Int. J. Mech. Eng. Res.

& Tech 2017

Int. J. Mech. Eng. Res. & Tech 20221

ISSN 2454 – 535X

www.ijmert.com
Vol. 5 Issue. 2, April 2013
Analysis of Composite Plate Failure Under Arbitrary
Tension Load with Central Opening Hole
Shakthi Kapoor, Rehaman & Akthar
Department of mechanical engineering, Kerbala University,

Karbala, Iraq Ema il: [email protected]

ABSTRACT:
The most feasible composite construction has holes built into its basic structure; these holes result
in strong stress gradients. In the construction of buildings, it is crucial to comprehend how the
cutout affects the failure criterion of such composite plates. The failure loads surrounding a hole
in an E-glass/Epoxy composite plate are investigated in this study under the influence of numerous
variables, including fiber volume percentage, loading angle, aspect ratio, and fiber orientation.
Two methods are employed to accomplish the goal. I- Analytical, Lekhnitskii's solution was
implemented using MATLAB version 17, and the generalized formulation that was thus obtained
is coded to produce analytical results. The simulation model was created by II-Numerical using
the finite element program ANSYS 17.2.

KEYWORDS: Strength Parameter; Failure Index; Fiber Orienta tion; Aspect Ratio; Fiber Volume
Fraction; Loading Angle

INTRODUCTION
Due to their high strength-to-weight ratios, low
coefficients of thermal expansion, resistance to
fatigue and corrosion, and the possibility to
specifically customize the fiber orientations to
agiven geometry, applied load, and environment,
fiber reinforced composite materials are
exceptional in application
[1].To lighten the weight of the structure or to
provide access to other portions of the structure,
different hole shapes are required in structural
elements. Some structural components are failing
during the course of their useful lives. It is
common knowledge that a cutout or hole in a
stressed element causes a highly localized load to (SCF) values can be calculated experimentally by
be created nearby [2]. Stress concentration factor utilizing the photoelastic method or

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

An analytical method uses various

mathematical expressions to predict the Lekhnitskii’s Solution for Composite Materials
stress analysis of a composite pla te with
cutout shapes in structure element [8]. Consider an infinite anisotropic plane
subjected to a uniform traction load, 𝑃 with
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Vol. 5 Issue. 2, April 2013
an angle 𝛼 from the x-axis as shown in dimensional for non – attendance of the
Fig.(1). Equilibrium equations into two body force can be expressed a s;
Figure 1. An infinite composite containing a normal elliptical opening The strain
2
compatibility equations can be expressed as;𝜕2 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝜕𝜕2 𝜀𝜕𝜕 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑦
+ =2 (2)
𝜕𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝜕𝜕𝑦
For the plane stress condition, the following stresses and strains are zero
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 𝜎𝑥𝑧 = 𝜎𝑦𝑧 = 0, 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑧 = 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑧 = 0

Consider the generalized Hooke’s law in an anisotropic material, the in-plane strains can be expressed
as
𝜀𝑥𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎16𝜎𝑥
� 𝜀𝜀𝑦 � = �𝑎21 𝑎12 𝑎26 � � 𝜎𝑦 �(3)
𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑦𝑎61 𝑎62 𝑎66𝑟𝑥𝑦
= ⎫
Where, 𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is the elastic compliance. The Airy stress function can be expressed as [9]𝜕𝜕2 𝜙𝜙𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑦 2
⎪
𝜕𝜕2 𝜙𝜙
𝜎𝑦 =
𝜕𝜕𝑥 2 ⎬
𝜕𝜕 𝜙𝜙 ⎪
2

(4)
𝑟𝑥𝑦 = −
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝜕𝜕𝑦 𝖩

Where,𝜙𝜙 is a potential function that can be solved via boundary condition. Substituting Eq.(4) into
Eq.(3) yield
;
∂4ϕ ∂4ϕ ∂4 ϕ ∂4ϕ ∂4ϕ
a11 + (2a12 + a66 ) 2 2 + a22 4 − 2a16 − 2a26 = 0 (5)
∂y 4 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y 3 ∂y ∂x3
The general solution of Eq.(5) in the form 𝜙𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐹(𝑥 + 𝑠𝑦), where 𝑠 is a complex variable.
Therefore Eq.(5) becomes a characteristic equation expressed as;
𝑎11 𝑠4 − 2𝑎16𝑠3 + (2𝑎12 + 𝑎66 )𝑠2 − 2𝑎26𝑠 + 𝑎22 = 0 (6)
The roots of this characteristic equation are complex so 𝑠1,3 = 𝛼1 ∓ 𝑖𝑖𝛽, 𝑠2,4 = 𝛼2 ∓ 𝑖𝑖𝛽,
The general solution of 𝜙𝜙 is given by;
𝜙𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐹1 (𝑥 + 𝑠1 𝑦) + 𝐹2 ( , 𝑥 + 𝑠2 𝑦) + 𝐹3 (x + 𝑠1̅ y) + 𝐹4 (𝑥 + 𝑠̅ 2 𝑦) (7)
Because of 𝜙𝜙 is real Eq. (7) can be written as
𝜙𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑅𝑒[𝐹1 (𝑧1 ) + 𝐹2 (𝑧2 )] (8)
Where, 𝑧𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑖 𝑦, 𝑗𝑗 = 1,2
By solving the characteristic equation and applying the boundary conditions, the in-plane
stress can be expressed as follows [10];
𝜎𝑥 = 2𝑅𝑒 1 1 + 𝑠22 𝐹�2 ]
[𝑠 2 𝐹�

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Vol. 5 Issue. 2, April 2013
𝜎𝑦 = 2𝑅𝑒 [ 𝐹�1 + 𝐹�2 ]
𝑟𝑥𝑦 = −2𝑅𝑒 [𝑠1 𝐹�1 + 𝑠2 𝐹�2 ]� (9)

Savin's Solution for Stress in Composite

Since it is traction free on the surface around the hole as shown in Fig. (1), we can express the traction
are;
𝑓1 = � 𝑌𝑌𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑅𝑒 [ Φ1 + Φ2 ] = 0

𝑓𝑓2 = � 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛 = − 2𝑅𝑒 [ 𝑠1 Φ1 + 𝑠2 Φ2 ] = 0�(10)

The potential function Φ1 and Φ2 obtained from Savin's solution can be expressed as [10];
Φ1 ( 𝑧1 ) = 𝐵1 𝑧1 + 𝜓𝜓0 ( 𝑧1 )
Φ (𝑧 ) = (𝐵 +𝑖𝑖𝐶 )𝑧 �(11)
2 2 2 1 + 2𝜓𝜓0(𝑧 ) 2
The coefficient can be solved as;
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛2𝛼 + 𝛼
) 2, 𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛2𝛼
𝛽1 = (2((𝛼− 𝛼 )2 + (𝛽2 − 𝛽2))
2 1 2 1

𝛽2 = �(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 − 2𝛼1𝛼2)𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛 2𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 + 𝛼2𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛2𝛼�,2((𝛼 − 𝛼 )2 + (𝛽2 − 𝛽2))2 1 2

1

𝐶1 = 𝑃(( 𝛼1 − 𝛼2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + (𝛼 21 ( 𝛼 21− 𝛽 2 ) − 𝛼1 1 (𝛼 22 − 𝛽 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛 2 𝛼 1+ (( (𝛼

1
2
− 𝛽 22 ) − )(2𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
2𝛽 ((𝛼 − 𝛼 )2 + (𝛽2 − 𝛽2))
Where2 2 1 2 1
𝜓𝜓0 ( 𝑧1 ) = −𝑖𝑖𝑃(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑖𝑠1 𝑏)

4(𝑠1 − 𝑠2)𝑏(𝑠2 𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛2𝛼 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼

( +
𝑧1 + �𝑧2 − (𝑎2 − 𝑠2𝑏2)𝑖𝑖𝑎(2𝑠2 𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛 2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛2𝛼
)
𝑧1 + �𝑧2 − (𝑎2 − 𝑠2𝑏2)
1 1 1 1𝑖𝑖𝑃 (𝑎 − 2 𝑏)𝑏(𝑠1 𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛2𝛼
𝑖𝑖𝑎 (2𝑠1𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛2𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛2𝛼 )𝜓𝜓0 (𝑧2 ) = − ( ) ( 2+
)2 2 2
4 𝑠1 − 𝑠2𝑧2 + �𝑧2 − 𝑎 − 𝑠2 𝑏 𝑧2 + �𝑧2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑠2 𝑏2)
( 2 2) (

Substituting in Eq.(10) yield, the stress state at each point in the composite plate due to the
remote stresses can be expressed as:
𝜎𝑥 = 𝑥𝜎 ∞ + 2𝑅𝑒1[𝑠 20 𝜓� 1(𝑧 ) +2 𝑠02 𝜓� 2(𝑧 )]
𝜎𝑦 = 𝑦𝜎 ∞ + 2𝑅𝑒 [0𝜓� 1(𝑧 ) +0 𝜓� 2(𝑧 )]� (12)
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑥𝑦− 2𝑅𝑒 [𝑠 𝜓1𝜓�0 (𝑧1 ) + 𝑠2 𝜓𝜓0� 1( 𝑧 )]
∞

