TUTORIAL MODULE

BIO150

UiTM Cawangan Perak Kampus Tapah

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: ENZYME WEEK 2 ................. 4
CHAPTER 1: Enzyme WEEK 3 ..................... 7
CHAPTER 2: Cellular Respiration WEEK 4 .. 9
CHAPTER 2: Cellular Respiration WEEK 5 12
CHAPTER 3: Photosynthesis ....................... 17
CHAPTER 3: Photosynthesis ....................... 20
CHAPTER 3: Photosynthesis ....................... 25
CHAPTER 4: Introduction to Cell
Reproduction ................................................ 31
CHAPTER 4: Introduction to Cell
Reproduction ................................................ 35
10. The diagram below shows DNA
replication on leading and lagging strand. Fill
in the blanks based on the diagram. ............. 41
CHAPTER 4: Introduction to Cell
Reproduction ................................................ 43
Authors ......................................................... 49

3
CHAPTER 1: ENZYME
WEEK 2

Answer TRUE or FALSE

1. Enzymes interact with specific substrate.

TRUE FALSE

2. Enzymes change shape after a reaction

occurs.
TRUE FALSE

3. Activation energy is the energy produced

during an enzymatic reaction.
TRUE FALSE

4. Enzymes have an allosteric site for substrate

binding.
TRUE FALSE

5. Enzymes function to speed up chemical

reactions.
TRUE FALSE

6. Cofactor is not stable with heat.

TRUE FALSE

7. Coenzyme is made up from protein.

TRUE FALSE

4
Circle the correct answer

1. Altering pH towards the optimal pH will

[decrease/increase/not change] the rate of
reaction.

2. Low temperature will [decrease/increase/not

change] the rate of reaction.

3. At optimum temperature substrate will

[collide/avoid] more often with active site.

4. As the enzyme concentration increases, reaction

rate will [increase/decrease].

5. The rate of reaction will [increase/decrease] as

the substrate reaction increase.

Answer ALL questions

1. Illustrate the mechanism of enzyme speeding up

a chemical reaction.

2. Distinguish and illustrate between holoenzyme

and apoenzyme.

3. Differentiate between lock & key and induced fit

enzymatic models

5
Fill in the table below

Coenzyme Prosthetic Metal ions

group
Organic
cofactor
Attach
temporarily to
enzyme
Example :
FAD

Define the terms below

1. Active site
2. Product
3. Exergonic reaction
4. Endergonic reaction
5. Anabolism
6. Catabolism
7. Substrate

6
CHAPTER 1: Enzyme
WEEK 3

Topic: Inhibition
Answer ALL questions

1. Choose the FALSE statement about non-

competitive inhibition.

A. Non-competitive inhibitors bind at a site other

than the active site.
B. Non-competitive inhibitors can change the
conformation of the enzyme.
C. Non-competitive inhibitors mimic the shape of
the substrate and bind at the active site.
D. Non-competitive inhibitors attach temporarily to
the enzyme but can damage the enzyme.

2. The effect of competitive inhibition can be

reduced by increasing substrate concentration.
(True/False)

3. Explain why a non-competitive inhibitor can have

a different shape with substrate for the enzyme.

4. Cyanide is a chemical compound that binds to

the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase, which is
required in the respiration reactions that produce
ATP. It makes changes to the tertiary structure that
prevents the enzyme from functioning normally and
can quickly be fatal. Identify the type of inhibition
involved.

7
5. Enzyme activity increases when a regulatory
molecule called _______ binds at the allosteric
site.

6. The inhibition that is caused by the end/final

product of a reaction is called ___________.

7. Feedback inhibition of an enzymatic reaction is

caused by _____________.

8. End/final product act as ___________inhibitor

and binds at the allosteric site.

9. In your own words, explain the feedback

inhibition.

10. Class of enzyme that includes all enzymes

catalyzing intramolecular rearrangement of atom is
called _____________.

11. Electron transferring enzymes belong to

____________ class of enzymes.

12. Which of the substances is an enzyme?

A. Nucleotide
B. Hexokinase
C. Glucose-6-phosphate
D. Fumarate

13. Enzymes that catalyze the reaction of joining

two molecules and simultaneous breakdown of ATP
is called _____________

8
CHAPTER 2: Cellular
Respiration
WEEK 4

Topic: Glycolysis
Answer all questions.

