Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Shrimp Skins’ Benefits to the Poultry World

Marine wastes which include Shrimp skin often tend to produce major problems by

polluting the ecosystem. With technological advancement and research, marine waste is seen to

be beneficial in different industries. Shrimp Skin provides many benefits by having different

vitamins and minerals, which includes the benefit to the poultry world throughout the years. It is

a great source of protein and calcium which is essential for poultry growth and vital for eggshell

formation. It is not a common practice to use shrimp skin in poultry feed, it could serve as the

substitute protein source and can be added to the raw materials of making poultry pellets. With

this scenario, sustainable and efficient protein source will arise in the world of poultry and the

magnitude of pollution in marine ecosystems will be lessened. In this chapter, the researcher will

present the optimum utilization of shrimp skin benefits in different industries.

Table 1. Existing Shrimp skin benefits and effects to the agricultural industry

REFERENCE

HIGHLIGHTS

BENEFITS TO THE POULTRY ANIMALS

CONFIGURATION
 Miron, Andrea; Sarbu, Andrei; Zaharia, Anamaria; Sandu, Teodor; Lovu, Horia; Fierascu, Radu

Claudiu; Neagu, Ana Lorena; Chiriac, Anita Laura; Iordache, Tanta Verona, "A Top-Down

Procedure for Synthesizing Calcium Carbonated-Enriched Chitosan from Shrimp Shell Wastes,"

Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, pp. 1-16, 2022.

 Chitosan is a sugar that comes from the outer skeleton of shellfish, Chitosan is used in medicine,

pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, water treatment, and food due to its superior

biocompatibility and biodegradability. Nevertheless, the complex and relatively expensive

extraction costs hamper its exploitation and, implicitly, the recycling of marine waste, the most

abundant source of chitosan.

 Chitin

 Agriculture

 Pharmaceutical

G. M. Mathew, D. C. Mathew, K. S. Rajeev, R.

Sindhu, C.-C. Huang, P. Binod, R. Sirohi, S.-H. Kim

and P. Ashok, "Sustainable and eco-friendly

strategies for shrimp shell valorization," Elsevier,

vol. 267, pp. 1-75, 2020.

 The utilization of these shellfish such as prawn/shrimp has opened a new market for the

utilization of the shellfish wastes. Considering the trends on the production of wealth from

wastes, shrimp shell wastes seem an important resource for the generation of high value products

when processed on the principles of a biorefinery.

 Protein
  Fish

I. J. Mena, E. G. Junceda and J. Revuelta, "From the problem to the solution: Chitosan valorization

cycle," Elsevier, vol. 309, pp. 1-15, 2023.

 The problem of fisheries waste has increased in recent years and has become a global problem

influenced by various biological, technical, operational and socioeconomic factors. In this

context, the use of these residues as raw materials is a proven approach not only to reduce the

crisis of unprecedented magnitude facing the oceans, but also to improve the management of

marine resources and increase the competitiveness of the fisheries sector. Chitosan,

a biopolymer extracted from shellfish waste, is a clear example of this because although countless

chitosan-based products have been described for a wide variety of applications, commercial

products are still limited.

 Fiber

 Fish

B. Mishra, Y. K. Mohanta, C. N. Reddy, S. D. M. Reddy, S. K. Mandal, R. Yadavalli and H. Sarma,

"Valorization of agro-industrial biowaste to biomaterials: An innovative circular bioeconomy approach,"

Elsevier, pp. 1-14, 2023.

 The aquaculture industry generates much biowaste, which might be used as a source of raw

materials to make things like chitin and chitosan, which have commercial uses. Multiple studies

have demonstrated the efficacy of bacterial proteases in deproteinizationdenzymatic - enzymatic

 deproteinization of mineralized shrimp waste results in chitin and a protein hydrolysate rich in

nutrients.

