MCS

CS212-Object Oriented
Programming
Lecture 2
Java Language Fundamentals
(Feb 2023)
Instructor: Lt Col Muhammad Imran Javaid
Email: [email protected]

Military College of Signals , NUST

 Control Flow Statements
• The statements inside source files are generally executed from top to
bottom, in the order that they appear.
• Sometimes, we need to make a decision based on the data we have
– If a certain condition is met, we may do thing A and otherwise thing B
– In other words, we want to structure the flow of our program to perform different actions
based on the values of our variables.
• However, Control flow statements break up the flow of execution by
employing decision making, looping, and branching, enabling program to
conditionally execute particular blocks of code.
• Java provides following types of control flow statements:-
– Decision-Making (if, if-else, switch)
– Loops (while, do-while, for)
– Branching (label, break, continue, return)
2 – Exception-Handling (try, catch, finally, throw)
 Decision-Making
If-else Statement
• The most basic if statement executes single statement block if the boolean
expression is true:
if(boolean expression) {
statement(s)
}

• The if statement with a companion else statement executes the first block if
the boolean expression is true; otherwise, it executes the second block:
if(boolean expression) {
statement(s)
} else {
statement(s)
}
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 If-else Statement
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int time;
System.out.print("Enter present hour (0-23): ");
time = input.nextInt();
if (time < 18) {
System.out.println("Good day.");
} else {
System.out.println("Good evening.");
}
}
4 }
 If-else Statement
• We can use else if to construct compound if statements:

if (boolean expression) {
statement(s)
} else if (boolean expression) {
statement(s)
} else if (boolean expression) {
statement(s)
} else {
statement(s)
}
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 If-else Statement
import java.util.Scanner;
public class CompoundIfElseDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
double percent;
char grade;
System.out.print("Enter Percentage: ");
percent = input.nextDouble();
if (percent < 0.0 || percent > 100.0) {
System.out.println("Incorrect Percentage!");
return;
} else if (percent >= 90.0) { grade = 'A';
} else if (percent >= 80.0) { grade = 'B';
} else if (percent >= 70.0) { grade = 'C';
} else if (percent >= 60.0) { grade = 'D';
} else if (percent >= 50.0) { grade = 'E';
} else { grade = 'F'; }
System.out.printf("Grade: %c\n", grade);
}
6 }
 Conditional Operator
Operator Symbol Form Operation
If c is true then evaluate x,
Conditional ?: c ? x : y
otherwise evaluate y
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ConditionalOperatorDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int x, y, max;
System.out.print("Enter X: ");
x = input.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter Y: ");
y = input.nextInt();
max = (x > y) ? x : y;
System.out.printf("Max: %d\n", max);
}
7 }
 Switch Statement
• Nesting many if-then-else can be complicated
• For cases where we make decisions based on the values of char , integer type,
or String , we can use the switch-case statement
• The switch statement can have a number of possible execution paths.
• A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int primitive data types. It
also works with enumerated types, the String class, and a few special classes
that wrap certain primitive types: Character, Byte, Short, and Integer.
• The body of a switch statement is known as a switch block.
• A statement in the switch block can be labeled with one or more case
or default labels.
• The switch statement evaluates its expression once, value of the expression
is compared with the values of each case.
– If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed. then executes all
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statements that follow the matching case label.
 Switch Statement
• Break basically means “we are finished with this switch , jump to the end of
it (and then execute the next instruction, if any)”
• Control flow continues with the first statement following the switch block.
The break statements are necessary because without them, statements
in switch blocks fall through: All statements after the matching case label
are executed in sequence, regardless of the expression of
subsequent case labels, until a break statement is encountered.
• The default section handles all values that are not explicitly handled by one
of the case sections. switch (expression) {
case label:
statement(s)
break;
...
default:
statement(s)
break;
9 }
 Switch Statement
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int day = 4;
switch (day) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break; case 7:
case 4: System.out.println("Sunday");
System.out.println("Thursday"); break;
break; default:
case 5: System.out.println("Invalid Day");
System.out.println("Friday"); break;
break;
case 6:
System.out.println("Saturday"); }
break; }
}
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 Switch Statement
import java.util.Scanner;
public class SwitchIntDemo {
static final Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice; String selection;
System.out.println("1. Black");
System.out.println("2. White");
System.out.println("3. Red");
System.out.println("4. Green");
System.out.println("5. Blue");
System.out.print("Select a Color (1-5): ");
choice = input.nextInt();
switch(choice) {
case 1: selection = "Black"; break;
case 2: selection = "White"; break;
case 3: selection = "Red"; break;
case 4: selection = "Green"; break;
case 5: selection = "Blue"; break;
default: selection = "Invalid";
}
System.out.printf("Your selection is %s.\n", selection);
}
11 }
 Switch Statement
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.PrintStream;
public class SwitchCharDemo {
static final PrintStream out = System.out;
static final Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String[] args) {
out.println("Which is the capital city of Pakistan?");
out.println("A. Islamabad\nB. Karachi");
out.println("C. Lahore\nD. Peshawar");
out.print("E. Quetta\nYour choice (Select from A to E): ");
char choice = in.next().charAt(0);
switch(choice) {
case 'A': case 'a':
out.println("Correct Answer!"); break;
case 'B': case 'C': case 'D': case 'E':
case 'b': case 'c': case 'd': case 'e':
out.println("Incorrect Answer!"); break;
default: out.println("Invalid Answer!");
}
}
12 }
 Loops
While Statement
• Sometimes, we need to carry out the same command again and again in a program.
• Instead of copying the same code multiple times, we may wrap it into a loop.
• Use the while statement to loop over a block of statements while a boolean
expression remains true.
• The expression is evaluated at the top of the loop:
while (boolean expression) {
statement(s)
}
• Example: public class WhileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 1;
while (count <= 10) {
System.out.printf("%d ", count++);
}
System.out.println("done!");
}
13 }
 Example: Compute GCD
import java.util.Scanner;
public class WhileGcdDemo {
static final Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.print("Enter A: ");
int a = Math.abs(in.nextInt());
System.out.print("Enter B: ");
int b = Math.abs(in.nextInt());
while (b != 0) {
if (a > b) {
a -= b;
} else {
b -= a;
}
}
System.out.printf("GCD: %d\n", a);
}
14 }
 Nested While Loops
public class NestedWhileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int outer = 1;
while (outer <= 5) { // 1...5
int inner = 1;
while (inner <= outer) { // 1...outer
System.out.printf("%d ", inner++);
}
// print newline after each row
System.out.println();
++outer;
}
}
15 }
 do-While Statement
• Use the do-while statement to loop over a block of
statements while a boolean expression remains true.
• The expression is evaluated at the bottom of the loop,
so the statements within the do-while block execute at
least once:
do {
statement(s)
} while (expression);

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 do-While Statement
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.PrintStream;
public class DoWhileDemo {
static final PrintStream out = System.out;
static final Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String[] args) {
int answer;
out.println("Capital city of Pakistan?");
out.println("1. Islamabad\n2. Karachi");
out.println("3. Lahore\n4. Peshawar");
out.println("5. Quetta");
do {
out.print("Your choice: ");
answer = in.nextInt();
} while (answer < 1 || answer > 5);
out.printf("%s Answer!\n",
answer == 1 ? "Correct" : "Incorrect");
}
17 }
 for Statement
• The for statement loops over a block of statements and includes an initialization
expression, a termination condition expression, and an increment expression:
for (initialization ; termination ; increment)
{
statement(s)
}
• The initialization expression initializes the loop; it is executed once, as the loop
begins.
• When the termination expression evaluates to false, the loop terminates.
• The increment expression is invoked after each iteration through the loop; it is
perfectly acceptable for this expression to increment or decrement a value.

