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 about writing, speaking, and presenting to

different audiences and for various purposes.
 We use paralanguage and suprasegmental in
conversing. – Communication is much more than
words.
 What is Language?
 method of human communication, either  Components of the Communication Process
spoken or written, consisting of the use of  Sender- one who crafts a message, idea, or
words in a structured and conventional way information
 Characteristics:  Encoding- process of converting idea or
 Grammar, Sounds, Vocabulary thoughts of the information into symbols
 Method of Human Communication  Message - the information, idea, thought,
 Mother Tongue/Second Language etc. that the speaker wants to convey
 Acquired/Learned  Channel - means of transmission or
 Language Acquisition distribution of the message
 the process whereby children learn their  Interference - a hindrance that prevents
native language subconsciously effective communication
 Language Learning  Noise, barriers, blocks
 Learning a new language involves  Decoding - receiver’s mental processing of
listening, speaking, reading, writing, interpreting message into meaning
sometimes evena new alphabet and  Receiver - for whom the message was
writing format created and one who receives it
 Language Contact  Feedback - the receiver’s response or
 occurs when speakers of two or more reaction to the sender’s message
languages or varieties interact and  Environment - physical and psychological
influence each other space where the communication happens
 What is Communication?  Context common and shared understanding
 comes from the Latin word “communicare” of the situation
“to share” or “to make common”  Kinds of Barriers
 the process of understanding and sharing  Psychological – thoughts, emotion
meaning  Physiological – health
 relational process of creating and  Linguistic – word meaning confusion
interpreting messages that elicit a response  Cultural – misunderstanding caused by
 Communication is the exchange of cultural differences
information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings by  Physical – environmental factors that limit
one individual to another the sending and receiving messages
 Nature of Communication:  Mechanical –flaw in machinery

It is much
more than
words
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It is
between It is a
two or more process
people
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 Process of Communication  Formal – it is carefully thought to

 Types of Communication
 According to Mode
 Verbal (Oral and Written)
 Non Verbal (Body Language, Hand
Gestures, Facial Expressions)
 Proxemics - disctance
 Oculesics – eye movement
 Pictics – face
 Chronemics –time
 Haptics –touch selected audience to inform, persuade,
 Olfatorics – smell and entertain
 Objectics – things  Informal – casual and takes place in
 Colorics – color ordinary conversation to socialize
 Iconics – signs and symbols  General Principles of Effective Communication
 Kinesics – movement of the body  Know your purpose in communicating
 Visual (Illustrations, Charts, Photo,  Know your audience
Drawings, Maps)  Know your topic
 According to Context  Adjust your speech or writing to the context
 Intrapersonal – within an individual or writing to the context of the situation
 Interpersonal (Dyadic and Small Group)  Work on the feedback given to you
 Transactional – formal, receive  Nine Principles of Effective Communication
specific information  Clarity – understandable
 Principles of Interpersonal  Concreteness – supported by facts
Communication  Courtesy – being polite in terms of approach
 Inevitable – all actions and manner
communicate  Correctness – accurate
 Irreversible – Cannot take back  Consideration – geared towards learners
what was said  Creativity – craft interesting message
 Complex – Interpret meanings  Conciseness – simplicity and directness
from symbols  Cultural sensitivity – empowering diverse
 Contextual – diverse meaning culture and pursuit for gender equality
 Extended Communication – with the use  Captivating- make interesting
of technological tools  Principles of Effective Communication
 Organizational Communication –  9 communication principles into operation as
business environments suggested by Kapur (2020):
 Trustworthiness
 Effective Speaking Skills
  Active Listening
 Intercultural Communication – among  Good Writing Skills
people of diverse cultures  Good Reading Skills
 Mass Communication – to large  Objective Judgement
audience through different modes  Value Difference
 According to Purpose and Style  No Assumptions

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 Authenticity alongside one another, but each cultural group