1. Identify which of the following is not the

isomerization steps in glycolysis.

A. Glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
B. Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
C. 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
D. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate to
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

2. Glycolysis converts glucose into ___________

3. Glucose splits into ______ molecule/molecules

of Pyruvate.

4. The net yield of glycolysis is ______ ATP.

5. Energy released by oxidation of glucose is stored

as

A. ATP
B. FADH2
C. NADH
D. Pyruvate

9
6. Determine the number of oxygen molecules
required for glycolysis of one molecule of glucose.

A. 6
B. 3
C. 1
D. 0

7. Glycolysis does not require input of ATP.

True/False

8. For every molecule of glucose that is oxidized,

_____ molecule/s of pyruvate is/are generated.

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

9. Select the enzyme that does not involve in the

reaction that produces ATP in glycolysis.

A. Hexokinase
B. Phosphofructokinase
C. pyruvate kinase
D. Helicase

10. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is rapidly

and reversibly converted to ___________

11. The first step in the payoff phase of glycolysis

is oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate.
True/False

10
12. Identify the enzyme catalyzes the first step of
glycolysis.

A. Phosphofructokinase-1
B. Hexokinase
C. Aldolase
D. Enolase

13. Glycolysis can occur in the absence and

presence of oxygen.
True/False

14. For every molecule of glucose breakdown, 2

NADH are produced.
True/False

15. Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to

1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate involved the reduction of
NAD+ to NADH.
True/False

16. In a eukaryotic cell, the enzymes of glycolysis

are located in the

A. Plasma membrane
B. Cytosol
C. Matrix
D. Intermembrane space

11
CHAPTER 2: Cellular
Respiration
WEEK 5

Topic: Krebs cycle

Answer all questions

1. Fill in the blanks for intermediates involved in

the Krebs cycle accordingly.

2. A single molecule of glucose generates

_________ molecules of acetyl CoA, which enters
the Krebs cycle.

12
3._____________ is the first intermediate of the
Krebs cycle that combines with acetyl to form
citrate.

4. Select the reaction in which FAD is reduced in

the Krebs cycle.

A. citrate to isocitrate
B. isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate
C. succinate to fumarate
D. fumarate to malate

5. ___________ accepts hydrogen from malate.

A. NADH
B. FADH2
C. NAD+
D. FAD

6. During the link reaction, pyruvate is converted

into acetate coA.
True/False

7. Malate is oxidized, NAD+ is reduced to NADH and

oxaloacetate is regenerated.
True/False

8. Kreb cycle requires oxygen to proceed.

True/False

9. The link reaction produced a molecule of 2

carbon known as acetyl CoA
True/False

13
10. Select the incorrect reaction in the link
reaction.

A. Pyruvate is decarboxylated
B. NAD+ is reduced to NADH
C. NADH is oxidized to NAD+
D. Coenzyme A is attached to acetate to form
acetyl CoA

11. Isocitrate is _________ to form a-ketoglutarate

and NAD+ is _________to form NADH.

12. Choose the reaction that involved substrate-

level phosphorylation in the Krebs cycle.

A. citrate to isocitrate
B. a-ketoglutarate to succinyl co-A
C. succinyl Co-A to succinate
D. malate to oxaloacetate

13. Listed below are intermediates in the Krebs

cycle. Select the exception.

A. Succinate
B. a-ketoglutarate
C. acetyl-coA
D. Fumarate

14. Determine the product of Krebs cycle that is

essential for oxidative phosphorylation.

A. NADH and ATP

B. NADH and FADH2
C. ATP only
D. CO2

14
15. Enzyme __________ catalyzes the reaction that
produced FADH2.

16. Enzymes that are involved in the reactions that

produced NADH in the Krebs cycle.

17. Find the correct statements of Krebs cycle.

A. Each turn of Krebs cycle produces 3 NADH, 1

FADH2 and CO2.
B. The Krebs cycle turns once every molecule of
glucose.
C.ATP is produced through oxidative
phosphorylation in the Krebs cycle.

