Dr.

Ayser Muneer Turbomachines

Chapter one
1 Turbomachines:

Turbomachines are devices in which energy is transferred either to, or from, a

continuously flowing fluid by the dynamic action of moving blades on the runner.
Mechanical engineering, describes machines that transfer energy between a rotor and a
fluid, including both turbines and compressors. While a turbine transfers energy from a
fluid to a rotor, a compressor transfers energy from a rotor to a fluid. The two types of
machines are governed by the same basic relationships including Newton's second Law
of Motion and Euler's energy equation for compressible fluids. Centrifugal pumps are
also turbomachines that transfer energy from a rotor to a fluid, usually a liquid, while
turbines and compressors usually work with a gas.

Figure (1-1)

The turbomachines may be classified as:

(a) Open & Enclosed Machines:

(i) Open turbomachines are those which influence an indefinite quantity of fluid, e.
g., propellers, windmills and unshrouded fans. Such machines come generally
under the category of ''Aerodynamics''.
(ii)Enclosed turbomachines in which a finite quantity of fluid passes through a
casing in a unit time.(centrifugal compressor, axial flow turbine)

Fig.(1-1) ship-Propeller

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(b) Absorption and production of power:

(i) Those which absorb power to increase the fluid pressure or head e. g., pumps,
ducted fans and compressors.
(ii) Those which produce power by expanding fluid to a lower pressure or head e.
g., hydraulic, steam and gas turbines.
(c) Types of Fluid Handled:
(i) Those which handle water, e. g., pumps and hydraulic turbines.
(ii) Those which handle steam, e. g., steam turbines.
(iii) Those which handle air or gas, e. g., ducted fans, compressors and gas
turbines.

In this course, we will deal with the enclosed type of turbomachines only.

2- Hydraulic Machines:
Hydraulic machine is a general term used for all devices/ machines handling liquids.
Hydraulic machines consist of:
a) Turbomachines e. g., pumps and hydraulic turbines generally known as roto
dynamic machines. The outdated water wheels will also fall under this category.
b) Reciprocating machines e.g., reciprocating pumps. These are known as
positive displacement pumps.
c) Various water lifting devices e. g., jet pumps, air-lift pump.
d) Pumps transmitting oil under pressure to operate hydraulic controls and
systems e. g. gear pumps, constant delivery and variable delivery pumps.

1-2 Governing Equation:

The following assumptions will be used to drive the governing equation of
turbomachines:
1. Steady flow.
2. One inlet and one outlet.

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3. One- dimensional flow.

4. Incompressible fluid.

The cylindrical coordinate system will be used.

r = radial coordinate.
t = tangential coordinate.
n = normal or axil coordinate. Figure (1-2)

1-2-1 Mass Flow Rate:

The mass flow rate m. through the rotor is calculated by multiplying the radial
velocity Vr by the area (normal) of the flow passing and by the fluid density;
m. =𝜌AVr

1-2-2 Continuity Equation:

Q1 = Q2
A1 V1= A2 V2 …………………………… (1-1)
Where V= velocity of fliud
A= Area of flow normal to the velocity.

1-2-3 Newton's Second Law of Motion, Linear Momentum Equation(M. E):

Fundamental principle of dynamics is Newton's second law of motion which
states that ''the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and
takes place in the direction of the force'', from which we can derive the following
relation;

∑ ̇( ) ……………… (1-2)
= force of machine on fluid.