 Ethical Considerations in Communication does not necessarily have engaging interactions
 Respectful of their audiences. with each other.
 Considerate of the result of their  Socio-Cultural Aspects of Communication (Dapat,
communication. et al, 2016)
 Truthful  Cultural identity
 Efficient in using information  Gender role
 Do not falsify information.  Age identity
 Respectful of the rights of others to  Social class
information.  Religious identity
 Cultural Factors in Multicultural Settings (Cotton,
 GLOBALIZATION - The communication and 2013)
assimilation among individuals, ethnicities, races,  Mother tongue and secondary languages
institutions, governments of various nations  Race
supported by technology and compelled by  Ethnicity
international trade  Gender
 Global Village – different parts of the world from one  Local culture
community linked together by electronic  Religion
communications especially by internet  Regional attire
 Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication  Ancestry, Parents and Families
 Cultural Relativism – cultural norms and  Teachers
values  Friends
 Lack of knowledge of other’s culture  Neighborhood
 Behaviors and beliefs  Education
 Signs and symbols  Profession
 Discrimination and Harassment  Experience
 Stereotypes and prejudices  Politics
 Language Difference  Physical features
 Ethnocentrism  Media
 Body language and gestures
 Strategies to become an effective global  Intercultural Communication
communicator. (www.books forbetterliving.com):  People from different backgrounds often
 Mindful Presence encounter difficulties in processing meanings
 Mindful Listening and understanding messages due to the
 Mindful Speech difficulties in understanding certain factors of
 Unconditional Friendliness communication such as language, context, and
 Mindful Responsiveness meaning. Communication problems often occur
when there is a lack of understanding about how
 Local and Global Communication Multicultural certain cultures "work."
Settings  Forms of Intercultural Communication
 Local –communication with the members of  Interracial communication – communicating
one’s local area with people from different races
 Global –ways to connect across geographic,  Interethnic communication – interacting
political, economic, social and cultural aspect with people of different ethnic origin
 Multicultural refers to a society that contains
several cultural or ethnic groups. People live
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 International communication –  Outer Circle English as a SECOND

