09-Kingdom Fungi
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milky waysss09-Kingdom Fungi
Uploaded by
milky waysssBIO103
Basic characteristics of fungi
Cell wall
Eukaryotic made of
chitin
Lacks Produce
chlorophyll; not spores
photosynthetic
Very tough –
resistant to
Heterotrophs –
osmotic effects,
decomposers,
tolerate wide
parasites,
range of
mutualists
temperature
Fungi reproduce via spores – dust-like,
nonmotile haploid microscopic cell.
Spores produced by fruiting bodies.
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Fungal organisation
Germination of spore
produces fine mycelium
with threadlike structures
called hyphae.
Hyphae Mycelium, a highly branched hyphae
Basic fungi life cycle
Sexual reproduction usually
by fusion of 2 haploid (1n)
hyphae.
Fusion of cytoplasm without
fusion of nucleus produces
dikaryotic (n+n) cell – cell
with 2 haploid non-fused
nuclei.
Fusion of nucleus produces
diploid zygote (2n).
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Sexual reproduction usually by
fusion of 2 haploid (1n)
hyphae.
Fusion of cytoplasm without
fusion of nucleus produces
dikaryotic (n+n) cell – cell with
2 haploid non-fused nuclei.
Fusion of nucleus produces
diploid zygote (2n).
Hyphae that only contain one
nucleus – monokaryotic.
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Many hyphae are
coenocytic –
multicellular without
cell walls between cells.
Others have septa
between cellular spaces
containing one or more
nuclei.
Phyla of Kingdom Fungi
Chytridio- Zygo- Asco- Basidio- Deutero-
mycota mycota mycota mycota mycota
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
Generate flagellated cells at some
stage
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Allomyces, a chytrid showing alternation of
generation
• 1n thallus bears male & female
gametangia – produce gametes by
mitosis
• Male & female gametes fuse to form
2n zygote.
• Zygote germinates to form 2n thallus
with 2 types of sporangia
• Zoosporangia – produce 2n zoospores
by mitosis, develop into 2n thallus
• Resting sporangia – undergo meiosis
to make 1n zoospores, develop in 1n
thallus
ZYGOMYCOTA
• Most are decomposers
• Reproduce sexually & asexually
• Hyphae are coenocytic
• Eg: black bread mold Rhizopus stolonifer
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Sexual reproduction of zygomycete
• Heterothallic – mycelium + / - type
• Close growing + & - hyphae induce
formation of gametangium, eventually
forming 2n zygote
• Zygote develops thick-walled
zygotosporagium & undergoes meiosis
to form aerial hyphae with sporangia at
the tip
• Sporangia release spores, spores
germinate to produce 1n hyphae
Asexual reproduction of zygomycete
• Most common
• Hyphae forms sporangia
• Sporangia produce asexual spores by
mitosis
ASCOMYCOTA
• Sac fungi – refers to asci, which carr y the
sexual spores
• Eg: yeast, powder y mildew, cup fungi, morels,
truffles
• Cause Dutch elm disease, ergot disease on r ye,
chestnut blight
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Powdery mildew Truffles Ascocoryne
Dutch elm disease Ergot disease Chestnut blight
Sexual reproduction of ascomycete
• Two 1n mating structures of different
mating type (+/-) come together,
cytoplasm fused but not the 2 nuclei to
produce n+n hyphae
• n+n hyphae develop into ascus / asci
• 1n hyphae surrounds asci to form
ascocarp
• Within ascus, the 2 nuclei fuse
producing 2n zygote
• Zygote undergoes meiosis & mitosis to
produce 8 1n ascospores
• Ascopores released to be carried by the
wind
Asexual reproduction of ascomycete
At the tip of specialized hyphae,
conidiophore, asexual spores
(conidia) are produced
Reproduction of yeast, an ascomycete
• Two 1n yeasts fuse to form 2n
zygote.
• Zygote undergoes meiosis to
form 1n spores.
• Spores germinate & start to bud
again
BASIDIOMYCOTA
• Common mushrooms, toadstool, smut, rusts of
cereal crops
• Develop club-shaped basidium to carr y spores
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Bracket fungus Toadstool Rust fungus on a leaf
Sexual reproduction of basidiomycete
• Different mating type of 1n primary
mycelia fused, producing n+n
secondary mycelium
• When conditions favourable,
compact masses (buttons)
developed along the mycelium
• Mushroom (basidiocarp) grows out
of button
Sexual reproduction of basidiomycete
• Lower surface of basidiocarp is filled
with gills that consists of n+n
basidia
• Within basidium, the 2 nuclei fused
to produce 2n zygote
• Zygote undergoes meiosis
producing 4 1n nuclei. The nuclei
developed into basidiospores
outside basidium
DEUTEROMYCOTA
• Imperfect fungi
• No sexual reproduction, only asexual
• Closely related to ascomycete
• Eg: Penicillium, blue-green mold on food
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Lichen
• Mutualistic/parasitic relationship between
fungus & phototroph
✓ Fungus & green alga
✓ Fungus & cyanobacterium
• Phototroph provides nutrient to fungus, not
clear the benefit to phototroph from fungus
Lichen
• Fungi in lichen can be an
ascomycete or basidiomycete
• Can tolerate extreme
temperatures
• Grow directly on rocks – secrete
acids that breaks down rocks
Types of lichen
1 2 3
Crustose lichen Foliose lichen Fruticose lichen
flat, grow tightly Grow tightly but leaf- Grow erect & have
against rocks, barks like branches
etc
Lichen reproduction
• Produce spore-like soredia that
contain both fungus &
phototroph
• Soredia break off from lichen,
dispersed by wind & water
Most fungi are saprotroph –
decomposers.
Degrade difficult materials,
eg: cellulose, lignin
Some are mutualists with
plant roots (mycorrhizae).
Fungus increases surface
area of roots, roots supply
fungus with food.
Some are parasites, eg:
lichen, disease-causing fungi.
Some cause plant diseases;
very damaging to crops.
Parasitic fungi produce
specialized hyphae
(haustoria) that penetrate
host cells & obtain nutrients.
Used to make food
products.
Eg: fermented beverages
(wine, beer etc), bread,
cheeses, soy sauce etc.
Directly edible.
Eg: mushrooms,
truffles, morels.
Have medicinal value. Eg:
cholesterol drug, fungal
inhibitor, induce labor,
treat blood pressure etc.
Some produce
hallucinogens & toxins.
Eg: psilocybin fungi.