18. Acetyl CoA is formed from pyruvate

by__________ reaction

A. decarboxylation
B. phosphorylation
C. oxidation
D. reduction

19. The Krebs cycle occurs in _________

1. Anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport

chain with a final electron acceptor other than O2.
TRUE FALSE

2. Facultative anaerobes use an electron transport

chain with a final electron acceptor other than O2
and will die in the presence of O2.
TRUE FALSE

15
3. The source of NADH in fermentation comes
from the Krebs cycle.
TRUE FALSE

4. During alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is

decarboxylated and converted into acetaldehyde.
TRUE FALSE

5. There is a release of CO2 during conversion of

pyruvate into lactic acid.
TRUE FALSE

6. Describe 2 types of autotrophs.

16
CHAPTER 3: Photosynthesis
WEEK 7

Topic: Chloroplast
Fill in the blank
1. __________________ is the process that plants
use to trap the energy of sunlight to convert the
inorganic molecules of CO2 and water into high
energy organic molecules such as glucose that store
energy.
2. __________________ is the energy source for
photosynthesis. It is often one of the factor that
determines the ___________________ of
photosynthesis.
3. The overall chemical reaction for
photosynthesis is
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
4. __________________ is a substance that can
absorb the various wavelength of visible light.
5. The pigment component of photosynthesis is
__________________. It exists in two designated
forms which are the ___________________ and
___________________. Other types of
photosynthesis pigments are __________________
and ____________________. These pigments are
present in the ____________________ membrane
within the ____________________ or
____________________.

17
 6. ___________________ is the organelle where
photosynthesis occurs. It is found mainly in the
____________________ tissue of leaf.

Structured Question
1. Which chlorophyll absorbs the most blue and red
light?
2. Why chlorophyll b and carotenoids called
“accessory” pigment?

3.
State the above equation in words.

4. Name the part labelled A, B, C, D, E, F and G

18
5. Draw and label the structure of chloroplast (2D
structure).

6. Write the equation for photosynthesis.

7. Describe the two events that occur at stroma and

stomata.

MCQ
8. Identify the CORRECT statement regarding
photosynthesis.

A. O2 produced during photosynthesis comes from

the splitting of CO2.
B. Stomata is the dense fluid inside chloroplast.
C. Visible light is a form of electromagnetic
radiation.
D. Leaves appear green because chlorophyll
absorbs green light.

9. Choose the CORRECT match.

A. Chlorophyll a – absorbs blue and green light,

reflects yellow, orange and red.
B. Chlorophyll b - absorbs green and yellow and
reflect blue or purple light.
C. Carotenoids - absorb blue and red-orange light
reflects blue green.
D. Xanthophyll – absorb blue-green light and
reflects yellow.

19
CHAPTER 3: Photosynthesis
WEEK 9

Topic: Light dependent & Light Independent Reactions

Multiple Choice Questions.

1. Which of the following affects photosynthetic

productivity?

A. Water
B. Light
C. Carbon dioxide level
D. All of the above

2. Which of the following materials are produced

during the light-dependent reactions?

A. Glucose, ATP, and carbon dioxide

B. ATP, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
C. NADPH, ATP and glucose
D. ATP, NADPH and oxygen

3. If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant's

environment, what will happen to the production
of high-energy sugars?

A. Carbon dioxide does not affect the production of

high-energy sugars in a plant.
B. The same number of sugars will be produced but
without carbon dioxide.
C. More sugars will be produced.
D. Fewer sugars will be produced.

20
4. Energy required to run the Calvin cycle is
produced in

A. light dependent reaction.

B. light independent reaction.
C. photosystem I.
D. stroma

5. What three events occur during the light

reactions of photosynthesis?