communicating between representatives LANGUAGE
from different nations.  Bangladesh, Ghana, India, Kenya,
 Intracultural communication – interacting Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines,
with members of the same racial or ethnic Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Zambia
group or co-culture  Expanding Circle English as a FOREIGN
 Improving Intercultural Communication LANGUAGE
Competence (Dapat, et al, 2016)  China, Caribbean Countries, Egypt,
 People should be mindful of other Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea, Nepal,
communicators who have different cultures. Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South
 People should mindfully choose the suitable America, Taiwan, Zimbabwe
words and actions that are culturally
acceptable to others.  Evaluating Messages and/or images of different types
 People should be skillful and tactful in of texts reflecting different cultures
communicating in multicultural settings.  Multimodal
 People should be observant of the  Multi – many
connection among communication patterns.  Mode – way, channel or medium
 People should open their minds to dissimilar  TEXT
cultures because it can give them fresh  Refers to any sign such as emoticons, emoji,
options to try a new approach in life. pictures lines, drawings, music etc that
expresses or enhances meaning
 Written language is carefully organized and  Text types
explanatory. Words of choice are deliberate and  LiguistIc Landscapes - the language in
follow a particular structure. the environment, words and images
 Spoken language is spontaneous and momentary; it displayed and exposed in public spaces,
is mostly maintained in the form of a dialogue. that is the center of attention.
 Characteristic:  Features of Linguistic Landscape
 top-down (public signs, created
by the state and local
government bodies)
 bottom-up (created by shop owners,
private businesses, etc.)
 Geosemiotics - the study of social
 meaning of the material placements of
 LANGUAGE REGISTERS signs and discourses and of our actions
 Frozen – language that never changes in the material world
 Formal – Standard English  Kinds of Signs
 Consultative – Less formal standard English  Regulatory Signs - These are
 Casual – language among friends used to indicate or enforce
 Intimate – language among friends and traffic laws, regulations or
family requirements which apply either
 Concentric Circles of English at all times or at specified times
 Inner Circle English as a NATIVE LANGUAGE or places
 USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New  Infrastructural Signs - It is
Zealand defined as the basic physical
systems of a business, region, or
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nation and often involves the  Use variety of resources
production of public goods or  Cite Sources
production processes.  Organize Information
 Commercial Signs- These are  Add and format graphics, audio and video
signs, displays, or devices  Add animation and transition
designed, intended or used to  Be creative
encourage or promote purchase  Revise as Needed
or use of goods or services.  Preparing Pecha Kucha Presentation
 Transgressive Signs- These are  Pecha Kucha
signs which violate (intentionally  presentation method that calls for telling a
or accidentally) the story using images rather than reading text
conventional semiotics at that from slides during a PowerPoint
place presentation.
 Online Landscape  20 slides and allow only 20 seconds
 mode used to display wide-screen presentation
content, such as a Web page, image,  6 minutes and 40 seconds.
document or text  Steps on how to make a Pecha Kucha
Presentation
1. Topic in a Sentence
2. Keep Slide text to a Minimum
 MEDIA LITERACY
3. Find the story in your topic
 Media refers to all electronic or digital means
4. Tell story with images
and print or artistic visuals used to transmit
5. Use just few points
messages.
6. Timing
 Literacy is the ability to encode and decode
7. Visual Cues
symbols and synthesize and analyze messages
 BLOGGING –
 Media literacy is the ability to encode and
 Blog
decode the symbols transmitted via media and
 written form with graphics
the ability to synthesize, analyze and produce
 hosted on exclusive websites
mediated messages.
 online event CANNOT be streamed
 Media education is the study of media, including
 Vlog
‘hands-on’ experiences and media production.
 Publishing videos
 Media literacy education is the educational field
 Hosted on video platforms
dedicated to teaching the skill associated with
 Online even CAN be streamed
media literacy.
 Effective ways of introducing a Blog
 Multimedia – form of communication that combines
 Be Short and Direct
different context such as text, audio, images
 Quirky/Funny Opening Sentence or
animations or video into single presentation
Paragraph
 Characteristics of Multimedia Presentation
 Ask a Thought-Provoking Question
 Computer controlled
 Ask a Multiple Choice Question
 Integrated
 Share a Shocking Fact or Statistic
 Be represented digitally
 Share Something Personal
 Interactive
 Withhold a Compelling Piece of Information
 Steps in making communication presentation
 Debunk Conventional Wisdom
 Determine purpose
 Lead With a Success Story
 Identify Target Audience
 Start With a Reader’s Question
 Gather Information
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 Memorized - rote recitation of a

written message that the
 Informative Communication
speaker has committed to
 focuses on talking about people, events,
memory.
processes, places, or things; however,
 Extemporaneous Speaking -
informing an audience about one of these
carefully planned and rehearsed
subjects without being persuasive is often a
speech, spoken in a
difficult task to complete.
conversational manner using
 Clear, accurate and interesting
brief notes
 Persuasive Communication
 Impromptu - presentation of a
 act of presenting arguments to move,
short message without advance
motivate, or change your audience
preparation.
 Influencing your listeners to agree with a
 INQUIRY LETTER
particular point of view
 Written when a person needs more
 CHRACTERISTICS:
information
 Attention - getting introductions
 First paragraph – identify yourself
 Authority to speak
 Second paragraph – explain why you are
 Logical presentation
writing and how will you use the
 Smart pacing
expected information
 Stirring Conclusions
 Third paragraph – list the specific
 Argumentative Communication
information you need
 used to settle disputes
 Conclusion – conclude by offering
 Elements
reading some responding
 Claims – the statement you wish to  EMAIL
prove  Computer- application for the exchange of
 Reasons – statements that support messages between users. Email is the
the given claims – “why” electronic equivalent of a letter
 Support - Evidences that convinces  TYPES:
audiences to support a claim  Welcome – sent to possible buyers after
 Warrant - connection between first subscription
support and claim  Promotional – good deals to buyers
 Lead nurturing – used to educate
potential buyers
 Newsletter – routinely send to all
 Public speaking – process of speaking in a mailing list subscribers
structured, deliberate manner to inform, influence  Onboarding – to strengthen customer
or entertain an audience loyalty
 SPEECH
 Term used to refer to the spoken  EMAIL NOTATIONS
expressions of information and ideas  CB: Identification Initials
(verbal form)  ENCL: enclosure
 TYPES of SPEECH DELIVERY  CC: Carbon Copy
 Reading from a Manuscript -  BCC – Secret Recipient
word-for-word iteration of a  PS – Post Script
written message
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 INTERVIEW – a structured conversation where sparking interest, use them sparingly