 Fiber

 Nutrients

 Minerals

 Vitamins

 Pig

 Cow

 Chicken

S. S. Pattanaik, P. B. Sawant, M. Xavier, P. P. Srivastava, K. Dube, B. Sawant and C. N.K, "Dietary

carotenoprotien extracted from shrimp shell waste augments growth, feed utilization, physio-metabolic

responses and colouration in Oscar, Astronotus ocellatus," Elsevier, vol. 534, 2021

 Carotenoprotein, a complex of carotenoids and protein, extracted from shrimp shell waste can be

an effective source of carotenoid as well as antioxidant in fish diets. Carotenoids play a critical

role for the pigmentation of egg yolk, skin, legs, beak, comb, feather and fat. Birds consumed

carotenoid deficient diet resulting hues of their egg yolk or pale coloured skin. Therefore, uniform

pigmentation generally indicates the health status and quality of the poultry products.

 Skin Pigmentation

 Protein

 Chicken

 Duck

 Pig

 Cow
M. Nag, D. Lahiri, A. Dey, T. Sarkar, S. Pati, S. Joshi, H. Bunawan, A. Mohammed, H. A. Edinur, S.

Ghosh and R. R. Ray, "Seafood Discards: A Potent Source of Enzymes and Biomacromolecules With

Nutrional and Nutraceutical Significance," frontiers, p. 16, 2022.

 the seafood industry is found to produce large volumes of waste products comprising shrimp

shells, fish bones, fins, skins, intestines, and carcasses, along with the voluminous quantity of

wastewater effluents. These seafood industry effluents contain large quantities of lipids, amino

acids, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, and carotenoids mixed with the garbage.

Hence, the problem of such seafood industry run-offs needs to be immediately managed with a

commercial outlook.

 Skin Pigment

 Amino Acids

 Lipids

 Seafood

M. Mutalipassi, R. Esposito, N. Ruocco, T. Viel, M. Costantini and V. Zupo, "Bioactive Compounds of

Nutraceutical Value from Fishery and Aquaculture Discards," Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing

Institute, p. 22, 2021.

 Seafood by-products, produced by a range of different organisms, such as fishes, shellfishes,

squids, and bivalves, are usually discarded as wastes, despite their possible use for innovative
 formulations of functional foods. By-products obtained from marine sources may supply bioactive

molecules, such as collagen, peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidant compounds, and

chitin, as well as catalysts in biodiesel synthesis.

 Antioxidant

 Collagen

 Protein

 Calcium

 Amino Acids

 Fiber

 Fish

A. Abun, T. Widjastuti and K. Haetami, "Effect of fermented shrimp shell supplementation of low protein

diet on the performance of Indonesian native chicken," Google Scholar, vol. 50, no. 1, p. 8, 2022.

 A high-quality diet during the growth period is necessary to support poultry performance.

Shrimp shell fermentation with Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillus sp., and Saccharomyces

cerevisiae (SSFBLS) can improve the quality of low protein diet in Indonesian native

chickens. Chitin protein material from microbiologically engineered shrimp waste can be

transformed into a high-quality feed source used in low-protein diet formulas.

  Protein

 Chicken

A. Abun, R. Maulana, K. Haetami and D. Saefulhadjar, "Effect of adding fermented shrimp waste extract

in ration on metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention in laying hens," World Journal of Advanced

Research and Reviews, p. 9, 2023.

 One of the ingredients that can be used as feed supplements in poultry rations is fermented

shrimp waste extract. Shrimp waste contains protein and minerals as well as astaxanthin which

illustrates the potential to be used as a feed affix in poultry rations.

 Minerals

 Astaxanthin

 Chicken

 Duck

 Pig

 Cow

D. Rosenfeld, G. Gernat, D. Marcano, G. Murillo, H. Lopez and J. Flores, "The Effect of Using Different

Levels of Shrimp Meal in Broiler Diets," ScienceDirect, vol. 76, no. 4, p. 7, 1997.

 Waste product from the shrimp processing plants has the potential of being an alternative

protein source in broiler rations, partially or totally replacing conventional protein sources

 Protein
  Chicken

A. Abun, D. Rusmana, T. Widjastuti and K. Haetami, "PrebioticsBLSfrom encapsulated of extract of shrimp

waste bioconversion on feedsupplement quality and its implication of metabolizable energy and

digestibility atIndonesian local chicken," Journal of Applied Animal Research, vol. 49, no. 1, p. 9, 2021.

