Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 43 (2021) 100924

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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/seta

Original article

Power management and control of a grid-independent DC microgrid with

hybrid energy storage system
Prashant Singh *, Jagdeep Singh Lather
Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this paper, a novel power management strategy (PMS) for power-sharing among battery and supercapacitor
Battery (SC) energy storage systems has been proposed and applied to resolve the demand-generation difference and DC
DC microgrid bus voltage regulation. The proposed compensation for PI controller managed hybrid energy storage systems
Hybrid energy storage system
(HESSs) provides for improved DC bus regulation with minimal battery stress levels. Further, redirections of
Power management
unwaged battery currents to SCs for fast compensations in the proposed PMS enhances battery life span.
Supercapacitor
Moreover, the stability analysis of DC microgrid is also evaluated. The proposed PMS effectiveness was inves­
tigated by simulations, including a comparison of peak deviations in dc bus voltage with a traditional control
strategy. The results have been experimentally verified by hardware-in-loop (HIL) on an FPGA-based real-time
simulator.

mode. The battery regulates the power inequalities of the DC and AC bus
in all conditions and thus suffers from shortened battery life and
Introduction increased overall device costs.
Mendis et al. [9] introduces an EMS to eliminate the ripple content
DC microgrids (DCMG) have become extremely prevalent and and deep discharge of BESS for the stand-alone microgrid. Further, a
compatible as the penetration of DC renewable energy resources (RER), novel coordination approach for power flows between segments was
load and storage devices grow exponentially due to their impressive introduced, which robustly controlled the system and maximum power
functionality, reliability, and performance [1]. In addition, many power exploitation from the wind. However, no consideration was given to the
quality problems that are common with AC microgrids, like frequency impact of the intermittent character of wind energy and RER on the
synchronization, reactive power, stability and cost-effective solutions in battery’s stress level, which further decreases battery life. Merabet et al.
particular applications, do not affect DCMG [2,3]. Conversely, RER’s [10] proposed the PI-based EMS for a hybrid microgrid with BESS to
transient and unpredictable existence makes the DCMG system maintain the demand-generation inconsistencies during load and gen­
complicated and distinct. eration differences. But did not consider the DC bus voltage regulation
Fig. 1 shows a stand-alone DCMG made up of distributed energy and charge/discharge rate of BESS to increase battery life.
resources like PV, wind turbine, diesel generator, etc. and HESS such as Due to their lower power density and related charging/discharge
battery energy storage system (BESS), SC connected via power elec­ rates, BESS cannot meet the power demands satisfactorily during tran­
tronic converters to a common DC bus. sient conditions. In comparison, SC has an enormous power density,
Because of RER’s intermittent and unpredictable nature, stand-alone which fulfills short-term power demand instantly. SCs with enormous
DCMG depends on energy storage systems to maintain the level of de­ power densities have been introduced into stand-alone photovoltaic
mand and enhance power quality [4]. BESSs are often used to sustain systems to minimize power inequalities [11,12]. However, it could not
demand in the case of periodical recurrences in DCMGs with wind en­ meet the demand for long term load due to its small energy density.
ergy generation [5,6]. Sahoo et al. [7] proposed a co-operative control Ragone plot [13,14] confirms that the battery has a higher energy
based energy management strategy (EMS) for standalone DCMG with density than the supercapacitor Also, the supercapacitor has a higher
BESS. It also described the control of DC bus voltage and state-of-charge power density than the battery [15] making them especially ideal for
(SOC) control inside boundaries to maximize the battery life. Yi et al. [8] addressing short-term transient problems. Consequently, incorporation
performed a PMS for PV based microgrid with BESS for grid-connected

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Singh).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2020.100924
Received 14 April 2020; Received in revised form 6 July 2020; Accepted 14 November 2020
Available online 28 November 2020
2213-1388/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
P. Singh and J.S. Lather Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 43 (2021) 100924

