Computing Fundamentals

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

Infinite Loops

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 Infinite Loop
// Infinite Loops, Page 226
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 7;
while (1) /* any non zero number can be provided
here. It is an infinite loop */
{
printf("i = %d\n", i);
i++;
}
getchar(); return 0;
}
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 Infinite Loop
// Infinite Loops, Page 226
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 7;
for (; ;)
{
printf("i = %d\n", i);
i++;
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
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break, continue Statements

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 Break Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5)
break;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
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 Break Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5) // what’s about if we write if ( i > 3)
break;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
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 Break Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5) // what’s about if we write if ( i < 3)
break;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0;
} Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
// Infinite loop using while and break statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
printf("Please enter an integer number from 10 to 20\n");
while (1)
{
scanf("%d",&num);
if (num>= 10 && num <=20)
break;
else
printf("Invalid. Please enter an integer number from 10
to 20\n");
}
// Rest of the code goes here
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// Infinite loop using for loop and break statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
printf("Please enter an integer number from 10 to 20\n");
for( ; ;)
{
scanf("%d",&num);
if (num >= 10 && num <=20)
break;
else
printf("Please enter an integer number from 10 to 20\n");
}
// Rest of the code goes here

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// Infinite loop using do while loop and break statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
printf("Please enter an integer number from 10 to 20\n");
do
{
scanf("%d",&i);
if (num >= 10 && num <=20)
break;
else
printf("Invalid. Please enter an integer number from 10 to
20\n");
} while (1);
// Rest of the code goes here
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 The break statement
//More about break; //Page 221 for (i = 2; i<=n/2; i++)
/* if used in loop, it only breaks the { if(n%i == 0)
loop and then executes next
statements */ { prime = 0;
#include<stdio.h> break;
int main() }
{ }
int i, n, prime = 1; if (prime == 0)
printf("Enter a positive integer"); printf("The number %d is not
scanf("%d", &n); a prime number\n", n);
if (n ==2) else
printf("The number %d is a printf("The number %d is a
prime number\n", n); prime number\n", n);
else }
{ getchar(); return 0; }

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 The break Statement
• break
– Causes immediate exit from a while, for,
do/while or switch structure
– Program execution continues with the first
statement after the structure
– Common uses of the break statement are:
• Escape early from a loop
• Skip the remainder of a switch structure

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Another Example: for and break Together
int mynum = 3;
int guess;
The notation for(;;) is
for(;;)
used to create an
{
infinite for loop.
printf("Guess my number:");
while(1) creates an
scanf("%d",&guess);
infinite while loop
if(guess==mynum)
instead.
{
printf("Good guess!\n");
break; To get out of an
} infinite loop like this
else one, we have to use
printf("Try again.\n"); the break statement.
}

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 continue Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5)
continue;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0; }
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 continue Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5)
continue;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0; }
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 continue Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5) // what’s about if we write if ( i > 3)
continue;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0; }
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 continue Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5) // what’s about if we write if ( i < 3)
continue;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0; }
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 Continue Statement
/*Enter 20 integer values. This program would tell how many odd
numbers you entered */
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 0, num, count=0;
while(i < 20)
{
printf("Enter 20 integer numbers:");
scanf("%d",&num);
i++;
if(num%2==0)
continue;
count++;
}
printf("You entered %d odd numbers", count);
getchar(); return 0; } Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 The continue Statement
Used for skipping the remainder of the body of a
while, for or do/while structure and proceeding
with the next iteration of the loop
– while and do/while
• Loop-continuation test is evaluated
immediately after the continue statement is
executed
– for
• Increment expression is executed, then the
loop-continuation test is evaluated

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exit() function

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 exit()
// About exit() function. Page 236
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h> // to use exit() function.
int main()
{
int i, j, k;
for (i = 0; i<5; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
getchar();
exit(0); // it will exit the program
j = 23;
printf("j = %d\n", j);
getchar();
return 0;
}
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 Continue and exit together
#include<stdio.h>
// Continue to enter integer values. This program
#include<stdlib.h>
//will terminate when you enter 5 odd numbers.
int main()
{
int num;
int count=0;
while(1)
{
printf("\nEnter an odd number :");
scanf("%d",&num);
if(num%2==0)
continue;
count++;
if(count==5)
exit(0);
}
getchar();
return 0;
} Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 Examples
Write a program that prints 1 star as

