EARTH SCIENCE

1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal

Outer Planets (Gas Plantes)
Module 1: Origin and Structure of Earth
 Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (JSUN)
Big Bang Theory – the universe was once very  Made up of gas (helium and hydrogen)
small and very hot, and then expanded over time they remain natural in gas because they are
until it reached its peak around 13.7 billion years too far from the sun.
ago.
GOLDILOCKS ZONE (habitable zone) – orbits of
Cosmic Inflation Theory – the early universe went planets that are neither too hot nor too cold for life
under rapid expansion in space time of pure to exist. It is the range of distance with the right
vacuum energy that has no matter or radiation. temperatures for water to remain liquid

 Alan Guth and Andrei Linde in the 1980s Module 2: Earth’s Structure And Composition

Inflation – refers to the rapid expansion of Shape of Earth – Oblate Spheroid

spacetime. Earth’s core is the center of gravity
Singularity – all matter was compacted into a very
small ball with infinite and intense heat. Earth’s Subsystem

Steady State Theory – universe is always Mohorovicic Discontinuity – Andrija Mohorovicic

expanding at a constant average density matter  crust and upper mantle
is continuously created to form celestial bodies. Repetti Discontinuity –
 upper and lower mantle
 James Jeans in 1920 Guttenberg Discontinuity – Beno Guttenberg
 lower mantle and upper core
Nebular Hypothesis – formed from a rotating gas Lehmann Discontinuity – Inge Lehmann
cloud or nebula of extremely hot gas, the spinning  upper and lower core
cloud of dust made of mostly light elements.
GEOSPHERE
 Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace
1. CRUST – continental crust and oceanic
Planetesimal Theory – the planets were formed by crust
the accumulation of extremely small bits of  Continental crust is thicker than oceanic
matter (planetesimals) that revolved around the crust.
sun.
2. MANTLE – makes up a whopping 84% of
 Victor Safronov, Thomas Chamberlin, Earth's total volume
and Forest Moulton  Largest Layer

Tidal Theory – star passed close to the sun where Asthenosphere – lies on the upper part of the
the tidal force, or the secondary effect of mantle and below the crust.
gravitational pull between the passing star and
the sun. 3. CORE – made almost entirely of metal (iron
and nickel) responsible for the generation of
 James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys in 1918 Earth's magnetic field.

Inner Planets (terrestrial planets or telluric planets)  The shorthand used for the core's iron-
nickel alloys is simply the elements'
 Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars (MVEM) chemical symbols—NiFe.
 They have a solid surface mostly silicate
rocks and metals

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EARTH SCIENCE
1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal
Primordial Soup Theory – Proved that organic
molecules—the building blocks of life—can be
HYDROSPHERE made from inorganic materials.

Water  Alexander Oparin, Stanley Miller and

 Universal solvent John Haldane
 Water could be in a liquid form, not just solid
and gas Deep-sea Vent Hypothesis – Life did not begin on
 Water has a neutral PH the surface instead in the porosity of its crust.
 Water is a good conductor of heat and
energy Scientists have found that rocks beneath the
 Water has a high specific heat seafloor are teeming with microbial life.

WATER CYCLE (ECPIW) Panspermia – it suggests life began on Earth when

the "seeds" of life, already present in the universe,
1. Evaporation arrived here from space.
2. Condensation
3. Precipitation Theory of Uniformitarianism – same geological
4. Infiltration forces acting today are the same in the past.
5. Water Form
 James Hutton (founder of modern geology)
Groundwater – Found beneath Earth’s surface  he believed that Earth is endlessly changing
where there are spaces in the soil and rock.
Aquifer – Acts a reservoir and may contain a large Theory of Evolution – he shared his view about
amount of minerals. natural selection that species evolved based on
the adaptation to a new environment.
ATMOSPHERE
78% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, and 2% other gases  Charles Darwin
such as carbon dioxide, argon, and water vapor.
Module 3: Geologic Processes on Earth
COLDEST TO HOTTEST
Trophosphere 1. Exogenous Processes – it occurs on or
 Densest among the layers near the surface of the Earth, usually
 Weather Is found in this region influenced or driven by gravity, water, wind,
Strathosphere and organisms.
 Airplanes
Mesosphere Weathering – disintegration of rocks, soil, and
 Coldest Layer minerals together with other materials.
 Asteroids
Thermosphere
a. Physical weathering – by mechanical
 Hottest Layer
forces
 Space shuttles
ex. Water, wind, ice and gravity
 Ionosphere – particles of oxygen and
nitrogen are electrically charged by the solar b. Chemical weathering – by chemical
wind. reactions
ex. Rust, acid rain
EXOSPHERE – outermost layer of the atmosphere
c. Biological weathering – natural forces
BIOSPHERE ex. Lichens, human, animals and insects