 Bioconversion product of shrimp waste withBLSmicrobes (Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillusspp.

andSaccharomyces cerevisiae) holds digestive proteases with a great potential to be used as

prebiotics fornative chicken. The specialty of shrimp waste is that it has good nutritional content,

especially protein. It is necessary to find alternative protein sources as an effective protein

supplement from waste materials, one of which is shrimp waste.

 Protein

 Metabolic Energy

 Chicken

L. Gasco, G. Acuti, P. Bani, A. Dalle Zotte, P. P. Danieli, A. De Angelis, R. Fortina, R. Marino, P. Giuliana, G.

Piccolo, L. Pinotti,

A. Prandini, A. Schiavone and G. Terova, "Insect and fish by-products as sustainable," Italian Journal of

Animal Science, vol. 19, p. 14, 2020.

 The protein shortage is a global matter of concern and extensive research to find new sustainable

protein sources is ongoing. In hydrolysates obtained from shrimp shell discard, significant

antioxidant activity was found, showing their potential application in aquafeeds

 Antioxidant

 Protein
  Amino Acid

 Skin Pigmentation

 Fish

A. Abun, K. Haetami and T. Widjastuti, "The effect of feed containing fermented shrimp waste on the

conversion of protein,," World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, p. 8, 2021.

 The main problem in making chicken feed is protein source feed ingredients, such as relatively

expensive fish meal, causing high prices for chicken feed. To overcome these problems,

alternative protein sources are needed with high protein content at relatively low prices and are

available, such as shrimp waste.

 Protein

 Minerals

 Abdominal Fat

 Chicken

J. Fileto, E. Freitas, R. Nepomuceno, T. Gomes, V. Silva, E. dos Santos, O. de Souza, G. Watanabe and P. J.

de Oliveira, "Nutritional evaluation of shrimp waste and its," Research Square, 2022.

 Feed cost is one of the main factors that impact poultry production, basically due to the

dependence on the use of conventional ingredients (corn and soybean meal) and the constant

variation of their prices. The possibility of including shrimp waste in poultry feed may result in the

reduction of the dependence on the use of soybean meal, which is the main source of protein.
 Moreover, the presence of astaxanthin in shrimp waste is an attribute that makes it very

attractive for use in poultry farming, since this substance has high pigment power

 Protein

 Skin Pigment

 Improve Yolk Color

 Fiber

 Quails

S. Thilagar, M. Babu, R. Jayaprakash, G. Ramesh, P. Roy, C. Ramani, V. Leela, H. Gopi, B. Dhanalakshmi and

H. Gopi, Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, p. 103, 2015.

 Shrimp waste meal has long been used as source of marine protein in fish feeds. Chitosan, a

component of exoskeleton of shrimp is characterized by antimicrobial, antioxidative and immune

stimulatory properties when fed as dietary additive for farm animals.

 Protein

 Improved Growth Performance

 Improve immune stimulatory properties

 Antioxidant

 Antimicrobial

 Pigs
 2.2 Grinding and Pelletizing Technologies

Pelletizing Machines have seen many technologies throughout the years. The whole process of

making pellets requires grinding the raw material into powdered form before solidifying it. Hence, the

availability of machines equipped to do the process is limited. The innovation of having the grinding

function in pelletizing machines is required to meet the demands of different industries to improve their

effectiveness, efficiency, and accuracy.

Table 2. Existing Grinding and Pelletizing Technology

REFERENCE HIGHLIGHTS TYPE OF PELLETS CONFIGURATION

BEING PRODUCED

 The screw type  Kenaf  The screw type

A. Aremu, A. Kadiri and C. pelletizer operates pelletizer is to

Ogunlade, "Development and based on the be used along

testing of screw type kenaf principle of with a plate

(Hibiscus cannabinus) extrusion achieved mill that will

pelletizing machine," Journal of by forcing a large reduce

Agricultural Technology, vol. quantity of materials decorticated

10, p. 13, 2014. through smaller stems into

holes, in the process smaller sizes

yielding shape of the that can be

orifice the material extruded thus

is forced through. pelletizer will

 The machine was use the same

designed to powered power source

by a 5 HP electric for the grinder.

motor with the

grinder running at a

speed of 720rpm and

the pelletizer at a

speed of 72rpm, the

performance of the

machine was highly

satisfactory, the

machine reduces

stress and time lost

in manually

moulding pellets and

enhances handling

of Kenaf fibre to be

utilized in

environmental

remediation of oil

spilled water bodies.