one participant asks questions and other provide because they generally do not
answers provide the main points of a story as
 concisely.
 Quotation Lead - use direct quotation
used in first paragraph
 Funny Lead - lead written in a funny
way
 Anecdotal Lead - quick, relevant story
to draw in the reader. The anecdote
must help enhance the article’s
broader point, and you must explain
the connection to that point in the
first few sentences following the
lead.
 Descriptive Lead - describe how an
event happened rather than simply
telling what the event is about
 Nurses
 WRITING A LEAD
A patient note is the primary communication
 Keep It Short: A good lead provides all
tool to other clinicians treating the patient, and
the information the reader requires in
a statement of the quality of care.
just a few words. Ideally, a lead should
 Initial notes: refer to the first or earliest
be between 25 and 40 words.
assessment
 Keep It Simple: Don’t clutter up the lead
 Interim or progress note: refer to the
with unnecessary adjectives or adverbs.
assessment reports done in order to
Also make sure that your lead only
monitor the condition of the patient
discusses one idea to avoid confusion.
 Discharge notes: are the reports given
 Write in Active Voice: Avoid all forms of
once medication is discontinued or the
the verb “to be.” Common exceptions
patient is release from the hospital
include writing about fatalities (“two
 Way of Organizing Patient Notes
people were killed Thursday”) and when
 Subjective (assessment given by the
discussing police activity (“two people
family member or patient himself)
were arrested”). Passive voice is often
 Objective (assessment seen by you
the result of incomplete reporting.
or reflected in laboratory or other
 Structure Your Lead Properly: Put your
medical reports)
most crucial information at the very
 Assessment (diagnosis)
beginning of the sentence. Important
 Plan (procedures to be done to
secondary information can go in
address the diagnosis)
subsequent sentences. Not following
 Journalists
this practice is called “burying the lead.”
o Lead- the beginning of a news story
If you need attribution in your lead,
o Types of Lead
make sure it goes toward the end of the
 Summary Lead or Straight Lead - brief
sentence because it is less important
summary, containing most of the Five
than the information itself.
W’s and H in one sentence.
 Understand the Context: Keep in mind
 Question Lead - ask a question.
what your readers may already know
Although they are effective in

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about your story based on previous o A SWOT analysis is a compilation of your