A. Oxidation of water, reduction of NADP+,

hydrolysis of ATP
B. Oxidation of water, reduction of NADP+,
formation of ATP
C. Fixation of carbon dioxide, release of oxygen,
synthesis of glucose
D. Release of oxygen, fixation of carbon dioxide,
hydrolysis of ATP

6. The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the

_________ and the dark reactions occur in the
__________ of the chloroplast.

A. thylakoid membranes; stroma

B. stroma; cytochromes
C. cytochromes; stroma
D. antenna complexes; reaction centers

7. Which of the following reactions occur in both

cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
A. Formation of NADH
B. Reduction of NADP+
C. Chemiosmosis
D. Carbon fixation

21
8. Which of the following colours of sunlight are
most useful for photosynthesis?

A. Yellow and green

B. Violet-blue and yellow
C. Red and yellow
D. Red and violet-blue

9. During the light reaction of photosynthesis,

A. photophosphorylation occurs via chemiosmosis

as photoexcited electrons are passed from P680 to
P700 through a series of electron carriers in the
electron transport chain.
B. photophosphorylation occurs via chemiosmosis
as photoexcited electrons are passed from P700 to
P680 through a series of electron carriers in the
electron transport chain.
C. reduction of NADP+ into NADPH occurs as
enzyme NADP+ reductase transfers electron from
ATP to NADP+ in the stroma of chloroplast.
D. water are formed by redox reaction when
photoexcited electrons are passed through a series
of electron carriers in the electron transport chain.

10. Where does the light reaction of photosynthesis

take place?

A. Stroma
B. Matrix
C. Thylakoid membrane
D. Cristae

22
11. The colour of xanthophylls is

A. blue-green.
B. red-blue.
C. greenish.
D. yellowish.

12. In photosynthesis, CO2 enters and O2 exits the

leaf through microscopic pores called

A. stroma.
B. stomata.
C. bundle sheet.
D. chlorophyll.

13. Which of the following is not produced during

light reaction?

A. ATP
B. Glucose
C. Oxygen
D. NADPH

14. Which part of chloroplast would be associated

with:
a. light dependent reaction
b. light independent reaction
15. During the light-dependent reactions of
photosynthesis, a constant supply of electrons at
photosystem II (PS II) is provided by

A. the sun
B. water
C. chlorophyll
D. photosystem I (PS I)
23
16. Select the incorrect statement about Calvin
cycle.

A. Rubisco is an enzyme involved during carbon

fixation phase.
B. ATP is an electron acceptor involved during
reduction phase.
C. NADPH is an electron donor involved during
reduction phase.
D. RuBP is a carbon dioxide acceptor involved
during carbon fixation phase.

24
CHAPTER 3: Photosynthesis
WEEK 10

Topic: Photorespiration
Answer ALL questions

1. All of the following statements are true about

photorespiration except

A. no ATP and NADH are produced.

B. no food is produced.
C. decreases the efficiency of photosynthesis.
D. glucose is produced.

2. Suggest why photorespiration is not beneficial to

the plant.

A. Photorespiration is the process that prevents the

sugar production in C3 plants when CO2 levels are
low and O2 levels are high.
B. Photorespiration is the process by which plants
produce organic acids at night.
C. Photorespiration is the process by which plants
capture light energy and convert it to ATP.
D. Photorespiration is the process by which plants
cells cool off in hot climates.

3. CAM plants utilize the enzyme _________ to

initially fix carbon dioxide in the ________ cells.

A. PEP carboxylase; mesophyll

B. PEP carboxylase; bundle sheath
C. RuBP carboxylase; mesophyll
D. RuBP carboxylase; bundle sheath

25
4. Determine why photorespiration does not occurs
in C4 plants?

A. they do not carry out the Calvin cycle

B. They use rubisco enzyme to combines with
oxygen.
C. They use rubisco enzyme to initially fix with
carbon dioxide.
D. They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix with
carbon dioxide.

5. Which statements about photosynthesis in C4

plants is not true?

A. Carbon dioxide is initially fixed in mesophyll

cells, but the Calvin cycle is active in bundle sheath
cells in leaves of C4 plants.
B. Less ATP is used overall for sugar biosynthesis in
C4 than in C3 plants.
C. C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation for plants
living in hot, arid climates.
D. The first product of carbon dioxide fixation is a
compound with four carbon atoms.

