CODE MIXTURE IN NOVEL CINTA PELAYARAN

Author: Name

Abstract
This study aims to identify, analyze, and explain forms of code-mixing and
code-mixing in Sariman Ayob's novel Cinta Pelayaran, the functioning of
linguistic phenomena, and the factors that encourage the emergence of code-
switching and code-mixing in literary works. This analysis is a form of qualitative
descriptive research that seeks to describe data systematically, in detail, and in
depth. The sample in this study was taken by purposive sampling technique. The
data in this study are excerpts of conversational sentences in the novel Cinta
Pelayaran . From the existing data an analysis was carried out to identify and
classify the forms of code mixing and code mixing in the novel. In the next stage,
using a purposive sampling technique, a number of data were selected to be
analyzed as sample data in this study. The data collection technique used in this
research is document analysis (content analysis) . The results showed that code
mixing occurred in 48 cases. Code mixing forms are available in six languages
consisting of internal code mixing and external code switching.

Keywords: Code Mixing, Internal, Code Switching

Introduction
The ability to communicate is an important part of the process of
interaction in society. Social interaction will work well if speakers can convey and
interpret messages well. This can be realized if the speaker and interlocutor can
use language that is understood by both parties. The ability to communicate is also
strongly influenced by the abilities possessed by the speaker. This ability is also
strongly influenced by external factors or society. One of the external factors that
can affect this ability is the level of interaction in communication. The lack of
interaction in communication will certainly affect the speakers' habits in honing
their abilities. Limited interaction in the community is of course a separate
problem for people who are in remote or isolated areas (Slow & Rahmawati,
2019) .
In general, the tendency of code-switching and code-mixing occurs more
in spoken discourse. However, code-mixing and code-mixing can also occur in
written discourse for certain reasons, for example expressions that are not quite
right in the language used for other reasons. A novelist, for example, can color his
literary works by presenting code-switching and code-mixing in dialogues
between characters. This is intended to strengthen story ideas and describe
characters more realistically (Slow & Rahmawati, 2019) .
Code is a mixture consisting of two or more different languages in one
utterance or one sentence. This mix-up can appear in lexical forms per word or
phrase, even clauses and other varieties of language in one sentence. Code mixing
is a common occurrence in bilingual and multilingual societies. Code mixing in
the communication process will cause interference in language studies (Rohmani
et al., 2013) .
Code mixing is the use of language units from one language to another to
expand language style or variety of languages, including the use of words,
clauses, idioms, greetings and others. Then the prominent feature in this code
mixing is the relaxed or informal situation (Amri, 2019) . So in conclusion Code
mixing is the mixing of two languages or more languages or varieties of
languages in a speech act or discourse without anything in that situation requiring
the speaker, only a matter of ease and habits that the speaker adheres to.
The characteristics of Code Mixing (code mixing) according to (Amri,
2019) The following describes some of the characteristics of code that distinguish
it from code switching, namely: a) Code mixing is not required by the
circumstances and context of speech as occurs in code switching but depends on
speech (language function). b) Code mixing occurs because of the speaker's
casualness and his habit of using language. c) Mixed modes generally occur and
more in informal (informal) situations. d) code mixing is characterized by the
scope under the clause at the highest level and at the lowest level words.
 Instinctively, humans are always driven to interact and relate, whether to
express opinions, discuss, or talk about other things that happen in everyday life.
Language plays an important role in communicating in society. Language has the
same rules, but because people have different backgrounds and habits, it varies.
One of the factors for the emergence of language selection is the diversity of
ethnic groups in Indonesia which results in variations in the use of language.
Language is a communication tool that humans have to convey messages. Aside
from being a communication tool, language is also used as a means of self-
identification and facilitating the process of cooperation between members of a
social group or community. So, it can be concluded that language is a sound
symbol system as a communication tool that is free to use by humans (Apriani &
Wirawati, 2021) .
A number of study done For identify and analyze mix existing code _ in
several novels. Like research conducted by ( Rohmani et al., 2013) entitled "
Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing in Ahmad Fuadi 's Novel 5 Menara
". This study aims to describe: (1) the forms of code switching and code mixing,
(2) the causes of code switching and code mixing, and (3) the functions of code
switching and code mixing in Ahmad Fuadi's novel Negeri 5 Menara.
Besides that , research similar was also carried out by (Yusnan et al., 2020)
with title “ Code Switching and Code Mixing in the Andalusian Sunstorm Novel
by Hary El-Parsi ”. The results of the study show that in the storm of the Sun
novel there are 7 quotations of Code Transfer and 9 quotations of Mixed Code.
Code Switching and Code Mixing that stands out is Code Switching by mixing
Indonesian, English and Arabic.
Other research was also conducted by (Meldani & Indrawati, 2018) with
title “ Code Switching and Code Mixing in the Novel “The Sweet Sins” by
Rangga Wirianto Putra ”. This research is motivated by the many linguistic
phenomena of code-switching and code-mixing contained in a literary work, as
well as the rarity of language research using literary objects using sociolinguistics
as a theoretical study. The speeches of the characters in the novel use several
languages which indicate the existence of the phenomenon of code mixing and
code switching. This is contained in the novel The Sweet Sins by Rangga Wirianto
Putra .
Study similar other that is research by (Edi Edi et al., 2022) with title “
Code Mixing in Novel Resign! (2018) By Almira Bastari ”. The aims of this study
were (1) to describe the form of code mixing in the novel Resign! (2018) by
Almira Bastari, (2) describes the function of code mixing in the novel Resign!
(2018) by Almira Bastari. The approach used in this research is a qualitative
approach. The qualitative approach in this study is to describe the form of code
mixing and the function of code mixing. The data analysis technique used in this
study is using library techniques and reading and note-taking techniques.
From this description it can be formulated the problems that will be
studied in this study. These problems are related to the form of code-mixing and
code-mixing in the novel Cinta Pelayaran by Sariman Ayob along with the
functions and factors behind the occurrence of these linguistic symptoms. Based
on these problems, this study aims to describe the forms of code-mixing and code-
mixing, functions, and factors that lie behind the linguistic phenomena. In order to
be able to answer these problems, theories related to the research problem will be
used, namely bilingualism, code mixing and code mixing, the functions and
driving factors of the linguistic phenomena, all of which are the field of
Sociolinguistics study.