Erosion – worn away by the wind, water, or ice,

moves of rocks or debris from one place to another.
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EARTH SCIENCE
1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal
Shear stress – Some of the portions of a plate at
the edges may break away in different directions,
eventually making the plate smaller in size.

Mass Weathering – movement of large masses CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY – Wegener

of materials (rocks, debris, soil, etc.) down a slope postulated that there was a gigantic
or steep-sided hill due to the pull of gravity. supercontinent 200 million years ago, which he
named Pangaea, meaning "All earth".
a. Debris flow – when a large amount of
sediments, usually rocks of various sizes Supercontinent – Pangea
falls down the slope 2 supercontinents – Laurasia and Gondwanaland
b. Mudflow – happens when combined soil
and water flow down PLATE TECTONICS THEORY – the theory states
c. Slump – movement of soil along curved that Earth’s outermost layer is fragmented into a
surface dozen or more large and solid plates or slabs called
tectonic plates or lithospheric plates.
Sedimentation – accumulation of materials such
as soil, rock fragments, and soil particles settling on TECTONIC PLATES (lithospheric plates) – are
the grounds. massive, irregular slab of solid rocks that
envelope the surface of Earth.
2. Endogenous Processes – It takes place
within or in the interior of Earth, the SEAFLOOR SPREADING THEORY – The seafloor
driving force is the thermal energy from the was created as mid-ocean ridges, spreading in
mantle. both directions from the ridge system.

Originates from the decay and disintegration of (HAROLD HESS)

radioactive elements in Earth’s core
New oceanic crust continuously spread away from
Magmatism (Igneous Rocks) – Happens when the ridges in conveyor belt motion
magma is generated, happens either under the
surface or on the surfaced of the Earth. “Seafloor Spreading” – coined by Robert S. Dietz

Volcanism or Plutonism (Sedimentary Rocks) – CONVERGENT (destructive plate boundary)

Magma tries to escape from the opening and may  It occurs when two plates are pushing
cause destructive explosions. toward each other.
DIVERGENT (constructive boundary)
Metamorphism (Metamorphic Rock) – it is the  is a zone where two lithospheric plates
process of changing the materials that make up a move apart from each other.
rock. TRANSFORM FAULT (conservative boundary)
 a zone between two plates that slide
Chemical component and geologic characteristics horizontally past one another.
of rock changed due to heat and pressure.  Neither creates nor destroys a crust

Types of Stress that Influence Rock Behavior Module 4: Reconstructing the History of Earth
Compressional stress – Rocks push or squeeze Stratification of Rocks
against one another. The stress produced is
directed toward the center. Stratification – crustal movement, displacement
of soil, and distortion of terrains lead to the
Tensional stress – Rocks are pulled apart, Rocks layering of rocks.
may separate in opposite directions or move
farther away from one another. Dating Methods

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1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal
Geologists may use rock stratigraphy to precisely ANSWER: INNER CORE, OUTER CORE,
date fossils or rock based on their placement in the MANTLE, CRUST
strata, or the series of events.
4. Which of the following subsystem comprise
Relative Dating - a method used to determine the all living things including all things that are
relative order of geologic events. not yet identified?

Absolute Dating - a kind of method that can tell ANSWER: BIOSPHERE

which sediments were deposited first and the
approximate age of the specimen. 5. Which of the following are arranged based
on the temperature based coldest to
Geologic Time Scale hottest?