Nomenclature Hsc Supercapacitor current sensor feedback gain

Hbat Battery current sensor feedback gain
BDDC Bidirectional DC/DC converters HVHESS Voltage sensor feedback gain
BESS Battery energy storage system ĩsc Small-signal disturbances in inductor current of
CCL Current control loop supercapacitor converter
DCMG DC microgrid iavg Average current
EMS Energy management strategy ibatref Battery reference current
HESS Hybrid energy storage system ibat err Error current of battery
HIL Hardware-in-loop iL Inductor current
LPF Low pass filter ĩLref Reference inductor current
MPPT Maximum power point tracking
ĩbat Small-signal disturbances in inductor current of battery
PI Proportional integral
converter
PV Photovoltaic
imppt Maximum power point tracking current
PMS Power management strategy
PWM Pulse width modulation iosc Net sum of oscillating current transient
SOC State-of-charge io Supercapacitor output current
SC Supercapacitor ipvref Photovoltaic reference current
TF Transfer function iscref Supercapacitor reference current
VCL Voltage control loop Ibat Battery current
BL Battery lower limit Ipv Solar PV current
BU Battery upper limit Isc Supercapacitor current
C Output capacitance Kp sc Gain of the SC PI controller
d̃sc Small-signal disturbances in duty ratio of supercapacitor Ki sc Gain of the SC PI controller
converter Kp bat Gain of battery PI controller
Ki bat Gain of battery PI controller
d̃bat Small-signal disturbances in the duty ratio of battery
L Inductance
converter
Lbat Battery filter inductance
Dsc Duty Ratio of supercapacitor
Lpv Solar PV filter inductance
D Duty cycle
Lsc Supercapacitor filter inductance
frhpz Right half plane zero frequency
Rsc Total resistance
fsw Converter switching frequency
s Laplace operator
Gcloseloop sc Closed loop transfer function of SC
SOCbat Battery state of charge
Gid sc Control-to-inductor-current supercapacitor transfer
SOCsc Supercapacitor state of charge
function of bidirectional DC/DC converter (BDDC)
SU Supercapacitor upper limit
Gid bat Control-to-inductor-current battery transfer function of
Vbat Battery terminal voltage
BDDC
Vdc DC bus voltage
Gvi VHESS Control-to-output transfer function of BDDC
Vdcref Reference DC bus voltage
Gpi VHESS VCL PI compensator transfer function
VHESS Hybrid energy storage system voltage
Gpi sc SC CCL compensator transfer function
Vsc Supercapacitor voltage
Gpi bat Battery CCL compensator transfer function

of battery and SC named HESS which uses both high power and energy renewable energy systems were not considered with the parallel oper­
densities has been considered largely [16]. Therefore, in this proposed ation. Feng et al. [25] described a multimode fuzzy logic energy allo­
work, we have studied the incorporation of battery with SC. Reduced cator method for PV based DCMG with HESS to examine the demand-
Battery anxiety levels using SCs in HESS were shown to enhance battery generation inequality. However, the SOC regulation of HESS did not
life [17]. The increased battery life span was shown to result in reduced consider. Besides, applying the multimode logic approach Fuzzy re­
battery costs using HESS [18]. Ayodele et al. [19] have integrated HESSs mains a challenge. Hredzak et al. [26] presented a model control based
into the stand-alone microgrid system to reduce the cost and improve PMS to assure the SOC for battery and SC inside the specified limits in
battery life. Tehrani et al. [20] described an optimal HESS sizing method HESS. However, the strategy, which focuses on forecasting the classical
integrating SC to reduce battery costs. model requires complicated mathematical calculations. Roy et al.
Dong et al. [21] introduced the power co-ordination approach for the [27,28] proposed a non-linear backstepping method for DCMG opera­
regulation of AC and DC bus voltages of microgrids with HESSs. How­ tions to enhance the power-sharing among DCMG segments to resolve
ever, the problem of sharing power between HESS was not taken into the inequalities in demand-generation, keep SOC inside boundaries, and
account. Cabrane et al. [22] proposed a PMS for PV based DCMG with regulate dc bus voltage. However, the Source and load inconstancy sit­
HESS to regulate DC bus voltage. However, due to the coordination issue uation has not been acknowledged, which increases the stress on the
between battery and SC result in power-sharing issue was not addressed. battery, thus reducing battery life. Kollimalla et al. [29] proposed a
Dong et al. [23] presented a composite converter to address the power- novel control strategy for HESS to regulate DC bus voltage. However,
sharing and SOC balancing issue among HESS in a microgrid. SOC is a due to the slowed response of the power converter to the proposed
relevant measure that defines the ratio of the remaining capacity to the strategy will increase the stress on the battery and the charge/discharge
presently available capacity in the battery. However, the DC bus voltage rate of the battery will also be decreased.
regulation issue at the time of power disparity did not address. Hoang Most of these management strategies incorporated HESS which
et al. [24] proposed a PI-based power-sharing approach for DCMG to employed SC to control the rapidly varying power mismatch while the
balance the SOC between BESSs. However, Coordination issues with battery managed the average or slowly varying power mismatch. HESS