B Theory and Methods

The type of code mixing is that in the maximum condition code mixing is
the convergence of languages whose elements come from several languages, each
of which has abandoned its function and supports the function of the language it is
attached to. The form of code mixing is divided into five parts, (1) word insertion;
(2) insertion in the form of repetition of words; (3) insertion of intangible clauses;
(4) insertion of phrases: and insertion of idioms (Rahman et al., 2019) .
Code mixing is different from code mixing in the process of occurrence,
the author will try to explain the factors that cause code mixing. The code mixing
process should be a situation when speakers mix two or more languages in a
speech act situation. Factors that cause code mixing can come from a linguistic
perspective. Linguistic factors include several linguistic elements contained in the
conversation process which result in code mixing. Factors that cause code mixing
are, 1) the use of limited code, 2) the use of popular terms, 3) the speaker's
personality, 4) the speaker, 5) the speaker's mode, 6) topic, 7) function. and
purpose of speech, 8) speech acts of variety and language, 9) the presence of a
third person, 10) changing the subject matter, and 11) evoking a sense of humor
(Kaharuddin & Rahmadana, 2020 (Kaharuddin & Rahmadana, 2020) .
This analysis is a form of qualitative descriptive research that seeks to
describe data systematically, in detail, and in depth. This is because the object of
this study is linguistic data and aims to describe the use of language in novels in
the form of speech or dialogue in novels that contain code switching and code
mixing. (Meldani & Indrawati, 2018) . In accordance with the understanding of
the form of qualitative descriptive research which is conveyed in detail and in
depth about the portrait of the condition as it is . The aim of this research is to
identify, analyze, and explain the forms of code-mixing and code-mixing in
Sariman Ayob's novel Cinta Pelayaran, the functioning of linguistic phenomena,
and the factors that encourage the emergence of code-switching and code-mixing
in literary works.
The sample in this study was taken by purposive sampling technique. The
data in this study are excerpts of conversational sentences in the novel Cinta
Pelayarab. From the existing data an analysis was carried out to identify and
classify the forms of code mixing and code mixing in the novel. In the next stage,
using a purposive sampling technique, a number of data were selected to be
analyzed as sample data in this study. The data collection technique used in this
research is document analysis (content analysis) .