M. Aloria, M. Casanova and C.  The major  Sugarcane  The grinding

Madlangbayan, "Development components include Bagasse blades made up

and Performance Evaluation of," the grinding blades, of stainless

Asia Pacific Journal of grinding discs, steel are both

Multidisciplinary Research, vol. agitator, rollers, rotating and

5, p. 6, 2017. pelletizing die, stationary The

feeder, motor, grinding discs

gearbox and variable are used to

frequency drive. reduce the raw

materials into

finer sizes

suitable for

pelletizing

process.

 The rollers are

made up of

stainless steel

cylinder

designed to

press the

bagasse

mixture into

the holes of the

pelletizing die.

Further, the

pelletizing die

has a diameter

of 200 mm,

plate thickness

of 19 mm and

composed of
 number of 5-

mm diameter

holes. The

main function

of the

pelletizing die

is to support

the rollers from

rotating while

molding the

pellets through

its holes.

 The important  Fish Feed  Pelleting

P. Okolie, I. Chukwijike, J. components of the chamber with

Chukwuneke and J. Dara, pelleting machine pulley and belt

"Design and production of a fish are the hopper where system

feed pelletizing machine," the feed meal is fed

Elsevier, p. 7, 2019. into the machine and

the pelleting

chamber in the form

of worm auger or

screw shaft which is

seen to propel the

feed. The shaft is

operated by pulley

and belt system that

 is powered by an

electric motor. The

output pellet is

produced by

compacting and

forcing through a die

opening via a

mechanical process

 Pellet production is  Feed Pellet  Tub Grinder

A. Sultana, A. Kumar and D. a combination of and Hammer

Harfield, "Development of agri- sequential steps Mill

pellet production cost and including

optimum size," Elsevier, p. 13, preprocessing,

2010. drying, grinding,

pelleting, cooling,

screening, and

bagging. These

processes play an

important role in the

techno-economic

analysis. Particle

size reduction for

pelletization is a

two-step process:

chopping by tub

grinder or shredder
 and then grinding by

a hammer mill.

 A wood pelletizing  Wood Pellets  Rolling of Flat

T. Mushiri, P. Mugodo and C. machine grinds Die and Rollers

Mbohwa, "Design of a sawdust wood and sawdust in high

pelleting machine," p. 14, 2017. into small fragments pressure and

moisturizes and temperature

compresses it under

very high pressure

and temperature.

The material is then

forced through dies

of the desired

dimensions resulting

in pellets.

 The integrated fish  Fish Feed Pellet  Grinding and

C. Kadurumba and J. Igbo, feed machine Pelletizing

"Performance Evaluation of an consists of three machine

Innovative Fish Feed Mill distinct units; the- integrated in

Machine," Nigerian Agricultural grinding, pelleting one frame run

Journal, vol. 51, no. 3, p. 6, drying units. It is by one motor

2020. powered by one

electric motor of

3HP rating. The

Grinding unit

consists of the
 hopper which

receives the raw

materials, conveyor

shaft, grinding teeth.

 The pelleting unit

consists of a big

press screw and its

housing, die plates,

knife, pulleys and

bearings

 The biomass pellets  Fuel Pellets  Grinding and

W. Wattana, N. Montri, M. were produced by Pelletizing

Wongjanakul, Y. Naratta and S. using the grinding Machine in one

Duangjinda, "Influence of and pelleting frame with a

blending proportions of Teak machine. The mixed screen divider

Sawdust and Cajuput leaves on raw materials were and run by two

characteristics of biomass reduced to smaller motors.

pellets," p. 8, 2020. sizes in the grinding

section and passed

the screen through

the pelletizer part

that the grinding of

raw materials were

forced past the die

by roller to form the

 cylindrical pellet.