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P. Singh and J.S. Lather Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 43 (2021) 100924

configuration and control strategy” features the DCMG configuration,

including its control actions. Section “Control strategy for DC micro­
grid”details the design of the proposed PMS. Section “Result and dis­
cussion” describes simulation studies results as compared with
conventional PMS results. Further, HIL results are presented in this
section to validate the efficiencies of the proposed PMS. Conclusions are
discussed in Section “Conclusion”.

DCMG system configuration and control strategy

A DCMG comprising of the PV array system, HESS, DC load, an AC

load is considered, as shown in Fig. 2. The HESS devices use significant
specific energy and power density to overcome the indeterminacy
associated with solar power generation. PV system linked with DC bus
through boost converters while bidirectional DC/DC converters (BDDCs)
linked SCs and battery modules. In contrast, the AC load is connected to
the AC bus coupled to the DC bus via the 3-phase inverter. In the event of
low power generation concerning load demand, common DC bus voltage
will decrease and the controller will draw additional currents from HESS
to maintain DC bus voltage besides meeting deficit power requirements.
In the event of more power generation in comparison to load demand,
Fig. 1. Typical configuration of DC microgrid. DC bus voltage shall rise and controller will charge HESS.
In this work, the sizing of the Battery, besides the other components
became very prominent due to the introduction of energy storage de­ of DCMG, is decided carefully taking into consideration not only the
vices with diverse characters, including the batteries with a broad en­ availability of solar resources but also the load. Thus, the battery can
ergy density but with a longer time constant, and SC with a small energy
density but a constant minimum time. Despite the inherent the natural
benefits of HESS, during power inconstancy, the traditional power
management techniques fail to consider rapid DC bus voltage regulation
within the acceptable limit and sharing of power among DCMGs
components.
The features of the proposed PMS are focused as follows:

1) Improved DC bus voltage regulation with comparison to conven­

tional control strategy in terms of voltage overshoot and settling
time.
2) Effective power-sharing among the HESS for various events.
3) To maintain the SOC of battery and SC within the specified limit
further to reduce the current uncertainty of a HESS at the SOC edge.
4) Tracking of respective current references in DCMG via employment
of optimal current controllers.
Fig. 3. Monthly variation of solar radiation and clearness index at (29.9476◦ N,
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section “DCMG system 76.8155◦ E).

Fig. 2. Equivalent system configuration of PV based DCMG.

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P. Singh and J.S. Lather Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 43 (2021) 100924

Fig. 4. Flowchart of power management algorithm of DC microgrid.

provide power to the load for 14 h. No such situation (empty storage (29.9476◦ N, 76.8155◦ E) to collect data on solar radiation. The location
systems when the load exceeds the local generation) is likely to arise as recognized confirms ample availability of solar radiation with a mean
there is an ample amount of solar resources available (may please see monthly solar radiation of 5.36 kWh/m2/day and an average clearness
Fig. 3) at the specific location. NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar index of 0.60, as shown in Fig. 3.
Power database has been chosen at a site in Kurukshetra, India With that kind of solar resource profile at the selected location, there

Fig. 5. Proposed power management strategy.

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P. Singh and J.S. Lather Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 43 (2021) 100924

is an almost marginal possibility that battery drained to its lower limit.