26
Fill in the blank
1. The light dependent reaction involves
___________________ and ___________________
pathways.
2. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis
occurs in the ___________________ of chloroplast
and involves the splitting of water by light.
3. The process of splitting of water by light is
called _________________ of water.
4. ATP is formed during the light dependent
reaction by ______________________.
5. Plants use both ____________________ and
______________________ to produce ATP and
NADPH.
6. Only ______________________ is involved in
cyclic electron pathway.
7. The noncyclic electron pathway produces both
________________ and _________________.
8. In the ________________________ pathway,
high energy electrons generated from
___________________ are used to synthesized ATP
and passed to ____________________ to produce
NADPH.

27
Structured Questions
1.
a) Indicate the processes that occur during the
light reaction of photosynthesis.
(3 marks)
b) Identify the three materials that a plant needs
for glucose production.
(3 marks)
c) Determine the compositions of a photosystem
involved in photosynthesis. (4 marks)

2. Draw an overview of photosynthesis. Briefly

describe the relationship between the stages and
include the raw materials and products for each
stage. (10 marks)

3. Differentiate between cellular respiration and

photosynthesis.
(2 marks)
4.
a) Explain the roles of water in photosynthesis.
(2 marks)
b) Name and briefly describe the three phases of
Calvin cycle.
(6 marks)
c) Explain why C4 and CAM plants will not undergo
photorespiration.
(2 marks)

5.
a) Draw and label the structure of a chloroplast.
(4 marks)
b) Explain the non-cyclic photophosphorylation in
C3 plants.
(6 marks)

28
6.
a) Explain three main processes involved in Calvin
cycle.
(6 marks)
b) State four advantages of C4 plants.
(4 marks)
7.
a) State the important cyclic- instead of non-
cyclic electron flow to the plant.
(2 marks)
b) Describe how to overcome photorespiration in
C4 plants.
(4 marks)
c) Distinguish the mechanism of adaptation
between the sugarcane and pineapple plants
during hot arid climate.
(4 marks)

8. Define the following terms.

a) Photosynthesis
(2 marks)

9.
a) Describe the process of photorespiration.
(4 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of dark reaction in
sugarcane
(6 marks)

10. Distinguish between cyclic and non-cyclic

photophosphorylation.
(4 marks)

29
Structured Question
1. What happens in the first stage of
photosynthesis?
2. Name two types of photosystems in
photosynthesis.
3. In the photosystem II, the resulting proton
gradient drives the synthesis of ATP aided by
enzyme/channel called __________________.
4. ATP in photosystem II is produced through a
process called _______________________.
5. At the end of the electron transport chain in
photosystem II, electrons are carried to
photosystem I by _______________________.
6. In light dependent reaction, ATP can be
generated via two methods. State the methods.
7. Describe the role for each of these components
in noncyclic electron pathway.
a. Reaction center chlorophyll a
b. Electron acceptor
c. Water
d. Electron transport system e. NADP+

30
CHAPTER 4: Introduction to
Cell Reproduction
WEEK 11
Topic: Mitosis & meiosis
Answer ALL questions
1. Somatic cells reproduce by ______________,
while sex cells reproduce by
______________.
A. meiosis; mitosis
B. mitosis; mitosis
C. mitosis; meiosis
D. meiosis; meiosis

2. Which of the following statements is true about

mitosis in humans?
A. All cells of the body go through mitosis more or
less constantly from conception until death.
B. Each cell undergoing mitosis divides into two
complete new cells that are usually identical to the
cell from which they originated.
C. It takes roughly two weeks for a cell to go
through all six phases of mitosis.
D. Each cell undergoing mitosis divides into four
complete new cells that are usually identical to the
cell from which they originated.

31
3. Which of the following statements is true about
meiosis in humans?
A. Sperm and ova are not identical to the parent
cells that produced them.
B. Females produce far more gametes than do
males.
C. The process begins in males and females at
puberty.

4. Which of the following statements is true in

humans?
A. Mitosis produces cells that have a haploid
number of chromosomes.
B. Meiosis produces cells that have a diploid
number of chromosomes.
C. Meiosis produces cells that have a haploid
number of chromosomes.
D. Mitosis produces cells that have a triploid
number of chromosomes.