media coverage. Write in a way that company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities
speaks to these realities and adds and threats. The primary objective of a SWOT
relevant, useful information. analysis is to help organizations develop a full
 Be Honest: Never mislead the reader. If awareness of all the factors involved in making a
you promise a certain type of business decision.
information with your lead, you should  Writing Business and Technical Reports
be ready to deliver. o Report – comprehensive document that covers
 TOURISM all aspects of subject matter
 Tourism o CHARACTERISTICS:
 Activities of people travelling  Presents information
 Tour guiding  Meant to be scanned quickly
 Process of interpreting attractions to  It uses numbered headings and
visitors subheadings
 Communicative Goals :  Short and concise paragraph
1. To inform, remind and advise  Use illustrations
2. Promote and persuade  May have an abstract
3. Build rapport and relationship  May have or may not have references
4. Clarify  Contains recommendations
5. Gather Feedback for improvement o REPORT CATEGORIES
 Communication Tasks for Tour Guides  Formal
1. Receive Telephone Calls  Detailed information
2. Preparing an Itinerary  Complex
3. Giving Tour Commentary  Written account of major project
 Communication Techniques in Dealing with  Ex:
Complaints  Informational – provides data, facts
1. Set a complaints handling policy  Analytical Report -
2. Respond quickly to complaints  Recommendation
3. Be patient, empathetic, and fair with  Research Reports – report usually
customers used in university, product
4. Research the customer’s situation development
5. Involve customers in the solution  Case Study Analysis Reports –
6. Keep customers updated includes real life examples
7. Touch base with the customer afterward  Informal
 TEACHERS  Important data only
o STORYTELL  Routine message
 interactive art of using words and actions to  Written based on the organizations’
reveal the elements and images of a story style and rules
while encouraging the listener’s imagination.  Ex:
 Image Description - a detailed explanation of an  Progress report – provide about the way
image that provides textual access to visual content; project is developing
most often used for digital graphics online and in  Sales activity report – progress of sales
digital files; can be used as alt text in coding to  Personnel evaluation – to assess
provide access to more complete information. employee’s performance
 Communication for Business and Trade  Financial report –financial activities of a
business
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 Feasibility report- assess the viability of a  Avoiding Plagiarism
new project  Presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your
 Literature review – conveys to the own
readers the work already done and the  Ways to avoid:
knowledge and ideas that have been  Quoting
already established on a particular topic  Paraphrasing
 Credit report – individual’s credit history  Summarizing
prepared by a credit bureau  Research
 Communication for Employment  Research involves a scientific method which uses
 The Resume logical and systematic procedure for the
 A forma document that a job applicant acquisition of new knowledge or for the
creates to itemize their qualification verification or confirmation of previous and
 RESUME vs CURRICULUM VITAE existing knowledge to answer problems and to
Resume – concise, 1-2 pages, tailored to apply in practical life
specific jobs  TOPIC PROPOSAL
 CV – Comprehensive, 2 or more pages,  Summary of proposed topic
not made for specific jobs (detailed view  Types of Research
of your profile.  Pure Research
 APPLICATION LETTER  Applied Research
 Application letter – a document that  Policy Research
provides insight into an applicant’s  Categories
experiences and skills  Qualitative
 Cover letter – one part of an application  Quantitative
packet along with portfolio and letters of  Elements:
recommendation  Research title
 MEMORANDUM  Abstract
 A short concise message or record that is  Introduction
used for internal communication  Methodology
 MEETING MINUTES  Results/Findings/Discussion
 Notes taken of discussions and decisions  Conclusion and recommendation
made during meetings  References
 Writing Research: The introduction
 Research Introduction
 Where you set up topic and approach
for the readers

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 Research Method  Elements of a Fiction

 Tools that one uses to do research  Theme
 Settings
 Characters
 Plot
 Point of View
 Writing political  Prose – fiction, non-fictions
 Poetry – Narrative, Lyric, dramatic

analysis paper
 Answering a question about certain political
process and predicting future developments

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 Academic Presentation
 Speaking to a group of people to make a point,
educate or share information
 The Three P’s of an Academic Presentation -
 Plan – set objectives
 Prepare - Organize one’s content. Relevant
to audience’s needs
 Practice - Great delivery of the presentation
 Present -Well thought speech
 Literary Analysis
 Closely studying a text, interpret its meanings
and exploring why the author made certain
choices
 Literary Approaches
 Psychological
 Reader Response
 Feministic
 Historical
 Sociological
 Cultural
 Moral/Huministic
 Formalistic