Where, 𝜎∞, 𝜎 ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟∞ are in- plane stresses under uniform tension (P) acting at any angle ( 𝛼 )
measured
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦
form the horizonta l axis, 𝜎 ∞ = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 , 𝜎 ∞ = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛 2 𝛼 , 𝑟 = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 .Therefore, the stress field
around
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦

an elliptical hole in an anisotropic plate subjected to stresses and determined by Eq.(12).The

transformation of orientated stress to principal stresses is performed by the following matrix
expression[11];𝜎� 𝜎2 � = �𝑚2 𝑛2 2𝑚𝑛𝑛2𝑚2 𝑚𝑛𝜎𝑥
� � 𝜎𝑦 �13)𝑟12−𝑚𝑛𝑚𝑛𝑚2 − 2𝑟𝑥𝑦Where, m and n are cosine and sine of fiber orientation
respectively.

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Failure Criteria
The strength of a composite lamina may be the exact failure mode. The Tsai-hill
characterized by five different material criterion predicts failure when the failure
parameters. The Tsai-hill criterion is a index in ply reaches 1. The prediction of
phenomenological material failure theory, the failure of structural components is
which is widely used for composite usually accomplished by comparing the
materia ls which have different strength in stresses or strains to the Materia l ultima te
tension and compression. They are able to limits
12 and this criterion may be expressed
predict overall failure, but cannot predict in the form
[12];

F1σ1 + F2σ2 + F11σ2 + F22σ21 + 2F σ σ + F66τ2 ≥ 1 (14)Where,1 1 1 1−1−11𝐹1

= 𝑡 + 𝑐 , 𝐹2 = 𝑡 + 𝑐 , 𝐹11 = 𝑡 𝑐 , 𝐹2 2 = 𝑡 𝑐 , 𝐹66 = 2 , 𝐹12 = 0.5 �𝐹11 𝐹22 And,
𝑋𝑋 𝑋𝑋 𝑌 𝑌 𝑋𝑋 𝑋𝑋 𝑌 𝑌 𝑆
𝑋𝑋𝑡 , 𝑋𝑋𝑐 , 𝑌 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 𝑐 and 𝑌 𝑡 are the tensile strengths of the ma terial in the fiber and tra nsverse
directions, respectively and S is the shear modulus. Generally, these expressions are based on the process of
adjusting an expression to a curve obtained by experimental tests in next section.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

The finite element technique is a powerful tool which can be used in many engineering applications
by taking advantage of the continuously developing digital computers with fast capability. The
commercial software Ansys 17.2 is user-friendly and easy to design the required model [1, 13].
The meshing process has been done by choosing the suitable element SHELL181 as shown in
Fig.(2) with six degree of freedom at each node. A convergence study was carried out to determine
how used mesh is suitable for accurate results and computing time during analysis. The location of
the elements and therefore the nodes must also reflect any changes in material properties, geometry,
constraint conditions and applied loads.

Figure 2. Shell181 element geometry

In Ansys program, due to the symmetric nature of the plate, only quarter models of composite
plat with hole and simply supported (S.S.) boundary condition is presented in Fig. (3), where u
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and v is the displacement in x

and y direction respectively. The geometry of a plate with various holes can be drawn relatively easily
in Ansys program through Design Modeler.

Figure 3. Quarter composite plat with hole

PROBLEM DESCRIPTON

The physical structure that was used in pressure P=10 MPa at an angle measured
this work is a fiber reinforced composite from the horizontal axis is considered. The
plate and the material properties are model is analyzed for the different aspect
shown in Table.1. A square plate of ratio of the elliptical hole by keeping the
uniform thickness with an opening central dimension of the plate fixed. The width of
hole subjected to the uniform a constant 20 mm and thickness of the plate is 1 mm
[14].
Table 1. Material properties of composite plate

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

In the first stage, the majority of the specimen for tension test using ASTM
experimental research to find the D3039 standard. To ensure the accuracy
properties of composite plate by testing the of the experimental results, some tests
specimen accordance to ASTM standards were prepared at the same conditions. The
with five specimens prepared for each test sample is fix with strain gages in the linear
conditions. This test was done by using the and accidental direction. The loads are
material testing machine as shown in Fig. applied to the sample at a rate of 4 mm/min.
(4). The test was carried out, the tensile A total of 30 to 40 data points for stress
strength was found by testing the and strain is taken until the fiber starts

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Vol. 5 Issue. 2, April 2013
to fracture. The step for obtainment D3410. The shear modulus and shear
accidental tensile strength is such as for strength were found in accordance to
finding the linear tensile strength just the ASTM 7979. Finally, the experimental
sample dimension differs. The data is summarized in Table.2 for various
compression modulus and strength was fiber volume fraction and input into the
obtainment with the combined loading Ansys program through engineering data
compression test according to ASTM [15-18].