 There is direct  Broiler Chicken  Grinding and

R. Hamilton and F. Proudfoot, proportional Pellet Pelletizing

"Ingredient particle size and feed relationship between through

texture: effects on the the grinding rate and hammer mill

performance of broiler pelletizing rate. and roller mill

chickens," Elsevier, p. 8, 2017. More grinded

material into

powdered form will

result to more

compact and higher

size of pellets.

 Due to advancement  Cassava Pellet  Grinding

N. Collins, L. Abayomi, G. in technology, Machine

Solomon, Y. Rasheed and A. grinding machines consists of

Kolawole, "Performance were developed for hopper,

Evaluation of Cassava Pelleting grinding of cereals extrusion

Machine Powered by Diesel and grain with the barrel,

Engine," researchgate, p. 4, mixture of other crankarm, and

2017. nutrients into compression

powder form. With plate.

time, it was Pelletizing

discovered that machine

animals preferred consists of flat

feeding on solid and die, pulley, and

soft nutritious meals. sprout. The two

 One of the devices machine are

that can produce this integrated in

requirement is called one machine

a pelletizing frame powered

machine. by diesel

engine motor.

 Pelletized processes  Biomass Pellets  A Pellet Mill

R. A. Renjani and D. Wulandani, consist of three consists of

"Pellet Mill Fixed Dies Type for major unit roller, cutting

Production of Solid Fuel Pellets operations, i.e. knife, and fixed

from Acacia mangium Bark," drying, size dies with

IOP Conference Series: reduction (grinding), grinding

Material Science and and densification. function

Engineering, p. 9, 2019. The purpose of this powered by

study was to design one electrical

a prototype pellet motor.

mill integrated size

reduction that

encompasses size

reduction as well as

extrusion using the

fixed dies type

pelletizing method,

and fabricated using

locally available

construction
 materials.

 Die and roller disk  Co-compost  A Pelletizing

L. Hettiarachchi, N. Jayathilake, pelletizer has a pellet machine

S. Fernando and S. grinding effect and consist of die

Gunawardena, "Effects of hence additional and roller with

compost particle size, moisture step of grinding is grinding

content and binding agents on not required giving function

co-compost pellet properties," advantages in powered by

International Journal of commercialization. one motor.

Agriculture and Engineering , p.

8, 2019.

 Production of  Torrefied  A rotating bed

N. Homdoung, K. Sasujit, T. torrefied biomass Biomass Pellets thermal reactor

Wongsiriamnuay and N. pellets also required connected to

Tippayawong, "Production of coarse grinding, fine the grinding

torrefied biomass pellets in grinding, and and pelletizing

rotating bed thermal reactor," pelleting machine

AIP Conference Procedings, p.

8, 2022.

 Since the raw  Biomass Pellets  Grinding

B. Zezelj and T. Todorovic, material has been  Wood Pellets machine (wet

"Efficient pellet plant for various debarked, it switches grinding),

types of biomass," XVII to the process of drying machine

International Scientific preparing the cutter - and pelleting

Conference on Industrial wood (wood chips) machine

Systems, p. 6, 2017. with a mill for wet connected to

 grinding. After the one another

crushing of raw powered by

materials and wet biomass-

grinding, the inspired

material goes further engine.

to the drying line,

where output

moisture content is

from 10-12%. The

dried material goes

after drying into a

process of fine, dry

grinding, where all

the granulation is on

output below 4 mm,

and then the material

is ready for the

pelleting process.

 The main objectives  Rabbit Pellets  A Pelleting

A. El-Sheikha, M. Al-Rajhi and of this research are machine

H. Amer, "Manufacture and to fabricate a consist of

Evaluation of an Alternative machine for grinding and

Feeds Production Machine," producing a special mixing

Journal of Soil Sciences and feed with an easy machine run by

Agricultural Engineering, vol. operating system, a 3 Hp motor in

11, no. 12, p. 8, 2020. that is suitable for

 small breeders, with one frame.

low operating costs

and high

productivity, as well

as substitution of

barley grains in the

feed components by

sprouted barley in

order to reduce costs

and to increase

amount of green

feed and percentage

of protein. The

fabricated machine

consisted of four

main units; power

and power

transmission unit;

chopping unit;

mixing unit and

pelletizing unit.