However, for the locations that are not so rich in terms of availability of
RER or battery might drain out completely, then the bigger sized Battery
or diesel engine generator or any other backup source would be needed.
Fig. 4 depicts the proposed PMS operating action which depends on
average current (iavg ). The PMS has to regulate the DC bus voltage during
source and load variations. In addition to this, the reference current
generation for PV, Battery, and SC Converter control during source and
load fluctuations. The PMS is designed with battery SOC boundaries e.g.
20%⩽SOCbat ⩽80%, respectively, and supercapacitor boundaries e.g.
0%⩽SOCsc ⩽100%, respectively. Fig. 6. Block diagram for SC converter.

Excess power mode (EPM)

Table 1
Component parameters of DCMG.
In this mode, iavg must be less than zero. Therefore, HESS must absorb
the excess power and manage it in such a way that the load is equal to Parameters Specifications
the demand. PV array @ STC VOC = 22.1 V, ISC = 8.7 A, Vm =17.6 V, Im = 6.8A
Battery (lead-acid) 12 V, 14Ah
Battery charging mode (BCM) Supercapacitor 29 F, 32 V
In this mode, PV is operating in PV-MPPT mode hence PV generation DC-DC converter Lpv = 11.4 mH, Lbat = 1.2 mH,Lsc = 1.8mH, C = 440 μF, R = 20 Ω
in such a mode (condition 1–2) is much more than load demand, and the
battery SOC is within the specified boundaries. The battery regulates DC
bus voltages while charging the HESS itself with the available excess
power.

PV-off MPPT mode (PMM)

In this mode (condition 3–4), if the battery SOC (SOCbat > 80%) is
more than the upper limit then the PV will operate in the PV-off MPPT
mode. Throughout this mode, the battery has been completely charged,
so that the PV is done in off MPPT mode to regulate the DC bus voltage.

Deficit power mode (DPM)

In this mode, the deficit power should be fulfilled by the HESSs as the
average current (iavg ) should be either greater than zero or equal to zero
e.g., (iavg ⩾0).

Battery discharging mode (BDM) Fig. 7. Bode plot of CCL of SC.

In this mode (condition 7–8), SOC of battery is higher than 50% e.g.
(SOCbat > 50%). The load demand is more than the PV power genera­ Since the response to the voltage control loop (VCL) is slower than
tion, so the battery will regulate DC bus voltage while discharging. for the current control loop (CCL), the bandwidth of the VCL is retained
below that of the SC CCL.
Control strategy for DC microgrid
Design of current control loop
The PMS for DCMG with HESS is shown in Fig. 5. The PMS has to The block diagram of current control loop (CCL) for supercapacitor
regulate the DC bus voltage during source and load variations. In converter is shown in Fig. 6. The small-signal disturbances in duty ratio
addition to this, the reference current generation for PV, Battery, and SC of supercapacitor converter (d̃sc ) to inductor current (ĩsc ) transfer func­
Converter control during source and load fluctuations. Also, proposed tion (TF) Gcisc (s) [33] is expressed as,
PMSs have power converter tracking speed constraints with a faster
ĩsc Vdc Cs + 2 VRdc
dynamic response as well as a lesser stressed battery charge/discharge Gid sc = = , (2)
rate. d̃sc Lsc Cs + LRsc s + (1 − Dsc )2
2

Control scheme for HESS here Gid sc is the control-to-inductor-current supercapacitor transfer
function of bidirectional DC/DC converter (BDDC), Vdc is the DC bus
In this work, BDDC is operated as a unified controller [30]. voltage, C is the capacitance of supercapacitor BDDC, s is the Laplace
Controller parameters have been designed according to the SCs power operator, R is the resistance of supercapacitor BDDC, Lsc is the induc­
stage because the SCs has a high charge/discharge rate compared to the tance of supercapacitor BDDC and Dsc is the duty ratio of supercapacitor
battery [31]. The internal current loop bandwidth of SC has been BDDC, respectively.
assigned fsw /6 to reduce inconstancies. The current loop bandwidth of The TF of CCL compensator is expressed as
the battery is retained smaller than the current loop bandwidth of the SC Ki sc
i.e., fsw /20 for redirecting instantly increasing currents to the SC. The Gpi sc = Kp sc + , (3)
s
converter bandwidth is recognized to be much less than SCs right half
plane zero frequency (frhpz ) [32] for stable operations as seen below; here Gpi sc is the SC CCL compensator transfer function, Kp sc is the gain
of the SC PI controller and Ki sc is the gain of SC PI controller,
2
frhpz =
(1 − DSC ) R
, (1) respectively.
2πLSC The open-loop TF of the supercapacitor current converter is