Data analysis techniques used by researchers are: a. Reading as a whole

and repeatedly the novel that is used as the object of research. b. Identify the parts
of the story in the novel which are used as research objects. c. Identify each data
in the data group according to the research objectives. d. Describe (describe) data
that has been classified. e. Selecting data according to the objectives that have
been set as a result of research (Yusnan et al., 2020) .
Results and Discussion
The total number of code-switching and code-mixing events contained in
Sariman Ayob's Novel Cinta Pelayaran as a whole is 48 data, consisting of 5
internal code-switching from Indonesian to Javanese, 2 internal code-switches
from Indonesian to Sundanese, 6 internal code switcher code switcher. Indonesian
internal code mixing into Betawi, 1 Indonesian external code mixing into Gaul, 1
Indonesian external code mixing into Hindi, 26 Indonesian external code mixing
into Arabic, 7 Indonesian external code mixing into English.
The total number of forms of code mixing is 95 data, consisting of 5
internal code mixing from Indonesian to Javanese, 1 internal code mixing from
Indonesian to Sundanese, 18 internal code mixing from Indonesian to Betawi, 9
internal Indonesian code mixing. to Gaul, 29 foreign Indonesian codes mixed into
Arabic, 30 foreign Indonesian code mixed into English, 2 foreign Indonesian code
mixed into Mandarin, 1 foreign Indonesian code mixed into French.
Based on the results of the analysis it is known that code mixing occurs
due to several factors. Factors that cause code mixing include speaker factors,
interlocutor factors, background of the speaker's first language, speech situation,
subject matter (topic), purpose, flow, and variety of languages. The following is
an example of a quote showing the causes of code mixing in Sariman Ayob's
Novel Cinta Pelayaran .
(a) Nisya : "Do you really not want to read? It's a shame if you don't
read it. You see contents really good."
aliases : “Really heck, Ma'am ?" ( CDD : p. 8)
(b) Zafri : “ Assalamu'alaikum.”
aliases : “ Wa'alaikumssalam.” ( CDD : p. 45)
(c) Zafri : "Come on, get ready quickly, Mas! Don't let the
exemplary lecturer be late."
(d) Zafri : “ Wear it ,…!” ( CDD : p.337)
(e) Alia : "Is it embarrassing if you go to the mosque? The
problem is besides Zuhr time I Never been to mosque.
Bismillah …” (CDD : p.18)
(f) Ayana : "May he be a godly child who can always calm down
the hearts of everyone around him. Hopefully he can
emulate morals glorious His Majesty the Messenger of
Allah."
aliases : " Amen. ...( CDD : p. 311)