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 for Statement
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.PrintStream;
public class FactorialDemo {
static final PrintStream out = System.out;
static final Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String[] args) {
long factorial = 1;
out.print("Enter the number: ");
int number = in.nextInt();
for (int i = 2; i <= number; i++) {
factorial *= i;
}
out.printf("Factorial: %,d\n", factorial);
}
}

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 Prime Factors
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.PrintStream;
public class PrimeFactorsDemo {
static final PrintStream out = System.out;
static final Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String[] args) {
out.print("Enter the number: ");
int n = in.nextInt();
out.printf("Prime Factors: %,d = ", n);
while (n > 2 && (n % 2) == 0) {
out.printf("%d x ", 2);
n /= 2;
}
for (int i = 3; i < (Math.sqrt(n) + 1); i += 2) {
while (n > i && (n % i) == 0) {
out.printf("%,d x ", i);
n /= i;
}
}
out.printf("%,d\n", n);
}
20 }
 for Statement
• The for statement also has another form designed for iteration
through Collections and arrays.
• This form is sometimes referred to as the enhanced for statement, and can be used
to make your loops more compact and easy to read. For example:

public class EnhancedForDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
12, 14, 16, 18, 20 };
for (int item : values) {
System.out.printf("%d, ", item);
}
System.out.println("\b\b ");
}
}

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 break Statement
• The break statement has two forms: unlabeled and labeled.
• We used the unlabeled break in the previous slides of the switch statement. We can also
use an unlabeled break to terminate a for, while, or do-while loop. For example:-
public class DoWhileBreakDemo {
static final PrintStream out = System.out;
static final Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String[] args) {
int value, count = 0, sum = 0;
do {
out.print("Enter value to add 0 to exit: ");
value = in.nextInt();
if (value == 0) { break; }
count++;
sum += value;
} while (true);
out.printf("Sum of %d values: %,d\n", count,
sum);
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}
}
 break Statement
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.PrintStream;
public class ForBreakDemo {
static final PrintStream out = System.out;
static final Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String[] args) {
int value, count, sum = 0;
for (count = 0; count < 10; count++) {
out.print("Enter value to add 0 to exit: ");
value = in.nextInt();
if (value == 0) { break; }
sum += value;
}
out.printf("Sum of %d values: %,d\n", count, sum);
}
23 }
 break Statement
• An unlabeled break statement terminates the innermost switch,
for, while, or do-while statement, but a labeled break terminates
an outer statement.
• The break statement terminates the labeled statement; it does not
transfer the flow of control to the label.
• Control flow is transferred to the statement immediately following the
labeled (terminated) statement.

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 break Statement
public class FindDuplicateDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = { 10, 12, 9, 28, 5, 14, 5, 11, 9, 17 };
int i, j = -1;
boolean found = false;
outter:
for (i = 0; i < (values.length - 1); i++) {
for (j = i + 1; j < values.length; j++) {
if (values[i] == values[j]) {
found = true;
break outter;
}
}
}
if (found) {
System.out.print("Duplicate found at Indices: ");
System.out.printf("%d and %d\n", i, j);
} else {
System.out.println("No Duplicate Found!");
}
}
25 }
 continue Statement
• The continue statement skips the current iteration of a for, while , or do-while loop.
• The unlabeled form skips to the end of the innermost loop's body and evaluates
the boolean expression that controls the loop.

public class OddNumbersDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
if ((i % 2) == 0) { continue; }
System.out.printf("%d, ", i);
}
System.out.println("\b\b ");
}
}

• A labeled continue statement skips the current iteration of an outer loop marked with the
given label.

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 continue Statement
public class PrimeNumbersDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
skip:
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
if (i < 2 || (i > 2 && (i % 2) == 0)) {
continue;
}
for(int j = 3; j < (Math.sqrt(i) + 1); j += 2) {
if ((i % j) == 0) {
continue skip;
}
}
System.out.printf("%d, ", i);
}
System.out.println("\b\b ");
}
27 }
 Copyright Notice

The material in this presentation has been taken from textbooks,

reference books, research literature and various sources on
Internet; and compiled/ edited for classroom teaching at MCS-
NUST without any infringement into the copyrights of the
author(s). The original authors retain their respective copyrights as
per their stated claims. Commercial use of the material contained
herein in full or in part through copying, publication and
reproducing in any form is strictly prohibited

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