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P. Singh and J.S. Lather Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 43 (2021) 100924

Fig. 8. Block diagram for battery CCL.

Fig. 10. Bode plot for HESS voltage control loop.

Fig. 9. Bode plot of CCL of battery.

expressed as
Gopenloop sc = Gpi sc Gid sc Hsc , (4)

here Hsc represents current sensor feedback gain.

The parameters for the SC converter are presented in Table 1. Fig. 7
depicts the bode plot of CCL with compensator. The PI controller has
been designed to satisfy phase margin of 60o at 1.05 krad/s and resulting
controller parameters are Kp sc = 0.32 and Ki sc = 1974. Fig. 11. 3-phase inverter controller.
The block diagram of battery CCL is shown in Fig. 8. Similarly, small-
signal disturbances in the duty ratio of battery converter (d̃bat ) to been designed to satisfy phase margin of 60o at 6.47 krad/s and resulting
inductor current of battery (ĩbat ) transfer function (TF)Gcibat (s) [33] is controller parameters are Kp bat = 0.16 and Ki bat = 810.
expressed as,
Design of voltage control loop
ĩbat Vdc Cs + 2 VRdc The block diagram of voltage control loop (VCL) for supercapacitor
Gid bat = = , (5)
d̃bat Lbat Cs2 + LRbat s + (1 − Dbat )2 converter is shown in Fig. 6. The small-signal disturbances in super­
capacitor inductor current (ĩsc ) to DC bus voltage (ṽdc ) TF Gvisc (s) [33] is
here Gid bat is the control-to-inductor-current battery transfer function of expressed as,
BDDC, Lbat is the inductance of battery BDDC and Dbat is the duty ratio of The TF of the VCL is expressed as [33],
battery BDDC, respectively. ( )
The TF of CCL of PI controller is expressed as, Lsc
R(1 − Dsc ) 1 − R(1− Dsc )2
s
Ki ṽdc
Gpi bat = Kp bat +
bat
, (6) Gvi VHESS = = , (8)
s ĩsc 2 + RCs

here Gpi bat is the battery CCL compensator transfer function, Kp bat is the here Gvi VHESS is the control-to-output transfer function of BDDC.
gain of the battery PI controller and Ki bat is the gain of battery PI The TF of VCL compensator is expressed as
controller, respectively.
Gopenloop = Gpi VHESS Gcloseloop sc Gvi VHESS HVHESS , (9)
The open-loop TF of the battery CCL is expressed as VHESS

Here Gpi VHESS is the VCL PI compensator transfer function, Gcloseloop sc

Gopenloop = Gpi bat Gid bat Hbat , (7)
is the closed loop transfer function of SC, Gvi VHESS is the VCL transfer
bat

here Hbat represents current sensor feedback gain. function, respectively.

The parameters for battery converter are presented in Table 1. Fig. 9 Gpi sc Gid sc
depicts the bode plot of CCL with compensator. The PI controller has Gcloseloop sc = , (10)
1 + Gpi sc Gid sc Hsc

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here HVHESS represents voltage sensor feedback gain.

The parameters for SC converter are presented in Table 1. Fig. 10
depicts the bode plot of VCL with compensator. The PI controller has
been designed to satisfy phase margin of 60o at 1.24 krad/s and resulting
controller parameters are Kp sc = 1.68 and Ki sc = 652.