Geologic Time - refers to the interval of time ANSWER: Trophosphere, Strathosphere,

occupied by Earth’s geologic history. Mesosphere, Thermosphere (TSMT)

Geologic Time Scale – it established based on 6. What part of the atmosphere does the
the type of organisms found in the particular weather occur?
stratum.
ANSWER: TROPHOSPHERE
Evolution of Earth
7. It is the driving forces behind plate
Precambrian Eon - this age is partially supported tectonics, a subject plugging that is
by rock pieces of evidence that state Earth’s continued to be debated today. Which of the
transformation from gaseous liquid to solid. following is NOT a possible cause of plate
motion?
Rocks started to form from the cooling process,
only living forms that are known to exist in extreme ANSWER: GRAVITY
conditions (thermophiles).
8. What do you call the remnant or trace of a
Phanerozoic Eon – this age is characterized by a plant, an animal or an organism that have
physical environment that started to be more or been replaced by rock material?
less conducive to organisms that were evolving.
ANSWER: FOSSIL
QUESTIONS:
9. Who proposed the TIDAL THEORY?
1. Which of the following theories refers that
the universe was once very small and very ANSWER: JAMES JEANS & HAROLD JEFFREY
hot, and then expanded over time until it
reached its peak around 13.7 billion years 10. Which of the following planets are belong to
ago? TELLURIC PLANETS?

ANSWER: BIG BANG THEORY ANSWER: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars (MVEM)

2. Which of the following planets belong to the 11. Which of the following are names of the 2
smaller, inner planets? continents that went on the northern and
southern extremes of the pangea?
ANSWER: MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, MARS
ANSWER: LAURASIA AND GONDWANALAND
3. Starting from the center, the 4 major earth
layers are? 12. What theory stated that the universe is
always expanding and new matter is

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EARTH SCIENCE
1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal
constantly formed as universe continues to ANSWER: EARTH IS THE ONLY LIVING PLANET
expand? AND PRODUCES INTERNAL ENERGY

ANSWER: STEADY STATE THEORY

13. Who proposed the NEBULAR

HYPOTHESIS? 22. Which of the following is included in animals

ANSWER: IMMANUEL KANT AND PIERRE- ANSWER: LAND, WATER, AND AIR
SIMON LAPLACE
23. This occurs when magma is generated,
14. Which gas is considered as the most happens either under the surface or on the
abundant gas in the atmosphere? surfaced of the Earth?

ANSWER: NITROGEN ANSWER: METAMORPHISM

15. Which of the following is NOT an example 24. Which method is used to determine the
of exogenous process? relative order of geologic events?

ANSWER: WEATHER ANSWER: RELATIVE DATING

16. What do you call the process that usually 25. It is an earth subsystem that contains water
happens after magma is formed and tries and other hydrophilic elements?
to escape from the source from the ground?
ANSWER: HYDROSPHERE
ANSWER: PLUTONISM
26. What process by which earth’s surface is
17. What kind of method can tell which worn away by the wind, water, or ice from
sediments were deposited first in the one place to another?
approximate age of specimen.
ANSWER: EROSION
ANSWER: ABSOLUTE DATING
27. What kind of theory propose that a
18. Which of the following refers to the interval spinning cloud of gas made of most light
of time occupied by earth’s geologic elements, and become a solar system
history? consisting of stars with orbiting planets?

ANSWER: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE ANSWER: NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

19. Which of the following refers to a process 28. Which layer protects us from meteorites?
when mud and water combines to fall down
slope? ANSWER: MESOSPHERE

ANSWER: MUD FLOW 29. A method used to determine the relative

order or layer of geologic events?
20. What do you call the geologic process that
occur on or near the earth’s surface? ANSWER: RELATIVE DATING

ANSWER: ENDOGENOUS PROCESS 30. It is a theory proposed by wegener

postulated that there was a gigantic
21. Which of the following is TRUE about earth? supercontinent 200 million years ago,
which he named Pangaea, meaning "All
earth?
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EARTH SCIENCE
1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal

ANSWER: CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

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