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1-2-4 Moment of Momentum Equation:

⇒ t- coordinate: Torque = ∑ ̇ (( ) ( ) )
= torque of machine on the fluid.
The torque (T) of fluid on the machine is:
̇ ( ) ( ) …………………. (1-3)
The power (Pt) transferred between the fluid and machine is:
Pt = T ω = 𝜌Q ( ) ( ) ]
But ωr = u, where u = linear speed of the blade (machine).
Thus;
Pt = T ω = 𝜌Q ( ) ( ) ]
Pt = 𝜌 Q ] ………………. (1-4)
If Pt is +ve, then the machine is turbine.
If Pt is -ve, then the machine is pump, fan or compressor.
Equation (1-4) is called the Euler,s Equation of Turbomachines or Fundamental
Equation of Fluid Mechanics. For incompressible fluid it is usually to define the head
transferred between the fluid and machine (h'') as:-
Pt = 𝜌 Q ]= h''

Thus; h'' ……………. (1-5)

1-2-5 Energy Equation (E.E):

Applying the first law of thermodynamic (work + heat = Energy) and using the
previous four assumptions and assuming that no heat is gained or the E.E in the
following form:

………………(1-6)

Where, = head transferred = -hp

= + hT
hp= pump head.
hT = turbine head.
Hl = losses head.
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Type of losses:-
1. Hydraulic losses due to friction.
2. Leakage losses, leaking fluid do not exchange energy with machine (turbine).
3. Mechanical losses.
4. Exit losses.
In equation (1-6) each term has the dimensions of length. Thus P/ , called pressure
head, represents the energy per unit weight stored in the fluid by virtue of the
pressure under which the fluid exists; Z, called elevation head, represents the
potential energy per unit weight of fluid; and V2/2g, called velocity head, represents
the kinetic energy per unit weight of fluid. The sum of these three terms is called the
total head and is denoted by H, thus

Each term in this equation, although ordinarily expressed in meters, represents

Newton meter of energy per Newton of fluid flowing.
If the machine is a pump, h'' = - hp, where hp is the energy head put into the flow by
the pump. If the machine is a turbine, h'' = +hT, where hT is the energy head extracted
from the flow by the turbine.

1-2-6 Force of Jet Impinging on a Moving Curved Vans;

F = Mass of water flowing per second change of velocity of whirl

F = 𝜌 Q (Vt1 – Vt2)

1-3 Relative Velocity:

The key idea in turbo machinery is concept of relative velocity. Suppose you are
standing on this rotating turbo machine. The velocity of fluid you experience while
moving with it is called as relative velocity. If fluid is having an absolute velocity V,
and the blade is moving with a velocity U, then relative velocity experienced by you
will be as follows.
…………………… (1-7)
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For a stationary device in order to have smooth operation, flow should be tangential to
the blade. Similarly in a moving device relative velocity should be tangential to blade
profile. With knowledge of direction of relative velocity and the vectorial
representation of relative velocity, these 3 velocities could be drawn as shown below.
This is known as a velocity triangle.

Figure (1-3) Relative Velocity

Similar velocity triangle can be made on inlet of turbo machine. The beauty of turbo
machinery is that using relatively simple analysis of inlet and outlet velocities you can
predict performance of any turbo machine.
Every instant during particle movement through the wheel we have the following
vectorial relationship;
Where; ⃗ Absolute velocity of the fluid.
⃗ Velocity of the vane (also called peripheral velocity).
Angle that (⃗⃗⃗⃗) makes with the direction of motion of the vane ( ⃗ )
Angle that (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) makes with the direction of motion of the vane ( ⃗ ).
1,2 = represent the inlet and outlet point respectively.
Vt = tangential component of (⃗⃗⃗⃗) [which is called velocity of whirl
(responsible for doing work)].
Vr = radial component of (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) [which is called velocity of flow (Vr) (causes
water to flow through runner (impeller) blades].

Fig (1-5) Relation Velocity Triangles

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It sees from Figure. (1-5) that, whatever the shape of the velocity triangles, we
have
Vsin(α) = W sin(β) ………….(1-8)
And, Vt = Vcosα = u+ W cosβ …… ……….. (1-9)
Also; V2 = u2 + W2 + 2uWcosβ ……………… (1-10)
(From Law of Cosine)
or W2 = V2 + u2 – 2 uW cosα
But V cosα t⇒ W2 = V2 + u2 - 2uVt

∴u Vt = …………. (1-11)

Using equations (1-5), (1-6) and (1-11) we obtain:-

… ………… (1-12)

For turbulent flow; Hl ……….(1-13) [used for jet flowing over vanes]

Where; K= constant found experimentally.

