UNIT 3

1. What is Linux user management?

Ans: - Linux is a multi-user operating system which means that more than one user can
use Linux at the same time. Linux provides a beautiful mechanism to manage users in a
system. User management includes everything from creating a user to deleting a user on
your system.
2. Write the function of the following Linux users:
i) Super user: - a super can add, delete and modify a user account.
ii) Root user: - a root user can access all the files.
3. What are the different Linux user management command?
Ans: - The different Linux user management command are: -
 Useradd: - This command is used to create new accounts in Linux.
 Usermod: - This command is used to modify the existing accounts in Linux.
 Userdel: - This command is used to delete local account in Linux.
 Passwd: - This command is used to assign password to local accounts or users.
 Chage: - This command is used to view and modify user’s password expiry
information.
4. What are the different directory change permission command?
Ans: - To the change directory permissions in Linux, use the following command:
 Chmod + rwx filename to add permissions.
 Chmod -rwx directoryname to remove permissions.
 Chmod +x filename to allow executable permissions.
 Chmod -wx filename to take out write and executable permissions.
5. Discuss the directory structure of Linux system.
Ans: - The directories have specific purposes and generally hold the same types of
information for easily locating files. Following are the directories that exist on the major
versions of Linux –
i) /
This is the root directory which should contain only the directories needed at the
top level of the file structure
ii) /bin
This is where the executable files are located. These files are available to all users
iii) /dev
These are device drivers
iv) /etc
Supervisor directory commands, configuration files, disk configuration files, valid
user lists, groups, ethernet, hosts, where to send critical messages
v) /lib
Contains shared library files and sometimes other kernel-related files.
vi) /boot
Contains files for booting the system
vii) /home
Contains the home directory for users and other accounts
viii) /mnt
Used to mount other temporary files systems, such as cdrom and floppy for the
CD-ROM drive and floppy diskette drive, respectively
ix) /proc
Contains all processes marked as a file by process number or other information
that is dynamic to the system
x) /tmp
Holds temporary files used between system boots
xi) /usr
Used for miscellaneous purposes and can be used by many users. Includes
administrative commands, shared files, library files and others.
xii) /var
Typically contains variable-length files such as log and print files and any other
type of file that may contain a variable amount of data
xiii) /sbin
Contains binary (executable) files, usually for system administration. For example,
fdisk and ifconfig utilities
xiv) /kernel
Contains kernel files
6. What is the responsibility of Linux admin.
7. Discuss the following two levels of authorization.
i) Ownership: - Every file and directory on our Linux system is assigned 3 types of
owners, given below.
User: - A user is the owner of the file. By default, the person who created a file
becomes its owner. Hence, a user is also sometimes called an owner.
Group: - A user-group can contain multiple users. All users belonging to a
group will have the same access permissions to the file. Suppose you have a
project where a number of people require access to a file. Instead of manually
assigning permissions to each user, you could add all users to a group and
assign group permission to file such that only this group members and no one
else can read or modify the files.
Other: - Any other user who has access to a file. This person has neither
created the file, nor he belongs to a user group who could own the file.
Practically, it means everybody else. Hence, when you set the permission for
others, it is also referred as set permissions for the world.
 ii) Permission: - Every file and directory in our Linux system has following 3
permissions defined below.
Read: - This permission gives you the authority to open and read a file. Read
permission on a directory gives you the ability to lists its content.
Write: - The write permission gives you the authority to modify the contents of
a file. The write permission on a directory gives you the authority to add,
remove and rename files stored in the directory. Consider a scenario where
you have to write permission on file but do not have write permission on the
directory where the file is stored. You will be able to modify the file contents.
But you will not be able to rename, move or remove the file from the
directory.
Execute: - In windows, an executable program usually has an extension “.exe”
and which you can easily run. In Unix/Linux, you cannot run a program unless
the execute permission is set. If the execute permission is not set, you might
still be able to see/modify the program code (program read and write
permissions are set), but not run it.
8. What is quota management in Linux system?