen, Bates, & Gainey 2016)

FUNCTIONS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Personality Development: It is through the process of socialization that we develop our sense of identity and
belongingness.
2. Skills Development and Training: Social skills like communication, interpersonal and occupational are
developed.
3. Values Formation: Individuals are influenced by the prevailing values of social groups and society.
4. Social Integration and Adjustment: The socialization process allows us to fit-in an organized way of life by
being accustomed including cultural setting. 5. Social Control and Stability: Integration to society binds
individual to the control mechanisms set forth by the society's norms with regard to acceptable social
relationships and social behavior.

AGENTS OF SOCIALISATION

These refers to the various social groups or social institutions that play scatole introducing and integrating the
individual es un accepted and functioning member of society (Banane, 2019 p138)
 Individual
o Mass Media
o Family
o School
o Peer Group
o Church
o Work Place

The family, usually the first setting of socialization, has the greatest impact on attitudes and behavior. Schools
teach knowledge and skills needed for later life, and expose children to greater social diversity. The peer group
takes on great importance during adolescence. The mass media have a huge impact on socialization in
modern societies.

Socialization serves as an avenue for developing self- concept which is essential in role identification. The self
responds to categories called social statuses. Social status refers to position an individual occupies in society
and implies an array of rights and duties

ASCRIBED STATUSES ACHIEVED STATUSES

Those which are assigned to the It is acquired by choice, merit, or individual effort
individual from birth

It involves little personal choice like Made possible through special abilities or talents,
age and sex performance or opportunities

It carries with it certain expectations Choice in occupation, marriage, joining religious

of behavior organization are examples
HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED

 A social aggregate is a collection of people who are in the same place at the same time, but who
otherwise do not necessarily have anything in common, and who may not interact with each other.
o Every day we become part of social aggregates, like when we walk down a crowded sidewalk,
eat in a restaurant, ride public transit with other passengers, and shop in stores. The only thing
that binds them together is physical proximity.
 A social category is a collection of people that have certain characteristics or traits in common, but they
tend not to interact with each other on a regular basis
o For example, teenagers is a social category because they are all within a particular age range
and share certain characteristics.
 A social organization is a process of bringing order and significance into human social life. It has its
roots in social interaction.
 A social institution "consists of all the structural components of a society through which the main
concerns and activities are organized, and social needs are met".
o Living in a society implies that we are governed by a set of rules. Some rules may be imposed
while others are negotiated. Regardless of how these were arranged, their importance in
understanding what is culturally, socially and politically acceptable cannot be denied.
o Generally, institutions evolve over time as a result of the changing relationship among groups in
society. There are institutions, however, that persist despite changes in the economic, social,
and political landscape.
o In Philippine society, some important institutions are family, religion, and civil society. Other
institutions such as market and economy, education, and health are also notable.
 Social structure is the organized set of social institutions and patterns of institutionalized relationships
that together compose society.
 A social group consists of two or more people who identify with and interact with one another. People
who make up a group share experiences, loyalties, and interests.
o Examples of social groups are couples, families, circles of friends and barkada, churches, clubs,
businesses, neighborhoods, and large Organizations.

TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP:

1. The primary group is a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships.
2. The secondary group is a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or
activity.

Over time, a group may transform from secondary to primary, as with classmates or neighbors who develop
closer relationship.

 A reference group is a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and
decisions. Such group strongly influence an individual's behavior and social attitude. It is considered a
source of role models since the individual uses it as a standard for self-assessment.
o Through socialization, individuals develop the need to conform. To assess one's own attitudes
and behaviors, individuals use a reference group. Reference groups can be primary or
secondary, as well as groups that we do not belong to, as in the case of a person following
fashion styles described in a fashion magazine.
 An in-group is a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty, while an out-group is a
social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition.
o A self-categorization theory proposes that people's appreciation of their group membership is
influenced by their perception towards people who are not members of their group.
 A network are interconnections, ties, linkages between people, their groups, and the larger social
institutions to which they all belong to.
 o Modern societies feature more expansive, diverse and overlapping social networks than
primitive ones.

KINSHIP

 Kinship is a "social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption". It also refers to the state
of being related or connected to other people.
 It is one of the main organizing principles of society. This institution establishes relationships between
individuals and groups.

TYPES OF KINSHIP:
1. Kinship by blood
 Consanguineal kinship or kinship based on blood is considered as the most basic and general form of
relations through birth or blood affinity.
 Descent refers to a biological relationship. Societies recognize that children descend from parents and
that there exists a biological relationship between parents and offspring.
 Lineage refers to the line where one's descent is traced.
 Unilineal Descent is a system of determining descent groups in which one belongs to one's father's or
mother's line, whereby one's descent is traced either exclusively through male ancestors (patrilineal), or
exclusively through female ancestors (matrilineal).
 Bilateral Descent--kinship is traced through both ancestral lines of the mother and father.
2. Kinship by marriage
 Affinal Kinship refers to type of relations developed when marriage occurs. When marriage takes place
new forms of social relations are developed.
 Marriage is an important social institution wherein two persons, enter into family life. During this
process, the partners make a public, official or permanent declaration of their union as lifetime couples.
 Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group, rejecting
others on such a basis as being unsuitable for marriage or for other close personal relationships.
 Exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe.
 Monogamy- refers to the marriage of sexual partnering practice where the individual has only one male
of female partner or mate.
 Polygamy- refers to the practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate. It can be polygyny (a
man has multiple partner) or polyandry (a woman has multiple mate)
3. Kinship by ritual
 Ritual kinship refers to ritual parent-child relations such as the godparent-godchild relationship
established through the baptism ceremony of Roman Catholics. In the Philippines, this is called the
compadre (compadrazgo) system.

FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD

 The family is considered the basic unit of social organization. It is made up of group of individuals who
are linked together by marriage, blood relations, or adoption. Household is a social unit composed of
those living together in the same roof and compose a family.
 Common in definitions are the following elements: the biological component (with a child, married), the
functional component (takes care of the children and provides economic support), and the residential
component (living under one household or common residence). Whether the family is universal,
whether it has existed from the beginning in all forms of societies, will depend on the definition of the
family.
 Friedrich Engels, who wrote The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884), is right to
argue that families do evolve in relation to the material and economic conditions of societies. Families
have never been static all throughout human evolution.
 All definitions of the family will have to address three components: residential, biological, and functional
roles.

FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY FOR THE SOCIETY:

(1) for biological reproduction;
(2) as the primary agent of socialization of children;
(3) as the institution for economic cooperation through division of labor;
(4) to care for and nurture children to become responsible adults.

 Nuclear family is a family composed of one or two parents and their children; also known as a conjugal
family.
 Extended family is a family composed of parents and children as well as other kin; also known as
consanguine family.
 Blended family is a family that includes children from a previous marriage of the wife, husband, or both
parents.
 Transnational family as one with core members living in at least two nation-states.
Reconstituted family- composition and form of emotional care differ from those of the nuclear or extended
family