5. Human gametes normally have _____

chromosomes.
A. 23
B. 46
C. 52
D. 32

32
6. What phase in mitosis when an imaginary
plane/plate occurs between the poles? What are
the main events happen during the phase? Draw the
phase. (5m)
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

7. What phase occurs after the phase in Question 6?

What are the main events happen during the phase?
Draw the phase. (6 m)
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

33
8. What is the name of the cytoplasm division in the
end of mitosis? What are the differences in this
process between animal and plant cells? (3 m)
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

9. In which period of meiosis does the pairing of

homologous chromosomes occur?
(1m)
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

10. Name the phase of cell cycle where cell division

happens. How about interphase?
(2m)
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

34
CHAPTER 4: Introduction to
Cell Reproduction
WEEK 12
Topic: Structure of DNA and Replication
A. Answer all the questions
Label the diagram below with the following
choices:

35
Complete each sentence.
7. Guanine, cytosine, thymine, and ____________
are the four _____________ in DNA.
8. In DNA, guanine always forms hydrogen bonds
with __________________.
9. The process of __________________ produces a
new copy of an organism’s genetic information,
which is passed on to a new cell.
10. The double coiled, “staircase” shape of DNA is
called a __________________.

Answer each question in complete

sentences.
11. What do the letters DNA stand for?
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
12. Where is DNA found?
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
13. Label the nucleotides (A, T, G, C) in the DNA
molecule below:

36
14. What is the first step in the process of DNA
replication?
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
15. Which enzyme is responsible for “unzipping”
the DNA double helix?
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
16. If the sequence of one single strand of DNA is
C-A-A-G-T-A-G-G-C-T, what is the sequence of the
complementary strand?
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
17. List the 3 basic steps of DNA replication:
a.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
b.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
c.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

ANSWER ALL QUESTION

1. Name the components of a nucleotide.
2. Differentiate between the structure of DNA
nucleotide and RNA nucleotide.
3. List the pairing of nitrogenous base in DNA
nucleotides.
37
4. DNA is replicate during the interphase (subphase
G2). True / False
5. Below are DNA strands. Write the
complementary DNA strand.
Original Strand: ATGC AAAT TGCT CACC GGGG
ATCA GCAC CGGT
Complementary Strand:
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Original Strand: AGGG GATC AGCA CCGG ATTT
CATG AGCC CTAG
Complementary Strand:
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Original Strand: AAGT ACGA TCGA TGCA CATG
CATG GCTA CGCA
Complementary Strand:
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

38
6. Label type of replication models in A, B and C
below.

7. Label the diagram below.

39
8. Describe the events occur in the semi
conservative DNA replication model using the
diagram below.

9. Based on the diagram below, DNA is said to

parallel / antiparallel

40
10. The diagram below shows DNA replication on
leading and lagging strand. Fill in the blanks
based on the diagram.

a. On the leading strand, DNA polymerase is

moving ___________ the replication fork and so
can copy ___________.
b. On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase is
moving __________ from the replication fork,
meaning copying is ___________.
c. The lagging strand synthesized short DNA
nucleotides called ________________, later joined
by DNA ligase.

41
11. Identify the protein or enzymes used for each
step.
Enzymes/ Proteins
Open the DNA strands
and form replication
fork.
Prevent single strands
from rewinding.
Makes a short segment
of RNA primer
complementary to the
DNA.
Adds DNA nucleotides
to the RNA primer.
Replace the primers
with complementary
DNA nucleotides.
Joins the Okazaki
fragments. Seals the
free end of the new
DNA to old DNA,
making the strand
complete.
Cuts the damaged DNA
strand at 2 points &
damaged section is
removed.
Corrects overwinding
ahead of double
stranded DNA.

