PART 1 OF CHAPTER 2

▪ In C++ programming, what follows after // symbols

on the same line is considered as a comment,
▪ Descriptions can be enclosed in between /* and */
as multiple lines of comments.
✓ It is done for the convenience of the reader.

▪ C++ is case sensitive ( i.e. A and a are different. )

▪ A statement ends by semicolon ( e.g. int x; )

▪ The compiler ignores all spaces and new line.
E.g. int x = 5; is the same as int x after compiled.
= 5;
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 Data type Range of values

byte -128 .. 127 (8 bits)

short -32,768 .. 32,767 (16 bits)

int -2,147,483,648 .. 2,147,483,647 (32 bits)

long -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 .. ... (64 bits)

float +/-10-38 to +/-10+38 and 0, about 6 digits precision

double +/-10-308 to +/-10+308 and 0, about 15 digits precision

char Unicode characters (generally 16 bits per char)

boolean true or false (1 or 0)

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Widening conversion: In operations on mixed-type
operands, a numeric type of the smaller range is
converted to the numeric type of the larger range
▪ In an assignment, a numeric type of smaller range
can be assigned to a numeric type of larger range
✓ kind
→ byte to short to int to long kind to float to double

int i = 'a'; // Same as: int i = (int)'a';

char c = 97; // Same as: char c = (char)97;
int i = (int)5.4; // It is the same as the following:
int i = static_cast<int>(5.4); // so, truncate it to 5
cout << static_cast<double>(1) / 2; // displays 0.5
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Note: the ASCII at \u007F is similar to delete

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 Description Escape Sequence Unicode
Bell sound \a \u0007
Backspace \b \u0008
Tab \t \u0009
Linefeed \n \u000A
Carriage return \r \u000D
Backslash \\ \u005C
Single Quote \' \u0027
Double Quote \" \u0022
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 Declaration Syntax: type variable_name;
E.g. int square; // declaring variable called square.
square = n * n;
Initialization Syntax:
type variable_name = value_or_expression;
E.g. double cube = n * (double)square;
▪ You can generally initialize local variables where
they are declared.
▪ All variables get a safe initial value anyway
(zero/null)

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#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ( ) {
int length, width; Rectangle
int area;
cout<< "Enter the length: ";
cin>> length;
cout<< "Enter the width: ";
cin>> width;
area = length * width;
cout<< "the area of the rectangle is: "<< area<< endl;
cout<< "the perimeter of the rectangle is: "<< (length + width)*2;

system("pause");
return 0;
}
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#include<iostream>
#include<math.h> Area of a triangle having sides a,
using namespace std; b and c is given by,
int main( ) s = ( a + b + c )/2
{ area = ( s * (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c) )1/2
float a, b, c, s, area;

cout << "Enter length of three sides of triangle: ";

cin >> a >> b >> c;

s = (a + b + c) / 2;
area= sqrt( s * (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c) );
Triangle
cout << "Area = " << area << endl;

return 0;
}
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Syntax:
const datatype CONSTANTNAME = value;
𝐸. 𝑔. 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 = 𝝅 × 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 × 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔

Circle

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 setw(width)

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#include <iomanip> // for setw(m) that will put spaces m-times.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
int numb; //define loop variable
for(numb=1; numb<=10; numb++) //loop from 1 to 10
{
cout<< setw(4) << numb; //display 1st column
int cube = numb*numb*numb; //calculate cube
cout<< setw(6) << cube << endl; //display 2nd column
}

system("pause");
return 0;
}
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#include <stdio>
int main ( ) {
int n = 4, k = 2;
cout << ++n << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << n++ << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << -n << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << --n << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << n-- << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << n + k << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << k << endl;
cout << n << k << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << " " << n << endl; cout << " n" << endl;
cout << "\n" << endl;
cout << " n * n = "; //CAREFUL!
cout << n * n << endl;
cout << 'n' << endl;
return 0;
}
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 int x, a, b, c;
a = 2;
b = 4;
c = 5; x
x = a-- + b++ - ++c;

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 int x, a;
a = 2; x
x = ++a * --a * ++a;

▪ For the expression x = ++a*– –a*++a; you would expect

for a = 2, the x = 3 × 2 × 3, but it is equal to 2 × 2 × 3.
▪ Because value of a is first increased to 3 and then
decreased to 2 before the first multiplication. It is then
increased to 3 and multiplied to 12.

int x, a = 4;
x = ++a + ++a + ++a;
x

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Computer Programming 3/20/2021 20
PART 2 OF CHAPTER 2
 ▪ What is a Boolean expression ?
✓ It is any expression that is either true or false.

▪ A Boolean expression consists of two or more

expressions, such as numbers or variables, which
are compared with one of the relational operators.
▪ Comparison or relational operators are shown below

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▪ Notice that:- some of the relational operators are
spelled with two symbols.
▪ Such two-symbol operators should not have any
space between the two symbols.

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 ▪ You can combine two or more comparisons using
the logic operators, such as: “and”, “or”, also “not”
spelled as &&, || and ! symbols respectively in C++.
▪ E.g.1, the following Boolean expression is true
provided x is greater than 2 and x is less than 7:
(2 < x) && (x < 7)
▪ E.g.2, the following Boolean expression is true
provided x is less than 2 and x is greater than 7:
(2 < x) || (x > 7)

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 ▪ Suppose, when you run the program, you enter the input
2 3 6 from the console. What is the output?

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 ▪ If the first of two expressions joined with the || operator
is true, then you know the entire expression is true, no
matter whether the second expression is true or false.
▪ The C++ language uses this fact to sometimes save itself
the trouble of evaluating the second subexpression in a
logical expression connected with an && or || since C++
first evaluates the leftmost of the two expressions.
▪ If that gives it enough information to determine the final
value of the expression (independent of the value of the
second expression), then C++ does not bother to evaluate
the second expression. This method of evaluation is
called short-circuit evaluation.

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 bool

▪ The result of the comparison is a Boolean value:

true or false.
▪ A variable that holds a Boolean value is known as a
Boolean variable.
▪ The bool data type declares a variable with the
value either true or false.
▪ Internally, C++ uses 1 to represent true and 0 for
false. If you display a bool value to the console, 1 is
displayed if the value is true and 0 if it is false.

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▪ Assigning a numeric value to a bool variable in C++,
Any nonzero value evaluates to true and zero value
evaluates to false.

bool b1 = -1.5; // Same as bool b1 = true

bool b2 = 0; // Same as bool b2 = false
bool b3 = 1.5; // Same as bool b3 = true
▪ Show the printout of the following code:

bool b = true;
int i = b;
cout << b << endl;
cout << i << endl;
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 1, Explain the differences exist in the expressions
below, given that x = 7 :
( 6 < x++ ) || ( ++x < 8 )
vs.
( 6 < x++ ) | ( ++x < 8 )

2, Both of the expressions are evaluating to 1, and

what will be the value of x latter, computing to
each expression separately?

3, 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤
𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡→ !((y < 3) || (y > 7)) = !(y < 3) && !(y > 7)

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