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 Examples
Write a program that prints 1 star as
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf("*");
getchar();
return 0;
}

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 Examples
Write a program that prints 10 stars as

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 Examples
Write a program that prints 10 stars as

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
printf("*");
getchar();
return 0;
}
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Write a program that prints 10 stars in 2 Rows as

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 Write a program that prints 10 stars in 2 Rows as
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i; // use of 2 for loops
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
getchar();
return 0;
}

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Write a program that prints 10 stars in 3 Rows as

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 Write a program that prints 10 stars in 3 Rows as
#include<stdio.h>
int main() getchar();
{ return 0;
int i; // use of 3 for loops }
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
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Write a program that prints 10 stars in 4 Rows as

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 Write a program that prints 10 stars in 4 Rows as
#include<stdio.h> printf("\n");
int main()
{ for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
int i; // use of 4 for loops {
for (i = 0; i<10; i++) printf("*");
{ }
printf("*");
} getchar();
printf("\n"); return 0;
for (i = 0; i<10; i++) }
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
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Write a program that prints 10 stars in 5 Rows as

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 Write a program that prints 10 stars in 5 Rows as
#include<stdio.h> printf("\n");
int main()
{ for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
int i; // use of 5 for loops {
for (i = 0; i<10; i++) printf("*");
{ }
printf("*"); printf("\n");
}
printf("\n"); for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
for (i = 0; i<10; i++) {
{ printf("*");
printf("*"); }
} getchar();
printf("\n"); return 0;
for (i = 0; i<10; i++) }
{
printf("*");
}
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Write a program that prints 10 stars in 50 Rows as

Use of 50 for loops???

It’s not efficient/realistic approach

We need NESTED Loops

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Nested Loops

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Code should be efficient
10 stars in 5 rows
(The realistic approach)

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 Code should be efficient
10 stars in 5 rows
(The realistic approach)
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i<5; i++) // only two for loops
{
for (j = 0; j < 10; j++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
}
getchar();
return 0;
} Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 Code should be efficient
10 stars in 50 rows
(The realistic approach)
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i<50; i++) // only two for loops
{
for (j = 0; j < 10; j++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
}
getchar();
return 0;
} Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 Nested Loops --- Example
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j;
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <=3; j++)
printf(“ %d\n", i*j);
}
getchar();
return 0;
}

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 Nested Loops --- Example
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j;
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <=3; j++)
printf(“ %d\n", i*j);
}
getchar();
return 0;
}

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 Nested Loops --- Example
#include<stdio.h> //Nesting of for and while loops
int main()
{
int i, j;
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
j= 1;
while(j <=3)
{
printf(“%d\n", i*j);
j++;
}
}
getchar(); return 0;} Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 (Once again see this example, 5x5
Stars)
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i<5; i++) // only two for loops
{
for (j = 0; j < 5; j++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
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 Try to modify the previous program such that
the program prints the following pattern

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4

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 Try to modify the previous program such that
the program prints the following pattern
#include<stdio.h>
int main ()
0 0 0 0 0 0
{
1 1 1 1 1 1 int i, j;
2 2 2 2 2 2 for(i=0; i<5; i++)
3 3 3 3 3 3 {
for(j=0; j<6; j++)
4 4 4 4 4 4 printf("%d\t",i);
printf("\n");
}
getchar();
return 0; }
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Try to modify the previous program such that
the program prints the following pattern

0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4

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Try to modify the previous program such that
the program prints the following pattern
#include<stdio.h>
0 1 2 3 4 int main ()
0 1 2 3 4 {
0 1 2 3 4 int i, j;
0 1 2 3 4 for(i=0; i<6; i++)
{
0 1 2 3 4 for(j=0; j<5; j++)
0 1 2 3 4 printf("%d\t",j);
printf("\n");
}
getchar(); return 0;
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}