Control strategy for 3-phase inverter

3-phase inverter is primarily used to convert a fixed DC bus voltage

to an AC voltage of varying frequency and voltage. Fig. 11 shows the 3-
phase inverter controller that generates the switching signals. For such
an objective, vector control is utilized for the 3-phase inverter controller,
which is centered on the synchronously moving reference frame. The
dynamic voltage equation through 3-phase inverter filter, shown in
Fig. 2 is represented as equation (11)
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
vLa ia ia va
⎣ vLb ⎦ = Rf ⎣ ib ⎦ + Lf d ⎣ ib ⎦ + ⎣ vb ⎦, (11)
dt
vLc ic ic vc

here vLa , vLb and vLc and ia , ib and ic are the 3-phase voltages and currents,
respectively, through the load and va , vb and vc are the 3-phase inverter
output voltages, respectively. Rf and Lf are the filter resistance and
inductance, respectively.
Such 3-phase variables are translated with angular velocity (ω) into
synchronously rotating (d − q) dimensions and are described as the
following equations
did
vL d = vd − Rf id − Lf + ωLf iq , (12)
dt

did
vL q = vq − Rf iq − Lf − ωLf id , (13)
dt

here vL d , vL q and id , iq represents the (d − q) component of AC voltages

and currents over load side, respectively.

Result and discussion

Simulation results

The studied DCMG is shown in Fig. 2 is simulated in Matlab® envi­

ronment. DCMG component ratings are given in Table 1. The proposed
PMS being implemented for the following two circumstances: Variation
in PV generation and change in load demand.

Case-I variation in PV generation

In this case, from t1 to t2 and t3 to t4 instant, PV power swiftly dips
because of decreasing in solar irradiance that reduced output voltage in
the proportion of PV power. During this time interval, the total load
demand (DC load + AC load) is 390 W, and the total PV power gener­
ation is only 130 W and 288 W, respectively. At this time interval Load
demand is fulfilled by jointly PV and battery energy storage system.
Thus, during this time interval battery is discharging. During this
instant, the high-frequency part has been acquired by SC, which won’t
impose dynamic stress on the battery. At t4 to t5 and t0 to t1 instant, PV
power is suddenly hiked due to an increase in solar irradiance, which
increased output voltage in the proportion of PV power. At this time
instant, the total load demand is 390 W, and total PV power generation
is 395 W and 655 W, respectively. At this time interval, load demand is
fulfilled by only the PV system; therefore, during this time instant bat­
tery energy storage system is charging. Furthermore, during this time
instant, SC has accomplished the high-frequency part, and gradually
transfers the low-frequency element current to the battery, which won’t
Fig. 12. Simulation results for case-I. (a) power-sharing (b) DC bus voltage (c)
put dynamic stress on the battery, as shown in Fig. 12 (a). From Fig. 12
SOC % of HESS (d) Load voltage (e) Frequency waveform.
(b), it is confirmed that the proposed PMS enables the faster and better
DC bus voltage regulation (≈ ± 2.01 V that meets the standard ± 5 %

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Fig. 14. Experimental set up with FPGA-based real-time simulator.

allowed range) in terms of voltage overshoot and settling time and also
battery charging rate is meager; therefore dynamic stress on the battery
is minimal. Fig. 12 (c), represents the variation of SOC % of HESS for
case-I. Fig. 12 (d) shows the waveform of load voltage. Fig. 12 (e) shows
the frequency waveform for case-I, in this case, the inverter circuit is
assigned the reference frequency is taken for phase locked loop (PLL)
and is accountable for keeping the frequency constant.