Based on the quote above in part (a) Nisya's attitude towards Alia is about
the contents of a book, does Alia really not want to read it? Then Alia replied
with “Really, Mom?” This shows that Alia does not want to read the book in
question. Code mixing occurs due to speaker factors because speakers want to
respect the other person.
In part (b) of the conversation, Ali's character greets Alia as a courtesy to
visit other people's homes. Ali greeted with Arabic expressions and was
answered by Alia in Arabic too. This code mixing occurs because of the habits or
traditions of Muslims. Code mixing is influenced by interlocutor factors.
In the conversation data part (c) code mixing occurs in the morning. This
speech event occurs in a casual style. The background of code mixing is talk
about readiness to enter work. Code mixing is influenced by the topic of
conversation .
In part (d) code mixing occurs in the campus environment. The speech
event occurs in a serious atmosphere. The code mixing is motivated by talk
about getting used to going to the mosque before prayer time. The code mixing
incident occurred with the appearance of a change in the variety of languages
used by Alia. Initially, Alia used a variety of Indonesian, but then switched to
Arabic (Bismillah…). This code mixing is influenced by the speech situation.
Whereas in part (e) the code mixing occurs in the room. The story takes
place between Ayana and Alia in a relaxed atmosphere. The background of code
mixing is talk about newborn children. At first the speaker used Indonesian, then
the other person answered using Arabic (Aamiin). Code mixing is influenced by
objective factors.
Considering that code mixing is a specific language unit or involves
linguistic elements, Suwito (1983:78-80) distinguishes code mixing into six
forms, namely words, phrases, basters, repetition of words, expressions or
idioms, and clauses. First, a word is a unit of language that can stand alone in the
form of a single morpheme or a combination of morphemes and has meaning.
Second, a phrase is a combination of two or more non-predictive language units.
Third, baster is a combination of two different languages to create a certain
meaning. Fourth, word repetition is a language unit that is duplicated to express a
different meaning from its original form. Fifth, idioms are a combination of two
language units which have their own meanings, but once combined they will
create a new meaning. Sixth, a clause is a combination of grammatical units that
at least consists of a subject and a predicate that have the potential to become
sentences. In addition to the form of language units, code mixing is also a
variation of a particular language.
Suwito (1983:76) explains that there are two characteristics of code
mixing, namely internal and external code mixing. Outward code mixing is the
use of language that incorporates foreign languages into Indonesian. Then,
internal code mixing is the use of the speaker's language by incorporating
regional languages into the national language. The code mixing has an important
role to be studied in depth because it is related to the use of language in society
according to the context. This study does not only look at the structural
characteristics of language units in the code mixing used, but also their role in
communication. This includes the field of sociolinguistics in the study of code
mixing.
Code mixing occurs not because of the demands of the situation, but
because there are other things that cause it. One of them is the dependence on
prioritizing the roles and linguistic functions of other languages in the main
language used. This usually occurs in informal or relaxed situations. For more
details, consider the following examples which are the background of code
mixing.
(a) Dimas : "Later if you or aunt Want to go home, just chat
yes!" ( CDD : p. 225)
(b) Buddha Ruth : "No Yesterday you say the same Buddha if you
 have Miss The same your husband This?" ( CDD : p. 210)
(c) aliases : "Again also if watch in cinema it's delicious, the
screen is big really, so satisfied watching it." ( CDD : p.66)
(d) aliases : "This like deja vu for Sir." (CDD : p. 286)
In speech events (f) code mixing occurs in the form of dialogue conducted
by Dimas, namely the use of English "chat" in Indonesian-language
communication. Code mixing functions to make it easier to convey meaning to
the other party, this means that there is a role factor in the event. Furthermore,
the event of speech (g) is a code-mixing of words in the form of dialogue carried
out by Budhe Ratih, the inclusion of Javanese "Budhe" elements into Indonesian
speech. This word serves to refer to older nicknames, the older sister of the
father or mother in the Javanese tribe. This condition is influenced by the factor
of variance.
In the event of speech (h) is an event of mixing code words in the form of
dialogue carried out by the character Alia, the entry of the Betawi language
"gede" into Indonesian. Code mixing functions to make it easier for the speaker
to explain something to the speech partner. In this event the influence of the
speaker factor is very strong. Meanwhile, speech event (i) is a code mixing event
in the form of a dialogue conducted by the character Alia, the inclusion of
French "deja vu" into Indonesian. Code mixing serves to facilitate the conveying
of meaning. This speech event is influenced by the existence of language factors
conveyed to the interlocutor.
Sungkono (2014: 170) also emphasized that outside code mixing is the
original language mixed with foreign languages. The original language in the
context of this novel is Indonesian. This is evidenced by the dominant
characterization and setting of places in the novel in Indonesia. Thus, Indonesian
as the state language and national language is used as the original language in
this novel. Foreign languages such as English, Mandarin and Arabic are used by
the author in the novel only for certain effects. Nevertheless, it still fits the
context.
 Based on the research data, it is known that the function of code mixing in
the conversation of Cinta Pelayaran includes the function of code mixing to be
more communicative, to convince the topic of conversation, to change the
situation/humor, to make friends, to show anger. . Take a look at some sample
snippets below:
(a) Zafri : “ Assalamu'alaikum.”
aliases : “ Wa'alaikumssalam.” ( CDD : p. 45)