 For diet ingredients,  Pig Pellets  A grinding

F. Lyu, M. Thomas, W. the energy input and machine

Hendriks and A. van der Poel, the extent of particle consists of

"Size reduction in feed size reduction are hammer mill,

technology and methods for important factors in roller mills, and

determining, expressing, and feed manufacturing multricracker

predicting particle size: A practices. Reducing device

review," Animal Feed Science particle size of connected to

and Technology, p. 20, 2020. ingredients can pelletizing

bring many benefits machine.

for feed processing

and animals.

According to

Goodband et al.

(2002), decreasing

particle size of raw

materials can

improve mixing

characteristics by

reducing segregation

with other

ingredients in the

mixture, and

improve the

pelleting capacity as

well as the pellet

quality. In addition,

grinding increases

the available surface

area for the digestive

 enzymes to interact.

2.3 Summary

The table below shows the summary of related literatures and study of the benefits of the shrimp

shell in different industries and existing grinding and pelletizing technologies. It also provides a

summarization of references based on their classification, benefits, and target consumer.

Table 3. Summary of Review of Related Literature in the benefits of shrimp skin

Benefits of Shrimp Skin

Classification of Target Industry

Poultry Animals Aquatic Animals Pharmaceutical

[2] [5] [7] [8] ✔ ✔ ✔

Protein [10] [11] [12]

[13] [14] [15]

[6] [7] [11] [12] ✔ ✔

Vitamins [14] [15]

[4] [5] [9] [13] ✔ ✔

Minerals [14] [15]

[7] [12] [15]

Antioxidants
✔ ✔ ✔
Antimicrobial
 [4] [7] ✔ ✔
Calcium

[1] [3] [4] [7] ✔ ✔ ✔

Fiber [14]

What kind of pellet being produced?

Poultry Animal Pellets [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]

Fish Pellets [1] [2] [3] [5] [6] [7] [8] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

Table 4. Summary of Review of Related Literature of existing grinding and pelletizing

technologies

Classification of the
 Grinding and Pelletizing Features and Function of Grinding and Pelletizing Machine

machine

Cost - Reduce

Accurate Efficient Compactness Effective Production

Time

Has a motor [16] [17] [18] ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

for the [19] [20] [21]

[23] [24] [25]

whole
[26] [28] [29]
process

Has two [22] [27] [30] ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Motors for

the whole

process

Have two [16] [17] [18] ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

main parts [20] [22] [23]

[24] [26] [30]

of process:

Grinding

and

Pelletizing

Have two or [19] [21] [25]

more [27] [28] [29]

✔ ✔ ✔
process:
 grinding,

mixing,

pelletizing,

drying etc.

What kind of pellet being produced?

Poultry Animal Pellets [16] [17] [18] [19] [21] [23] [29] [30]

Biomass Pellets [20] [22] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28]

2.4 Conceptual Framework

 Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

The study's concept starts with seeking a solution to the study’s research problem. After that,

looking for related literature and studies was done to find supporting evidence for the problem. Using

previous studies, related theories were formed that may help to support the claim of the effectiveness of

shrimp skin as a protein source in making pellets. The primary motivation to conduct the study came from

research gaps in sustainability and innovation. A sustainable material like shrimp skin, considered waste,

can be a beneficial element or material in making pellets; a machine with two mechanisms could help the

industry through efficiency and cost-friendliness. Thus, the design conceptualization was done based on

gathered gaps from existing literature. Then, machine designing was done based on the result of

conceptualization to visualize the machine. After that, combining two mechanisms or machine integration

was done to visualize and seek gaps from the previous process. The design of the semi-automated
grinding and pelletizing machine was synthesized, which will undergo a series of product tests. The

testing of the final output is divided into two parts: machine and pellets. Pellets will be tested on the

poultry animals and observe their performance and growth changes. The machine will be tested for its

accuracy, effectiveness, and efficiency.

2.4.1 Identifying Research Problem

Existing pelletizing machines used by different industries need a grinding machine, which can

result in time consumption and decreased labor costs. Grinding is an essential process in making pellets;

the whole process will take so much time that it may affect the efficiency of the whole production and

consume a lot of money. In line with this, the researchers seek to create a grinding and pelletizing

machine that will grind the raw materials effectively and pelletize the materials efficiently while ensuring

the limited time consumption and effectiveness of the final output.

