Children in

Marginalized
Groups
Unit 3 - ECEd 8
•
•
•
Child Laborers/Domestic Workers
Indigenous Peoples
Abused Children
Contents
• Refugees and Displaced Children
• Children at Risk
 Child Laborers/
Domestic Workers
Objectives
In this lesson you will be able to:
• describe the plight of child laborers;
• investigate and articulate the causes and
effects of child labor;
• analyze a case of a child who is doing child
labor; and
• make an action plan to put a stop to or to not
help promulgate child labor practices.
 Child Laborers/Domestic Workers
"work that deprives children of their childhood,
their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful
to physical and mental development"
- International Labour Organization

"work that prevents

him/her to go to school or
leave school ahead of the
required time"
What causes
children to work?
Poverty
The need to have
a better life

• They are used by their very own

parents to earn a living
• Since they are very young, they do not
have a choice but to follow
DOLE Department Order 149
 The International Labour Organization Convention No. 182
clearly defines the worst forms of child labor,
to be forbidden to all persons below the age of 18.
THESE ARE:

a. all kinds of bondage or practices related

to slavery; selling and trading of children,
bondage due to credit, and involuntary or
forced enlistment of children as child
soldiers;

b. the use of children for prostitution, for

producing pornographic materials, or for
pornographic shows;
 The International Labour Organization Convention No. 182
clearly defines the worst forms of child labor,
to be forbidden to all persons below the age of 18.
THESE ARE:
c. the use as couriers, sellers for drugs, and
use of children in services for illegal trade
and unlawful activities; and

d. work which by its

characteristics will be
detrimental to a child's health,
wellness, and morals
 There are two essential
Conventions from the ILO
that provide standards for
governments to use to protect the
rights set out in the United Nations
Convention on the Rights of the Child
ILO Convention
I LO C O N V E N T I O N 1 3 8
• on minimum age stipulates the legal age of
children allowed to work is 15 years old (with
some exceptions made for developing
countries which allows 14 y.o.)
• The children should have finished compulsory
schooling and this allows them to develop
mentally and also physically before working.

HAZARDOUS CHILD LABOR

• defined as "work done by a child below 18 years old that
w i l l c e r t a i n l y I M PA I R t h e c h i l d ' s p h y s i c a l / m e n t a l s t a t e
• this is one of the most TERRIBLE kinds of child labor
Indigenous
Peoples
Objectives
In this lesson you will be able to:
• describe who indigenous people are;
• articulate the challenges indigenous children
face and how these can be overcome; and
• make a case for indigenous children to keep
their identity, language, cultural traditions,
and beliefs and still be progressive.
Indigenous People
• can be found in different countries
• members of small, distinct cultural
groups of people who have their own
culture, language, values, traditions,
and practices
• live away from urban centers
• live differently from mainstream
community
• they have strong links to the land and
natural resources surrounding it
• original or first inhabitants of certain
lands and have been deprived of their
I N D I G E N O U S C H I L D R E N H AV E land and live in resettlement areas
THE RIGHT TO THEIR OWN • vulnerable to abuses and challenges to
C U LT U R E , L A N G U A G E , B E L I E F S , their culture, their way of life, and their
T R A D I T I O N S , A N D P R AC T I C E S identity.
Indigenous and Minority Children
under the Convention on the
Rights of the Children (CRC)
ARTICLE 30

"In those States in which ethnic religious or linguistic minorities or persons of

indigenous origin exist, a child belonging to such a minority or who is indigenous
shall not be denied the right in community with other members of his or her
group to enjoy his or her own culture to profess and practice his or her own
religion or to use his or her own language "

article 30 protects the rights of children from minority

or indigenous groups to enjoy their culture practice
their religion and use their language together with
other members of their group
Indigenous and Minority Children
under the Convention on the
Rights of the Children (CRC)

ARTICLE 17
of the CRC requires states to encourage the mass
media to have particular regard to the linguistic
needs of children from minority or indigenous groups

ARTICLE 19
includes respect for the child's own culture language and
values in the aims of education and upholds the child's rights to
be educated outside the state system
 • There are a lot of efforts being done
to safeguard the rights of indigenous
children,

but still, there is a long way to go for

governments in different countries to
enforce laws that protect their rights

Note
and look after their welfare.
1 - Investigate recent articles about child

Assess
labor in the Philippines. Based on research,
W H AT A R E T H E C A U S E S O F C H I L D L A B O R ?

2 - Discuss how in your own way you could lessen

the number of children engaged in child labor,
what are the specific course of action you and
others can do together ?

3 - Do a research on the different indigenous

peoples in the country. Investigate the present
way of living of these groups.

4 - How are the challenges affecting the indigenous group

affect their children? Why is it important for for these
children to keep the language, culture, beliefs, and
tradition and yet be progressive in these times?
Abused Children
Objectives
In this lesson you will be able to:
• identify the definition and types of child
abuse; and
• recognized indicators that child abuse is
happening
 Republic Act 7610
S P E C I A L P R O T E C T I O N O F C H I L D R E N AGA I N S T A B U S E
E X P L O I TAT I O N A N D D I S C R I M I N AT I O N A C T

child abuse as the maltreatment

whether habitual or not of the child
which includes any of the
following…
Child abuse
1. Psychological and physical abuse
neglect cruelty sexual abuse and
emotional maltreatment;

2. any act by deeds or words which

debases, degrades, or demeans the
intrinsic worth and dignity of a
child as a human being;
Child abuse
3. unreasonable deprivation of
his/her basic needs for survival
such as food and shelter; or

4. failure to immediately give medical

treatment to an injured child resulting
in serious impairment of his/her
growth and development or in his or
her permanent incapacity or death.
Types of child abuse
• Physical
• Emotional
• Sexual
• Neglect
 Physical
abuse
one of the most common types of abuse
that occurs when a child suffers physical
harm committed by a parent or caregiver.
It can be an isolated case and has been
occurring over a period of time.