42
CHAPTER 4: Introduction to
Cell Reproduction
WEEK 13&14
Topic: Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis is the process used by the body to
make proteins. The first step of protein synthesis is
called Transcription. It occurs in the nucleus.
During transcription, mRNA transcribes (copies)
DNA. DNA is “unzipped” and the mRNA strand
copies a strand of DNA. Once it does this, mRNA
leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm.
The second step of protein synthesis is called
Translation. mRNA will then attach itself to a
ribosome. The strand of mRNA is then read in order
to make protein. They are read 3 bases at a time.
These bases are called codons. tRNA is the fetching
puppy. It brings the amino acids to the ribosome to
help make the protein. The 3 bases on tRNA are
called anti-codons. Remember, amino acids are the
building blocks for protein. On the mRNA strand,
there are start and stop codons. Your body knows
where to start and stop making certain proteins.
Just like when we read a sentence, we know when
to start reading by the capitalized word and when
to stop by the period.

43
PART A.
Answer the following questions

1. What is the first step of protein synthesis?

2. What is the second step of protein synthesis?
3. Where does the first step of protein synthesis
occur?
4. Where does the second step of protein synthesis
occur?
5. Nitrogen bases are read ____ bases at a time.
6. The bases on the mRNA strand are called
____________.
7. The bases on tRNA are called ________________.
8. What is the start codon?
9. What are the stop codons?
10. A bunch of amino acids put together makes
____________.

PART B.
Use your codon chart to determine the amino acid
sequence. Remember to read through the strand
and ONLY start on AUG and STOP when it tells you
to stop. Follow example below:

44
1. DNA: CCT CTT TAC ACA CGG AGG GTA CGC TAT
TCT ATG ATT ACA CGG TTG CGA TCC ATA ATC
mRNA:
protein:

2. DNA: AGA ACA TAA TAC CTC TTA ACA CTC TAA
AGA CCA GCA CTC CGA TGA ACT GGA GCA
mRNA:
protein:

3. DNA: TAC CTT GGG GAA TAT ACA CGC TGG CTT
CGA TGA ATC CGT ACG GTA CTC GCC ATC
mRNA:
protein:

45
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

1. A cell builds its proteins from the Instructions

encoded in its _________.

A. Cytoplasm
B. Amino acid
C. Lysosome
D. Genome

2. What process occurs before the other?

A. Transcription and then Translation

B. Translation and then Transcription
C. Transcription and then Ionization
D. Translation and then Polymerization
3. Messenger RNA (mRNA) can be best described as

A. A really cool way of rewriting RNA.

B. The atom that carries information to an RNA
template.
C. A short-lived RNA molecule that carries encoded
information transcribed from DNA.
D. A chromosome that is only present in
prokaryotes and is involved in DNA synthesis.

4. Just like DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase

performs a template-directed synthesis in the:

A. 3'---->5' direction
B. 5'---->3' direction
C. 5'---->5' direction
D. 3'---->3' direction

5. A Gene is ________________.

46
A. A piece of clothing that is placed upon the
bipedal legs of a human.
B. A chromosome carrier.
C. A section of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA
molecule.
D. A regulatory sequence.

6. Transcription is ____________.

A. A word that teachers use to define genes.

B. The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
C. The synthesis of proteins from information on an
mRNA.
D. The synthesis of polyester linkages from an Exon.

7. What type of bond forms between

complementary base pairs?

A. Hydrogen
B. Covalent
C. Ionic
D. Interkinetic

8. Which of the listed bases are known as start

codon

A. AUT
B. AUG
C. AUC
D. AUA

47
9. How does transcription begin?

A. When RNA polymerase binds to sigma to create,

a holoenzyme and the sigma guides the RNA
polymerase to certain locations where
transcription should begin.
B. Some dude brings a flag and says, "Hey! Over
here!"
C. The non-template strand signals to the binding
receptor that a phosphodiester bond is present and
ready for action.
D. The RNA polymerase binds to a coding strand
located downstream.

10. Name the process by which the genetic code of

DNA is copied into a strand of RNA.
A. Translation
B. Transcription
C. Transformation
D. Replication

11. Predict the product sequence for DNA

replication, transcription and translation process
using DNA template below

5’-TATAATGAAGTTCCGAGGATAG-3’

48
Authors

Puan Husna Zulkipli

0192713108

Puan Wan Nurul Hidayah

Wan Anuar
Author
0163351517

Puan Nur Atirah Hasmi

Author
0196676339

Dr Saiyidah Nafisah
Hashim
Author
0133208147

49