Important Notes:
1. In the following lectures we will find terms like; {'' water discharges radially'',
''radial discharge'', '' water enter radially'', and ''water enter without tangential
component''}, all these terms mean that the absolute velocity is in the radial
direction.(i. e. V = Vr, α = 90o, and Vt = 0).
2. The terms ''radial vane'', and ''the vane is radial at inlet/outlet'' mean that {β =
90o, u = Vt, and Vr = W}.
3. The term ''water enters the vane without shock'' means that the angle of W is the
same as vane angle.
4. Q = A1V1 = A2V2 =a1W1 =a2W2 where; a = area ⊥ W ………..(1-14)
A = area ⊥ V
5. The direction of Vt plays an important role finding out the work done. If u is
great than (w cos β), the value of Vt is positive. Otherwise it is negative.

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1-4 Power and Efficiency of Turbomachines;

The efficiency of a turbine or pump can be broken down into three components;
Volumetric efficiency ( ), Hydraulic efficiency ( ) and Mechanical efficiency
( ).
1-4-1 Hydraulic Turbine Efficiency;

Pi>Pe
The net head available for the turbine (Hnet) is:
Hnet = Hi – He = (Hi - Ha) - ( He- Ha) …………………….(1-15)

Where, H = [ ], is the total head.

From equations (1-6) and (1-15) we have:

̿ = Hnet – Hl …………………… (1-16)
The overall efficiency ( ) of a turbine is defined as:
( )
= = ……… (1-17)
( )

Where (T) is the torque delivered to the shaft by the turbine, (ω) is the relative speed
in (rps), (Q) is the flow rate, and (Hnet) is the net head on the turbine.
The volumetric efficiency ( ) refers to the possible loss of efficiency through
leakage around the outside of the rotor or rotating element. In other words, not all of
the fluid flowing is necessarily effective in the energy transfer process.

= …………… …. (1-18)
( )

Where QL = the leakage around the outside of the runner (rotor) not flowing
inside runner (rotor) [or flowing from high pressure side to low
pressure side without doing work].
Q = Net flow passing through the turbine.

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The hydraulic efficiency ( ) of a turbine is defined as:

=
( )̿ ̿
1 … … … … (1 1 )
( )
The mechanical efficiency (hm) of a turbine is defined as:

… … (1 )

Where; Pout= T ω = bp (brake power).

Pml = power lost in mechanical friction (fp).
Pl = power transferred = ( )̿ ……………. (1-21)
Pt = Pout – Pml ……………………. (1-22)
The mechanical efficiency of hydraulic turbines is usually relatively high, about 95%
to 98%.
The total or overall efficiency can be found by noting that
Pout= T ω = ( )̿
( )̿
Substituting this relation into Eq. (1-17) we have;

∴ ………………… (1-23)

1-4-2 Pump Efficiency;

Pi>Pe

The net head produced by the pump (Hnet) is:

Hnet = He – Hl ………………… (1-24)
From equations (1-6) and (1-24) we have:
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̿ = Hnet + Hl ……………………… (1-25)

The overall efficiency ( ) of a pump is defined as;
( )
= = …………. (1-26)
( )

For pumps, the efficiencies are analogous to those for turbines but they are essentially
inverted. If there is a leakage at a rate (QL) back from the high-pressure side to the
low-pressure side of a pump, there is a loss of energy because work is done upon the
fluid that has leaked. For a pump the volumetric efficiency ( ) is defined as;

… … … … … (1 )

Where QL = the leakage flow rate from high-pressure side to low-pressure side, there
is a loss of energy because work is done upon (QL).
= flow actually delivered.

The hydraulic efficiency of pump is defined as:

(1 )
̿
Where Hl = hydraulic head loss.