In addition, most of the raw materials in making pellets are expensive and limited. In line with this,

using sustainable materials such as shrimp skin as primary raw material in making pellets is essential for

industries to increase their production efficiency.

2.4.2 Related Literature Exploration

Exploration and analysis of related literature is for the study to identify supporting evidences,

theories, concepts, and principles. The purpose is to obtain a basic sense of the scope of the study research

area. The related literature and studies will able to establish the insight, knowledge, and understanding of

the researchers to develop and design the shrimp skin grinding and pelletizing machine.

2.4.3 Shrimp Skin as protein source in making pellets

 The traditional protein source for making pellets is soybean meal. Hence, the competition for

sufficient supply of soybean meal utilized by poultry industries is vigorous. A sustainable material such as

shrimp skin and considered as waste can be a protein source in making pellets.

The process of making shrimp skin into pellets begins by grinding it into powdered form. The

standard procedure is mixing the protein source to other materials before entering the pelletizing process.

Shrimp skin contains different vitamins and minerals such as protein, calcium, antioxidants, and fiber that

can help to enhance the growth, egg reproduction, skin pigmentation, and immune system of the animals.

Figure 2. Shrimp Skin’s grinded form as protein source of making pellets

2.4.4 Grinding and Pelletizing Machine

Traditional Pelletizing Machine involves solidifying the raw materials to produce feed pellets. It

is time consuming and expensive since it requires two processes: grinding the raw material and

pelletizing. The fabrication of shrimp skin grinding and pelletizing machine can reduce the time and cost

of the whole production. The integration of two process into one machine powered by one motor can

ensure the accuracy, efficiency and effectiveness of the pelletizing process.

 Figure 3. Existing grinding and pelletizing machine

2.4.5 Machine Designing

The shrimp skin grinding and pelletizing machine were designed and developed through gathered

supporting evidence from related literature and studies. The researchers developed and fabricated the

machine by adding a grinding function by integrating the grinding machine into existing pelletizing

technologies. The added grinding function will grind the raw materials until they become powdered to

ensure the process's accuracy and effectiveness. The shrimp skin grinding and pelletizing machine was

designed to be versatile and flexible, which can be used in different agricultural industries and poultry

farms.

2.4.6 Machine Integration

Sustainability

Adjustable
Continuous
Process
Pelletizing
Ability

Semi-Automated
Shrimp Skin Grinding
and Pelletizing Adjustable
Energy Machine
Efficient
Grinding
Ability

Large Small
Scale Scale
Capacity Capacity
 The design and development of shrimp skin grinding and pelletizing machine were made possible

through gathered supporting shreds of evidence from related literature and studies. The researchers aim to

integrate beneficial features and principles into the existing pelletizing technologies. The effectiveness

and efficiency of the product are based on how features and functions of a grinding and pelletizing

machine integrate into one machine frame: (1) sustainability; (2) adjustable pelletizing ability; (3)

adjustable grinding ability; (4) small scale capability; (5) large scale capability; (6) energy efficient; (7)

continuous process.

2.4.7 Product Testing

The proposed shrimp skin grinding and pelletizing machine design will be valid through

experimentation and application to the desired beneficiaries. The experimentation and Validation are

divided into two parts: the effectiveness of pellets in poultry animals and the ability of the machine to

produce the intended product. For the effectiveness of pellets it will be given to poultry animals to

examine if there will be a significant effect on their performance and growth. For the machine, it will

undergo series of testing to determine the maximum capacity to produce effective and efficient pellets and

how long the time is spent in the whole procedure. The shrimp skin grinding and pelletizing machine will

undergo different assessments and evaluations to determine its overall performance.

2.4.7.1 Pellet Testing

The final product, composed of sustainable materials such as shrimp skin, will be valid through

application to the poultry animals. The overall performance of the poultry animals in terms of growth,

capability to lay healthy eggs, reproduction ability, and holistic health will be examined. For animals that

produce dairy products such as milk, the milk will be examined based on how shrimp skin affects the

benefits of milk. The said benefits will be checked to see if they satisfy the use of the machine. After
testing, the machine's overall design will be analyzed to determine if the functions align with the study's

objective.