Examples of this abuse, but

not limited to:
• hitting with belt
• burning with hot water
• kicking
 Emotional
abuse
This type is difficult to define and
sometimes called “psychological abuse”
this occurs when continued emotional
mistreatment is experienced by a child.

Examples of this abuse, but

not limited to:
• giving demeaning remarks
• rejection
• exposure to domestic
violence
 Sexual
abuse
This occurs when any sexual encounter
occurs between a child and an older
person. This happens as well when the
parent or caregiver knows the current of
this abuse and neglects to protect the
child.

Examples of this abuse,

but not limited to:
• exposing of genitals
• engaging in sexual
activity
 Neglect A very common type of child abuse where
the caregiver fails to provide the basic
needs such as food clothing hygiene and
supervision.

Examples of this abuse, but not

limited to:
• left alone
• late or absent from school
• wears filthy and ill-fitting
clothes
• has illnesses and or injuries
that are not treated
• has poor hygiene
Council for Welfare of Children
2015 National Baseline Study on
violence against children:

there is a prevalence of child abuse in

the Philippines to be specific 80% of
Filipino children have experienced
some form them
 Refugees and
Displaced Children
Objectives
In this lesson you will be able to:
• describe the plight of refugees and displaced
children
• analyze the reasons why there are refugees
and displaced children and propose possible
solutions to this challenge
Internal wars in countries, a search
for a better life, and natural disasters
are pushing away families and their
children from their homes
Refugees and Displaced children
• they are forced to flee and live in makeshift temporary
shelters that are unable to provide them with even the
basic necessities of life

• the children are the most vulnerable in these

situations

• they are unable to attend school they do not get

proper nutrition clean water and healthcare they live
in conditions that expose them to extreme weather
conditions and harm

• they are open targets of abuse and violence, and they

are unable to defend themselves

• they are unable to play and just be children

The United nations High Commissioner for
refugees or (UNHCR) defines refugee as

“Someone who has been forced to flee his or her country

because of persecution, war, or violence. A refugee has a well-
founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular (UNHCR, 1951)
social group”

most likely they cannot return

home or are afraid to do so or
an ethnic tribal and religious
violence are leading causes of
refugees fleeing their
countries
• Someone who has been forced to
flee their home but never cross an
IDP
Internally displaced person
international border
• These individuals seek safety
anywhere they can find it – nearby
towns, schools, settlements, internal
camps and fields
• Not protected by international law or
eligible to receive many types of
aids
 All the effects of the situation of being
refugees or internally displaced children
are a violation of the inherent rights of

Closing
the children

they are human beings who are

in the process of growing and
developing and are thus more
susceptible to the effects of the
situation they are in.

note it is imperative that we look out for

their rights and their well-being
Children at risk
Objectives
In this lesson you will be able to:
• Define a child at risk; and
• Identify situations that put a
child at risk
 RA 9344
Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006
• defined as a person under the age of 18 years
who is vulnerable and at risk of committing
criminal offenses
• These offenses are to be committed due to
personal, family, and/or social conditions
I. Experiencing Abuse
Included here is when parents or
caregivers do not give due to
protection to the child.

• Physical
• Emotional
• Sexual
• Neglect
II. Exploitation
According to Save the Children

child exploitation refers to the use of

children by gaining profit usually this results
in harsh treatment that leads to the damage
of the child's health.
 II. Exploitation
TWO forms
• sexual exploitation that involves abusive power for
sexual purposes
Ex: child pornography and prostitution

• economic exploitation that allows a child to work

for the profit
Ex: child soldiers and involvement in domestic work
III. Abandonment or Neglect
According to RA 9523
An act that requires certification of DSWD to
declare a child legally available for adoption

An abandoned child is defined as “a

person below 18 years old that has not
received any care for at least three
consecutive months.
 IV. Out-of-School youth
World sVision
tates that in 2016 nine percent of Filipinos
aged 6 to 24 years old are not in school
which is equivalent to 3.6 million children
This hinders the improvement of the
quality of their life. Children are not able
to reach their full potential.
One main reason why children leave
school is due to the lack of financial
capacity.
V. Street Child

UNICEF has two coexisting categories

about street children:

• on the street
• of the street
 V. Street Child
children “of the street”
live on the street with
other children and are
homeless adults they are
totally on their own
 V. Street Child
children “on the street”
earn their living through
begging and selling
products and return
home at night
VI. Living in Conflict Zones
RA 11188
An act providing for the special protection of children in situations of armed conflict

defines children in
situations of armed conflict
as persons below 18 years
of age who are involved
and affected by armed
conflict. It also includes
those children who are
internally displaced.
Save the Children (2019)
1.8 million children
who are living in
conflict zones
Questions
What effect do these
situations have on
children?
Questions
What are possible
ways to help them?
 Choose one Republic
Act/Legislation mentioned for the
whole unit and create an
infographic
• Present it to the class next meeting (April 26)
RA 11188 – Group 6

RA 9523 – Group 1

RA 9344 – Group 2

RA 7610– Group 5

DOLE Department Order 149 – Group 4

Indigenous and Minority Children under the

Convention on the Rights of the Children (CRC) –
Group 3
Thank
you