Case-II change in load demand

In this case, at t1, t2, and t4 instant, load demand increases rapidly as
the load resistance drops from 20 Ω to 9 Ω. Reduced output dc bus
voltage in proportion to load change, as shown in Fig. 13 (b). From
Fig. 13 (b), it is acknowledged that the proposed power management
strategy results in faster and better DC bus voltage regulation (≈ ± 2.1 V
that meets the permissible ± 5 % limit). SC will have absorbed the high-
frequency component that does not impose dynamic stress on the bat­
tery and will also manage the dc bus voltage at 50 V, as shown in Fig. 13
(a). At instant t1 to t2 and t4 to t5, PV generation output power (264 W
and 0 W, respectively) is less than load demand (304 W and 534 W,
respectively) at this time battery is fulfilling the load demand. From the
moment, t0 to t1 and t2 to t3, PV generation (430 W and 622 W,
respectively) is more the load demand (73.8 W and 374 W, respectively),
hence at this time interval, PV meets load demand, and during this time
interval, the battery is charging. Fig. 13 (c), display the variation of SOC
% of HESS for case-II. Fig. 13 (d), shows the waveform of load voltage at
the change in load demand. Fig. 13 (e) shows the frequency waveform
for case-II, in this case, the inverter circuit is assigned the reference
frequency is taken for phase locked loop (PLL) and is accountable for
keeping the frequency constant.

Experimental results

The evaluation of the proposed PMS for DC microgrid with HESS is

done by FPGA based hardware-in-loop (HIL) on a real-time simulator.
The experimental setup used to validate the robustness of the proposed
control approach is shown in Fig. 14. It comprises of host simulator and
target (OP 5700 RTS) simulator along with mixed signal Oscilloscope
(MSO), Harmonic analyzer, and UPS supply. Experimental results for dc
bus voltage and power-sharing among HESS for variation in PV gener­
ation are shown in Fig. 15 (a) and (b). From Fig. 15 (a) it is examined
that major variability in Vdc exists if there is some disturbances in PV
generation occurs. From Fig. 15 (b), at t1 to t2 and t3 to t4 instant
Fig. 13. Simulation results for case-II. (a) power-sharing (b) DC bus voltage (c) respectively, as solar irradiance decreasing in proportion to PV output
SOC % of HESS (d) Load voltage (e) Frequency waveform. power will also decrease, during this time interval, the battery is sup­
plying power to the load. At t3 to t4 instant, PV output power providing
power to the load; at this time interval battery is charging. At every

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Fig. 16. Experimental results for case-II (a) DC bus voltage (b) power-sharing
(c) Load voltage.
Fig. 15. Experimental results for case-I (a) DC bus voltage (b) power-sharing
(c) Load voltage.
II. From Fig. 16 (a) it is examined that major variability in Vdc exists if
there is some disturbances in load changes occurs. From Fig. 16 (b) at
moment, when there is a change in PV generation, the high-frequency
instant t2 to t3 , PV generation output power is less than load demand at
part is acquired by SC, which will not impose dynamic stress on the
this time battery is fulfilling the load demand. From moment t2 to t3 , PV
battery and results in increased battery lifetime. Fig. 16 (a) and (b) show
generation is more the load demand, hence at this time, PV meets load
the experimental results for dc bus voltage and power-sharing for case-
demand, and during this time interval, battery is charging. Fig. 17 shows

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the total harmonic distortion (THD) for AC load is 3%, which follows the
standard IEEE std.519-1992 ± 5 % limit.

Performance comparison between conventional and proposed PMS

To demonstrate the robustness of the proposed PMS, the voltage

overshoot/undershoot and settling time to revive the dc bus voltage
during the above said case-I and case-II are acknowledged. The graph­
ical illustration of the analysis comparison between conventional and
proposed PMS is displayed in Fig. 18 (a) and (b). It is acknowledged from
the results that the proposed PMS results in faster and better dc bus
voltage regulation as well as take less settling time as compared to the
convention PMS.

Conclusion

A novel PMS for faster DC bus voltage regulation and improving the
Fig. 17. THD % of load voltage.
sharing of power between the HESSs is presented in this paper. The
objective of the proposed PMS is to increase the life of the battery by
reducing its stress. The proposed PMS effectiveness is studied using
simulations as well as HIL verification on the DCMG and compared with
the existing conventional PMS results. The proposed PMS admits faster
and better dc bus voltage regulation within the permissible limit of
± 5%(IEEE std. 519-1992). Further, the stability analysis of DC micro­
grid is also performed.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial

interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgment

The authors express their heartily thankful to the Ministry of human

resource development, Government of India, for granting financial
support throughout this research work.

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