The mechanical efficiency of a pump is defined as:

… … … (1 )

Where Pt = (Q + QL) ̿ ………………. (1-30)

Pin = the power at the pump shaft bp= Tω ………….. (1-31)
Pout = output power = (Q) …………… (1-32)
Pml = power lost in mechanical friction fp
Pt = Pin – Pml = bp – fp ……………… (1-33)
From Eq. (1-26) we have;

( )̿
………………… (1-34)

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Example (1-1):
In an inward flow turbine the water comes out of guide vanes and fall with a
velocity of 35 m/s on the runner consisting of a series of curved blades. The speed of
the runner is 300 rpm the vanes have inlet and outlet diameter of 1.8m and 0.9m
respectively. The angle which the guide vanes make with the periphery of the wheel is
30o.
The water after doing work on the runner discharges with on absolute velocity of 3m/s
at an angle of 120o to the wheel tangent. Find the water horse power if the rate of flow
is 300 lit/ sec. determine the best angles of the blades.
Solution
v1 = 35m/s N = 300 rpm D1= 1.8m D2=0.9m
α1 = 30o α2 = 120o v2 = 3m/s Q = 300lit/sec

Draw inlet velocity triangle

1
(1 )

∴ (1 )

1 1

α 1 1

Draw outlet velocity triangle

( ) 1
1 1 1
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Hydraulic or water horse power =𝜌Q ( )

Example (1-2):

A 5 cm- diameter water jet strikes a series of blades with 40 m/sec. the blade
speed is 25 m/sec. if the blade is shaped to deflect the jet through an angle of 150 o
when stationary, the pressure is atmospheric everywhere and the friction causes that
W2=0.9W1, calculate:

1. The bhp produced by the blade.

2. Input power.
3. Power lost due to kinetic energy in exit.
4. Power lost in friction between blade and water.
5. The constant (k) in equation (1-13).

slution

1) djet= 0.05 m, V1= Vt1 = 40 m/sec, α1= 0, ᵦ=0

u1=u2=25 m/sec, β2= 30
W1= V1- u =15 m/sec
W2= 0.9 W1 = 0.9x 15=13.5 m/sec
W2 cos(30)= 11.69

∵ W2 cos (30) < u2 ⇒ shape of outlet triangle will be:

Vt2 = u- W2 cos 30 = 13.31 m/sec

Q = A1 V1 = ( ⁄ ) ×(0.05)2 × 40 = 0.0785 m3/sec

Ptrans= 𝜌Q (u1Vt1 – u2Vt2) = 1000× 0.0785 (25×40 - 25×13.31)

= 52379.1 W/ 746

= 70.21 hp

2) Pin= Q (V1)2 /2g =62800W = 84.18 hp

3) V2= [u2 + (W2)2 – 2uW2 cos 30 ]0.5 = 14.92 m/sec (law of cosine)
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Pexit = 𝜌gQ(V2)2 / 2g = 8743.36 W / 746 = 11.72 hp

4) Plost = Pin – Pexit- Ptrans

= 84.18 – 11.72 – 70.21 = 2.25 hp

5) Plost = 𝜌gQ hl

But from equation (1-13) we have hl = k(W2)2 /2g

Thus, Plost== 𝜌gQ k(W2)2 /2g

Then, k= 0.235

Example (1-3):

A jet of water moving at 12m/sec impinges on a concave vane shape to deflect the
jet through 120o when stationary. If the vane is moving at 5 m/sec, find the angle of jet
so that there is no shock at outlet. What is the absolute velocity of jet at exit in the
work done per kN of water? Assume that the vane is smooth.

Solution: given : V =12 m/sec; angle through which the jet is deflected = 120o.
Therefore β2=180 – 120 = 60o and u1 = 5 m/sec

Angle of the jet at outlet

Since no data is given for the inlet triangle of velocity, therefore the jet of water will be
assumed to move in the same direction as that of the vanes. It is thus obvious, that the
inlet triangle will be a straight line as shown in Fig.

∴ Velocity of whirl at inlet,

Vt1= V1 =12 m/sec

And relative velocity of the jet and vane,

W1= 12- 5 = 7 m/sec

With the velocity of vanes at outlet u2 equal to 5 m/sec, relative velocity W2 = W1

equal to 7 m/sec and vane angle at outlet equal to 60o, draw the outlet triangle of
velocities as show in Fig.

