Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded media

Individual work

Carlos Alberto Ramírez Restrepo

Group 13

15372571

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2023 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity

Answers: (write with your own words)

1. What are the propagation mechanisms of electromagnetic waves?
Direct propagation, Propagation by ground plane reflection, Propagation by
atmospheric reflection, Propagation by satellite relay, Propagation via
microwave links, Propagation by multiple reflection
2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic
wave?
It is when all the energy of the incident ray returns to the medium from which
it comes, because there is no refracted ray, since the refractive index becomes
𝜋
2

3. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic

wave?
This occurs when there is no reflected wave, because the sum between the angle
of incidence and the angle of refraction is equal to 90 degrees. Well, this causes
the reflection Fresnel coefficient to be canceled in the TM mode. That is, this
phenomenon only occurs when the angle of incidence and refraction add up to
90 degrees.

4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of

waves?
The purpose of Snell's law is to calculate the angle of refraction of an
electromagnetic wave, after having crossed a surface that separates two media
with different refractive indices.
Application exercise:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to

the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 13 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 travels

through the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺 ) and collides perpendicularly on a
plane wall of intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = (571 + 20)𝛺. Calculate the
reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ at the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Write the answer with your units.
3. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
4. Paste the calculator image into the report.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.

* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

El coeficiente de reflexión es
𝜂2 − 𝜂1
Γ=
𝜂2 + 𝜂1
591 Ω − 377 Ω
Γ=
591 Ω + 377 Ω
Γ = 0.2210743801653
La reflectancia es

107 2
𝑅= |Γ|2 =( )
484
R = 0.0488738815655
𝑅 = 4.88 %

La transmitancia es
𝑇 =1−𝑅
𝑇 = 1 − 0.0488738815655
𝑇 = 0.9511261184345

𝑇 = 95.11 %
La potencia reflejada es

𝑝1− = 4.88 % × 200 𝑚𝑊⁄ 2

𝑚
𝑝1− = 0.0488738815655 × 200 𝑚𝑊⁄ 2
𝑚
𝑝1− = 0.0097747763131 𝑊⁄ 2
𝑚
𝑝1− = 9.7747763131 𝑚𝑊⁄ 2
𝑚

La potencia transmitida es

𝑝2+ = 95.11 % × 200 𝑚𝑊⁄ 2

𝑚
𝑝2+ = 0.9511261184345 × 200 𝑚𝑊⁄ 2
𝑚
𝑝2+ = 0.1902252236869 𝑊⁄ 2
𝑚
𝑝2+ = 190.2252236869 𝑚𝑊⁄ 2
𝑚

Interpretation: According to the power concepts, explain the meaning of

the value obtained for 𝑃1− and 𝑃2+ .

We can see that the wall absorbs almost all the energy, since the
value is 95.11%, while only a percentage, which is 4.88%, is reflected.
2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 13 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 is
emitted by a generator through the air (𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺 ) and
collides perpendicularly on a wall of intrinsic impedance 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
(571 + 20 )𝛺 and 30𝑐𝑚 thick.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection 𝚪 and transmission 𝝉 seen by the

generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power 𝑷𝒕 that is transmitted to the
receiver.

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Write the answer with your units.
3. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
4. Paste the calculator image into the report.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.

* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

A.
La constante de fase es
ωη1
β=
C0 η2
(2π ∗ 13 × 106 Hz)(377 Ω)
β=
(3 × 108 m⁄s)(591 Ω)

β = 0.1736824094218 rad ∗ m
Calculamos la impedancia de entrada
η3 + η2 tan βx j
ηin = η2
η2 + η3 tan βxj
(377 Ω) + (591 Ω) tan(0.1736 ∗ 0.3) j
ηin = (591 Ω)
591 Ω + (377 Ω) tan(0.1736 ∗ 0.3)j