(b) Alia : "Hasn't the memorization been deposited with Father?"

Zidane : “ delicious ” ( CDD : p.263)
(c) Alia : "What do you want to try, Mas?" Ali :” Make dear .” (
CDD : p. 284)
(d) Alia : "O Allah what should I do?"
Driver Taxi: " Neng , Why cry?" ( CDD : p. 134)
Zafri : "Who hit?" aliases : " Man ." ( CDD : p. 70)

Event (a) is a code-switching event in the form of a dialogue, where the

character Zafri greets Alia, then Alia answers in Arabic. A pattern that functions
to be more communicative between two characters. Event (b) is a code mixing
event in the form of a dialogue, in which the character Zidan answers the
questions posed by the character Alia. Code mixing serves to determine the topic
of discussion of Alia's question. Furthermore, event (c) is an event of code-
switching in the form of a dialogue, in which Zafri's character answers questions
raised by Alia's character with an attitude of evoking humor in a seductive
manner. Code mixing functions to divert the conversation into a humorous
atmosphere.

Whereas Event (d) is a code-switching event in the form of a dialogue,

namely the Taxi Driver character trying to ask Alia. Code mixing serves to
familiarize oneself. The event in part (e) is an event of code switching in the
form of a dialogue where the character Alia answers the questions posed by the
character Zafri. The function of code mixing is to express anger at Zafri's
question.
 Sungkono (2014: 170) states that the inner code mixing comes from the
original language. The original language referred to in this context is more
accurately referred to as the mother tongue. This mother tongue reflects the
social and cultural background of the stories expressed in the novel. The setting
of this novel in Indonesia is in Semarang. Characterizations also exist from the
setting of the place. Therefore, the social and cultural background of the local
people narrated in the novel influences the internal code mixing in the language
used by the author. Semarang as one of the places that has Javanese socio-
cultural life makes Javanese as a mother tongue also plays a role as
characterizations used in code mixing.
Conclusion
Several research conclusions can be put forward as follows: The code
mixing event occurred in 48 events. The form of code mixing is found in six
languages which consist of internal code mixing and external code switching.
Internal code mixing consists of Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi, and Gaul.
External code mixing consists of Hindi, Arabic and English. Factors that cause
code switching are influenced by five factors, namely speaker factors,
interlocutor factors, topics of conversation, speech situations, and objectives.
While the function of code mixing that occurs in this study is more
communicative, convincing the topic of conversation, changing the
situation/humor, familiarizing oneself, showing anger.
Form of code mixing event 95 events. The form of code mixing is found in
eight languages consisting of internal code mixing and external code mixing.
Internal code mixing consists of Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi, and Gaul.
Meanwhile, external code mixing consists of Arabic, English, Mandarin and
French. Factors that cause code mixing are influenced by several factors, namely
role factors, variety factors, speaker factors and language factors. While the
function of code mixing that occurs in this study is respecting the other person,
vocabulary needs, familiarizing the atmosphere, providing affirmation,
discussing certain topics, facilitating the conveying of meaning.
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