2.4.7.2 Machine Testing

The grinding and pelletizing machine will be valid through a series of tests to ensure its

effectiveness and accuracy. The grinding machine will be tested based on its ability to grind the raw

materials precisely to its intended outcome. The pelletizing machine will be tested based on its ability to

produce different sizes of pellets and its compactness. The overall machine will be tested based on

production time, accuracy, and efficiency. The said benefits will be checked to see if they satisfy the use

of the machine. After testing, the machine's overall design will be analyzed to determine if the functions

align with the study's objective.

2.5 Hypothesis

What are the advantages of shrimp skin as protein source in making pellets?

H1: Using shrimp skin as protein source in making pellets reduces the money and time spent in

the whole production; and can have significant effect in the overall health of poultry animals compared to

conventional protein source.

H0: Using shrimp skin as protein source in making pellets will not affect the money and time

spent in the whole production; and does not have significant effect in the overall health of poultry animals

compared to conventional protein source.

What are the advantages of grinding and pelletizing machine?

H1: Using grinding and pelletizing machine to make pellets reduces manpower, energy

consumption, money and time required in finishing the whole production.

H0: Using grinding and pelletizing machine to make pellets will not affect the manpower, energy

consumption, money and time required in finishing the whole production.

2.6 Definition of Terms

To avoid confusion and misinterpretation, the following key terminologies below were

defined conceptually and operationally:

Accuracy - The study used the word accuracy as the level of perfection of every product produce

by technological advancement.

Adjustable Grinding Ability – The study used the word adjustable grinding ability as a feature

of machine to ensure the precision of the desired outcome

Adjustable Pelletizing Ability – The study used the word adjustable pelletizing ability as a

feature of machine to have flexibility in choosing the desired sizes of pellets.

Astaxanthin – The study used the word astaxanthin as a by-product of shrimp skin that can help

poultry animals to improve their ability to lay healthy eggs.

Automation – The study used the word automation as the coping factor in advancing technology,

meaning that all industry actions are done automatically.

Continuous Process – The study used the word continuous process as the ability of the machine

to finish the whole production of pellet without any obstruction

Cost-Effective – The study used the word cost reduction as the product of technological

advancement on machines in a way of minimizing the cost of the product.

Effectiveness – The study used the word effectiveness as the benefit of new machines produce by

the new technology

Efficiency – The study used the word efficiency as the state of avoiding waste materials produced

by the new technology.

Energy Efficient – The study used the word energy efficient as the machine's ability to finish

product while consuming small amount of electricity.

Fabrication – The study used the word fabrication to show the creation of new product
Holistic Health – The study used the word holistic health as the poultry animals’ component that

shrimp skin can enhance.

Innovation – The study used the word innovation as the product of technological advancement

which means to enhance the actions and mechanisms of product or machine.

Large Scale Capacity – The study used the word large scale capacity as the ability of the

machine to produce huge quantity of product in short span of time.

Lean Protein – The study used the word lean protein as the by-product of shrimp skin that could

be added in making pellets to support the overall health of poultry animals.

Semi-Automated – The study used the word semi-automated as the process of grinding and

pelletizing of raw materials that requires human ability and intervention to fully operate the

process.

Small Scale Capacity – The study used the word small scale capacity as the ability of the

machine to produce small quantity of product in short span of time

Solidifying-focused Machines – The study used the word solidifying-focused machines to show

the existing technology that pelletizing machines have which focuses on solidifying raw materials

only.

Sustainability – The study used the word sustainability as a feature of the machine which

intended to utilize sustainable materials such as waste to form a new beneficial product.

Synthetic Pigment Agents – The study used the word synthetic pigment agents as a material that

used by poultry industry in improving the skin of their animals.

Technological advancement – The study used the word technological advancement to show that

it is the coping factor of every object in new technology.

Valorization – The study used the word valorization as the benefit of having a shrimp skin

grinding and pelletizing machine that maximizes the utilization of sustainable materials to

become beneficial products.

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