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cst181-1 Lecture8

This document discusses functions in C programming. It covers reasons to use functions such as breaking complex tasks into subtasks and eliminating duplicated code. It defines different types of functions and discusses function prototypes, definitions, passing variables between functions, and scope of variables. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating values using functions. Best practices around global variables are also discussed.

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22 views

cst181-1 Lecture8

This document discusses functions in C programming. It covers reasons to use functions such as breaking complex tasks into subtasks and eliminating duplicated code. It defines different types of functions and discusses function prototypes, definitions, passing variables between functions, and scope of variables. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating values using functions. Best practices around global variables are also discussed.

Uploaded by

toin4m
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CST 181­1

structured Programming
Laboratory Session 08
Home work Assignment
Reasons to Use Functions

 Break a complex task into subtasks.


 Eliminates duplicating program instructions.
Functions

 Two types:
Standard library functions(built­in)
User defined functions
 Two varieties:
Those with return values
(Produces a value that can be assigned to a
variable.)
Those with none.
Functions
Prototypes of functions
int main( )
{
..........
}
function_1( )
{
...........
}
function_2( )
{ .........}
Functions

 Each function has a unique name and when the


name is encountered while in execution the
control of the program is transferred to the
statement(s) within the function.
 When the function is ended (returns)the control
is resumed to the next statement following the
function call.
Advantages of Functions

 Well designed functions perform a specific and


easily understood task.
 Complicated tasks should be broken down into
multiple functions and then each can be called
in the proper order.
Function Prototypes
 Using functions in your program requires that you
first declare the function (the prototype). Later you
can implement the function.
 The prototype tells the compiler in advance about
some characteristics(name of the function, return
type and parameters) of a function.
 A function prototype takes the form:
type function­name(type argument­1, type
argument­2, .....);
Examples for prototypes:
void exit(int x);
int kbhit( );
double power(double x, double y);
 The first function returns no value and it takes
an integer argument.
 Second prototype returns an integer value and
has no inputs.
 Third function returns a double value and takes
two double values.
Function Definition
 The definition of a function is the actual body of the
function. It starts with function header, which is the
same as the function prototype but does not end
with a semicolon.
 The function prototype and the definition must
have exactly the same return type, name and
parameter list.
 Function definition takes the form:
Return­type function­name(type argement­1, type argument­2, ..... )
{ Statement(s);
}
Example For Function

Following function which accepts an integer as


the input and returns its square.
int square(int x)
{
int y;
y = x*x;
return y;
}
Example ­01

 Write a program to calculate the square of


given integer number.
Sample Code

int main()
{
int p;
printf("Enter the number:\n");
scanf("%d",&p);
printf("square is %d\n",square(p));
}
Example­02

 Write a program to calculate the commission for


user given sales amount.
commission = 50000 + 0.10 * sales;
Sample Code
Example ­03

 Write a program to calculate the factorial of a


given number.
(Use a function to calculate factorial)
Sample code
In Class Assignment

 Write a C program to calculate the


circumference and area of a circle given its
radius.Implement calculation of circumference
and areas as separate functions.
Sample Code
Passing Variables to Functions

 You can use as many functions as you need in


your programs and you can call a function from
another or even from it­self.
 In order to avoid errors when using functions,
you have to have a clear understanding about
the mechanism of passing variables from one
function to another.
The Scope of a Variable

 A variable has a scope, which determines how


long it is available to your program (or function)
and where it can be accessed from.
 Variables declared within a block are scoped
only to that block; they can be accessed only
within that block and go out of existence when
the execution of the block is completed.
The Scope of a Variable

 A variable declared inside a function is called a


local variable . Scope of a local variable is
limited to the function.
 Such variables are not seen by any other
functions including the main function.
 such as the variable x in Example 01
The Scope of a Variable

 On the other hand you can also define global


variables which are accessible from any
function within the same source file.
 The global variable can be defined within the
program but anywhere outside function block
including the main function.
Global Variable­Example
 For example you can define a global variable
“discount” as follows:
#include <stdio.h>
float discount; //global variable
float sub_total(float total); //function
prototype
int main()
{
....
Best Practices

 A well written C source code should not have


any global variables unless they are specifically
required since an accidental change to a global
variable may produce erroneous results.
Excersice

 Predict the output of each printf function in


Program
Code
Thank you!

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