377.6068807113469 + 18.2509548774109j Ω

El coeficiente de reflexión es
ηin − η1
Γ1 =
ηin + η1
(377.6068807113469 + 18.2509548774109j Ω) − 377Ω
Γ1 =
(377.6068807113469 + 18.2509548774109j Ω) + 377Ω
Γ1 = 0.0013883868118 + 0.0241524639627ί
La transmitancia en la primera cara

T = 1 − | Γ1 |2
T = 1 − |0.0013883868118 + 0.0241524639627ί| 2
T = 0.9994147308666
T = 99.94%
El coeficiente de transmisión es

τ = 1 + Γ1
τ = 1 + Γr
τ = 1.0013883868118 + 0,0241524639627i

El coeficiente de reflexión 2 es
η3 − η2
Γ2 =
η3 + η2
377 Ω − 591 Ω
Γ2 =
377 Ω + 591 Ω
Γ2 = −0.2210743801653
B.
Para calcular la potencia transmitida al receptor debemos
hallar primero la transmitancia 2.

La transmitancia 2 es
T2 = 1 − |Γ2 |2
T2 = 1 − |−0.2210743801653|2
T2 = 0.9511261184345
T2 = 95.11%
Entonces la transmitancia total es
Tt = T1 ∗ T2
Tt = 0.9994147308666 ∗ 0.9511261184345
Tt = 0.9505694536754
Tt = 95.05%

Entonces la potencia transmitida al receptor es

Pt = Tt ∗ p1+

Pt = 0.9505694536754 ∗ 200 mW⁄ 2

m
Pt = 0.1901138907351

Pt = 190.1138907351 mW⁄ 2
m

La reflectancia 2 es
R 2 = 1 − T2
R = 1 − 0.9511261184345
R = 0.0488738815655
R = 4.88%
Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for Γ , τ and Pt .

The reflection coefficient Γ is a value that is needed to be able to calculate

the transmittance, since it is easier to interpret it. On the other hand, the
transmittance T, means that 99.94% of the wave passes the wall, that is
to say that only 0.06% is reflected. On the other hand, the transmittance
coefficient is the relationship between the amplitude of a wave transmitted
through a contact surface and the wave that falls on it. Additionally, the
power tells us how prosperous the electromagnetic wave is in the medium
it is in.
3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several mediums as shown
in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the wave travels through the air and strikes the surface of the
571 𝑜
sweet water at an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = ( + 20) with the surface. Using
20
Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the wave until you find
the value of the angle 𝜃𝑏 .

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Write the answer with your units.
3. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
4. Paste the calculator image into the report.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

𝑜
571
𝜃𝑎 = ( + 20)
20
𝜃𝑎 = 48.55𝑜
El ángulo incidente es
𝜃𝐵 = 90 − 48.55𝑜
𝜃𝐵 = 41.45°
Tenemos que
𝑛1 = 1.0002926
𝑛2 = 1.3330
𝑛1
𝜃𝐵 = sin−1 ( sin 𝜃𝑎 )
𝑛2
1.0002926
𝜃𝐵 = sin−1 ( sin 41.45°)
1.3330
𝜃𝐵 = 29.784824896802437°

Con
𝑛3 = 1.3330
𝑛4 = 1.52
𝑛3
𝜃𝐶 = sin−1 ( sin 𝜃𝐵 )
𝑛4
1.3330
𝜃𝐶 = sin−1 ( sin 29.784824896802437°)
1.52
𝜃𝑎2 = 25.82548485440644°
Con
𝑛4 = 1.52
𝑛5 = 1.0002926
𝑛4
𝜃𝑏 = sin−1 ( sin 𝜃𝐶 )
𝑛5
1.52
𝜃𝑏 = sin−1 ( sin 25.82548485440644°)
1.0002926
𝜃𝐷 = 41.45°
 Video link

URL: https://www.loom.com/share/6dfeaa629d024f9383c3fa1f73f261ae

https://youtu.be/plJxmAy9UJw

References

Referencias
Chen, W. K. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. N/A: Aademic Press. Obtenido de
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

Wiley, J., & Sons, L. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband Wireless., 25 - 70.
Obtenido de
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&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live