Figure 4. Machine and samples of tensile test for composite material

Table 2. Strength properties for composite ply at different fiber volume fraction

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results of the previously described analyze the composite plate.

analysis are presented in this section. The
analytic method was implemented to Figure 5 shows counter of stress fields
research the influence of a variable factor under tension load (10 MPa) in x-
direction at zero loading angle. Here we
on the failure index for the composite
can see that the maximum stress is 27.591
plate. The simulation was carried out
MPa occur at the edge of the hole at
using programs that have been written
periphery of hole.
using Matlab code, in order to efficiently

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Figure 5. Distribution of max. stress in plate with hole (𝑏 = 1, 𝑎 = 3) at 𝜈𝜈𝑓𝑓 = 0.2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃𝜃 = 0°
90°), whereas the minimum value of a
The value of the failure index of the failure index appears to occur at a loading
composite plate is predicted by using Eq. angle equal to (α = 0°).
(14). Based on result presented herein, the
effect of loading angle on the failure index From Fig.(7) it can be seen that ,when the
at different fiber volume fraction and fiber fiber angle equal to the maximum value (𝜃𝜃
orientation a s shown in figures below. = 90°), the failure index smoothly decrease
According to Fig. (6) as the loading angle with the increase of the loading angle, due
increases in this region, the failure index to stress ratio is most sensitive to material
actually slightly increases in all other properties and directly depend on the ratio
fiber volumes fraction, but the rate of this of moduli's. Conversely when the fiber
increase is not constant, due to strength angle equal to the minimum value(𝜃𝜃 =
are most sensitive to material properties. 0°), the fibers are parallel to the x-axis, the
The maximum value of failure index failure index increase with the increase of
occurred at loading angle equal to (α = the loading angle. Another important point
in these figures is observed that, when the
fiber angle equals to (𝜃𝜃 = 45°), the failure
index smoothly decrease with the increase
of the loading angle, until the value of
loading angle equals to (α = 45°) and after
that, the failure index slowly increase with
the increase of the loading angle.

The effect of hole size on the failure index

predicted at different fiber volume fraction
and fiber angle as shown in Figs. (8 and 9)
respectively. It is observed that as the
aspect ratio a / b increases the failure
index reduced gradually and the curves

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Vol. 5 Issue. 2, April 2013
become nearly flat. It is shown that from gives a better approximation of failure
the figures, the rise in failure index in the behavior when the major diameter of the
vicinity of the hole is quite sharp as hole is small. But as the diameter is
compared to the circular hole. In general, increased, the deviation of the Ansys
it can be concluded that the failure index results from the analytical one is higher
is an approximately constant value when the and is equal to 12 %. Moreover, the
aspect ratio greater than unity. deviation increases with loading angle.
One reason for the deviation is that the
Figures (10) and (11) show that approximate solutions and it's to avoid the
analytical results are in good agreement discontinuities of stress that occur across
with finite element method using Ansys inters element boundaries in compatible
program, the discrepancy results obtained is finite element method.
less than 5 %. In general, the Ansys program

Figure 6. Failure index with loading angles at different fiber volume fraction of composite

Figure 7. Failure index with loading angles at different fiber orientation of composite

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Figure 8. Failure index with aspect ratio at different fiber orientation of composite

Figure 9. Failure index with aspect ratio at different fiber volume fraction of composite

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Figure 10. Failure index with loading angles for different technique at (𝜈𝜈𝑓𝑓 = 0.2, 𝜃𝜃 = 0°, 𝑏 =
1, 𝑎 = 3

Figure 11. Failure index with aspect ratio for different technique (𝜈𝜈𝑓𝑓 = 0.2, 𝑎𝑙𝑓𝑓 = 0, 𝜃𝜃 = 0°)

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CONCLUSIONS

In this work, failure behavior of composite The utmost value of failure index utilize
plate (E-glass/Epoxy) with a central hole is at a ply angle of θ= 90° for E-glass/
investigated analytical Epoxy plate, as the fiber orientation
decrease, the stress ratio also decreases
and numerical under the effects of until to reach a constant value.
various factors. From the above As the fiber volume fraction increase, the
mentioned discussions it is important to failure index decreases. However, the
note that these; rate of these decreases is not constant.
The maximum failure index of the In all cases, the utmost failure index
composite plate can be significantly
occurs at the corners of the elliptical
varied by using appropriate fiber
hole. As the aspect ratio of the
volume fraction and dimension of the
hole with respect to the width of the elliptical hole decrease, the failure
plate. index increasers.

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