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Lecture 05 Electronics Fall 2019

Kirchhoff's laws describe the basic rules for analyzing electric circuits: 1) Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) states that the sum of currents entering any point in a circuit must equal the sum of currents leaving that point. 2) Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of voltages around any closed loop in a circuit must be zero when the direction of assumed currents is specified. 3) These laws allow circuits to be analyzed using various methods such as node voltage analysis, mesh current analysis, and branch current analysis to determine key values like currents and voltages.

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14 views

Lecture 05 Electronics Fall 2019

Kirchhoff's laws describe the basic rules for analyzing electric circuits: 1) Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) states that the sum of currents entering any point in a circuit must equal the sum of currents leaving that point. 2) Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of voltages around any closed loop in a circuit must be zero when the direction of assumed currents is specified. 3) These laws allow circuits to be analyzed using various methods such as node voltage analysis, mesh current analysis, and branch current analysis to determine key values like currents and voltages.

Uploaded by

john kevin
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Kirchoff’s Laws

Ch. 9 (Grob)
9-1: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

The sum of currents entering


any point in a circuit is equal
to the sum of currents leaving
that point.
 Otherwise, charge would
accumulate at the point,
reducing or obstructing the
conducting path.
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law may
also be stated as
Fig. 9-1: Current IC out from point P
IIN = IOUT equals 5A + 3A into P.
9-2: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Fig. 9-2: Series-parallel circuit illustrating Kirchhoff’s laws.


9-2: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

The 6-A IT into point C divides into the 2-A I3 and 4-A I4-5

I4-5 is the current through R4 and R5


IT − I3 − I4-5 = 0
6A − 2A − 4A = 0

At either point C or point D, the sum of the 2-A and the 4-A
branch currents must equal the 6A line current.

Therefore, Iin = Iout


9-2: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 Loop Equations
 A loop is a closed path.
 This approach uses the algebraic equations for the
voltage around the loops of a circuit to determine the
branch currents.
 Use the IR drops and KVL to write the loop equations.
 A loop equation specifies the voltages around the loop.
9-2: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 Loop Equations
 ΣV = VT means the sum of the IR voltage drops must
equal the applied voltage. This is another way of
stating Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
9-2: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Fig. 9-2: Series-parallel circuit illustrating Kirchhoff’s laws.


9-2: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

In Figure 9-2, for the inside loop with the source VT, going
counterclockwise from point B,

90V + 120V + 30V = 240V

If 240V were on the left side of the equation, this term would
have a negative sign.

The loop equations show that KVL is a practical statement that


the sum of the voltage drops must equal the applied voltage.
9-2: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 The algebraic sum of the


voltage rises and IR voltage
drops in any closed path must
total zero.

For the loop CEFDC without


source the equation is
−V4 − V5 + V3 = 0
−40V − 80V + 120V = 0
0=0 Fig. 9-2: Series-parallel circuit illustrating
Kirchhoff’s laws.
9-3: Method of Branch Currents

Fig. 9-5: Application of


Kirchhoff’s laws to a
circuit with two sources
in different branches.

VR1 = I1R1 VR2 = I2R2 VR3 = I3R3 VR3 = (I1+I2)R3

Loop equations:

V1 – I1R1 – (I1+I2) R3 = 0 V2 – I2R2 – (I1+I2) R3 = 0


9-3: Method of Branch Currents

Fig. 9-5

Loop 1:
84  VR1  VR3 = 0
Loop 2:
2I  VR2  VR3 = 0
9-3: Method of Branch Currents

Using the known values of R1, R2 and R3 to specify the IR voltage drops,
VR1 = I1R1 = I1  12 = 12 I1
VR2 = I2R2 = I2  3 = 3 I2
VR3 = (I1  I2) R3 = 6(I1  I2)
Substituting these values in the voltage equation for loop 1
84  12I1  6(I1  I2) = 0
9-3: Method of Branch Currents
Also, in loop 2,
2I − 3I2 − 6 (I1 + I2) = 0
Multiplying (I1 + I2) by 6 and combining terms
and transposing, the two equations are

18I1 − 6I2 = −84


−6I1 − 9I2 = −21

Divide the top equation by −6 and the bottom


by −3 which results in simplest and positive
terms
3I1 + I2 = 14
2I1 + 3I2 = 7
9-3: Method of Branch Currents