From the geometry of outlet triangle of velocities, find that the velocity of flow

Vr2= W2 sin 60 = 7× 0.866 = 6.06 m/sec

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Vt2 = 5 - W2 cos 60 = 1.5 m/sec

∴ tan β2 = = 4.04

∴β2 = 76.1

Absolute velocity of the jet at exit

From the geometry of outlet triangle of velocity, we also find that

absolute velocity of the jet at exit,

V1 =

Work done per kN of water

We also know that work done per kN of water

= ( Vt1 – Vt2 ) u = 52.5 kJ/sec

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Sheet No. 1
Turbomachines
Chapter One

Q1) A jet of water 100mm in diameter, moving with a velocity of 25 m/sec in

the direction of the vanes, enters the vanes moving with a velocity of 12.5 m/sec.
if the jet leaves the vanes at an angle of 60o with the direction of motion of the
vanes find:

1. The force or the vanes in the direction of their motion, and

2. The work done per second.

Q2) A jet of water 50 mm diameter impinges on a curved vane and is deflected

through an angle of 135o. The vane moves in the same direction as that of the jet
with a velocity of 5 m/sec. If the rate of flow of the water is 30 l/sec, determine
neglecting friction:

1. Component of force on the vane in the direction of motion

2. Power of developed by the vane, and
3. Efficiency.

Q3) Water enters a turbine with an absolute velocity of 20 m /sec at an angle of

20o and exit with an absolute velocity of 5 m/sec at an angle of 80 o. Knowing that
the inlet and outlet radius are 48 cm and 30 cm respectively, and that N=300rpm
and the volume flow rate is 4.8 m3/sec, calculate;

1. The torque applied by the water.

2. The bhp supplied to the shaft.
3. The head transferred to the runner.

Q4) A jet water of water having a velocity of 40 m/sec impinges on a series of

vanes moving with a velocity of 20 m/sec. The make an angle of 30 o to the
direction of motion of vanes when entering and leaves at an angle of 130 o.
(Note: Neglect friction losses). Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet and
find:

1. The angles of vane tip so that water enter and leaves without shock.
2. The work done per kg of water entering the turbine.
3. Efficiency of the turbine.

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Q5) A jet of steam enters a steam turbine with an absolute velocity of 130
m/sec at an angle of 20o and leaves with an absolute velocity of 90 m/sec at an
angle of 150o. Knowing that (mass flow rate = 0.2 Kg/sec), (r1 = r2 =30 cm) and
(u1 = u2 =17 m/sec), calculate;

1. The rotational torque.

2. The bhp produced.

Q6) At a hydrostatic plant the difference in elevation between the surface of the
water at intake and at a tailrace is 180 m. When the flow is 2.2 m3/sec, the
friction loss in the penstock is 18m and the head utilized by the turbine is 138m.
the mechanical friction in the turbine is 100hp and the leakage loss is 0.085
m3/sec.
Calculate;
1. Hydraulic efficiency.
2. Volumetric efficiency.
3. Power delivered to the runner.
4. Power delivered to the shaft bhp.
5. Mechanical efficiency.
6. Overall efficiency.

Q7) Water enters an inward flow turbine at an angle of 30o to the tangent to the
outer rim with a velocity of 35m/sec. The runner consists of a series of curved
blades. The speed of runner is 300 rpm. The runner has outer and inner
diameters of 1.8m and 0.9m respectively. The water after doing work on the
runner discharges with an absolute velocity of 3m/sec at an angle of 120 o to the
wheel tangent. Determined the inlet and outlet angles of the blades and find the
hours power developed if the rate of flow is 300 l/sec.

Q8) A turbine rotating at 200 rpm and operating under a net head of 150 m
delivers a torque of (772 KN.m) to its shaft when the flow rate is 12m3/sec. what
is the efficiency of turbine?

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