Solving for currents


Using the method of elimination, multiply the top equation
by 3 to make the I2 terms the same in both equations
9I1 + 3I2 = 42
1I1 + 3I2 = 7
Subtracting
7I1 = 35
I1 = 5A
To determine I2, substitute 5 for I1
2(5) + 3I2 = 7
3I2 = 7 − 10
3I2 = −3
I2 = −1A
9-3: Method of Branch Currents
This solution of −1A for I2 shows that the current through R2
produced by V1 is more than the current produced by V2.
The net result is 1A through R2 from C to E
Calculating the Voltages
VR1 = I1R1 = 5 x 12 = 60V
VR2 = I2R2 = 1 x 3 = 3V
VR3 = I3R3 = 4 x 6 = 24V
Note: VR3 and VR2 have opposing polarities in loop 2.
This results in the
−21V of V2
9-3: Method of Branch Currents
Checking the Solution
At point C: 5A = 4A + 1A
At point D: 4A + 1A = 5A

Around the loop with V1


clockwise from B,
84V − 60V − 24V = 0

Around the loop with V2


counterclockwise from F,
21V + 3V − 24V = 0
Fig. 9-6: Solution of circuit 9-5 with all currents and voltages.
9-4: Node-Voltage Analysis
 A principal node is a point where three or more
currents divide or combine, other than ground.
 The method of node voltage analysis uses algebraic
equations for the node currents to determine each node
voltage.
 Use KCL to determine node currents
 Use Ohm’s Law to calculate the voltages.
 The number of current equations required to solve a
circuit is one less than the number of principal nodes.
 One node must be the reference point for specifying
the voltage at any other node.
9-4: Node-Voltage Analysis
 Findingthe voltage at a node presents an advantage: A
node voltage must be common to two loops, so that
voltage can be used for calculating all voltages in the
loops.
9-4: Node-Voltage Analysis

Fig. 9-7: Method of node-voltage analysis for the same circuit as in Fig. 9-5.
9-4: Node-Voltage Analysis

Node Voltage Method


R1 R2
N

I1 I2
V1 I3 R3 V2

At node N: I1 + I2 = I3
or
VR VR VN
1 2 =
+
R1 R2 R3
9-4: Node-Voltage Analysis

Fig. 9-7

VR1/R1 + VR2/R2= VN/R3

VR1/12 + VR2/3 = VN/6


9-4: Node-Voltage Analysis

VR1+ VN = 84 or VR1 = 84 − VN Fig. 9-7


For the loop with V2 of 21V,
VR2 + VN = 21 or VR2 = 21 − VN
Substituting values
I1 + I2 =I3
Using the value of each V in terms of VN
84 − VN/12 + 21 − VN/3 = VN/6
9-4: Node-Voltage Analysis

Fig. 9-7

This equation has only one unknown, VN. Clearing fractions by multiplying
each term by 12, the equation is
(84 − VN) + 4(21 − VN) = 2VN
84- VN + 84 − 4VN = 2VN
− 7VN = −168
VN = 24V
9-4: Node-Voltage Analysis

Calculating All Voltages and Currents


Node Equations Loop Equations
 Applies KCL to currents in  Applies KVL to the voltages in
and out of a node point. a closed path.
 Currents are specified as V/R  Voltages are specified as IR so
so the equation of currents the equation of voltages can
can be solved to find a node be solved to find a loop
voltage. current.
9-5: Method of Mesh Currents
 A mesh is the simplest possible loop.
 Mesh currents flow around each mesh without
branching.
 The difference between a mesh current and a branch
current is that a mesh current does not divide at a
branch point.
 A mesh current is an assumed current; a branch current
is the actual current.
 IR drops and KVL are used for determining mesh
currents.
9-5: Method of Mesh Currents
 Thenumber of meshes is the number of mesh currents. This is
also the number of equations required to solve the circuit.

Fig. 9-8: The same circuit as Fig. 9-5 analyzed as two meshes.
9-5: Method of Mesh Currents
 A clockwise assumption is standard. Any drop in a
mesh produced by its own mesh current is considered
positive because it is added in the direction of the
current.
 Mesh A: 18IA − 6IB = 84V

 Mesh B: 6IA + 9IB = −21V


9-5: Method of Mesh Currents
 The mesh drops are written collectively here:

Mesh A: 18IA − 6IB = 84

Mesh B: −6IA + 9IB = −21


Fig. 9-8: The same circuit as Fig. 9-5 analyzed as two meshes.
9-5: Method of Mesh Currents
Use either the rules for meshes with mesh currents or the rules for
loops with branch currents, but do not mix the two methods.

To eliminate IB and solve for IA, divide the first equation by 2 and the
second by 3. then
9IA − 3IB = 42
−2IA + 3IB = −7

Add the equations, term by term, to eliminate IB. Then


7IA = 35
IA = 5A
9-5: Method of Mesh Currents

Fig. 9-8: The same circuit as Fig. 9-5 analyzed as two meshes.

To calculate IB, substitute 5 for IA in the second equation:


−2(5) + 3IB = −7
3IB = −7 + 10 =3
IB = 1A
The positive solutions mean that the electron flow for both IA and IB is actually
clockwise, as assumed.
Thanks

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