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Frobenious Method

1) The document discusses regular singular points of differential equations and the method of Frobenius for solving such equations. 2) A Frobenius series is a solution in the form of an infinite series that is generally not a power series. 3) By substituting a proposed Frobenius series solution into the differential equation, it can be shown that the exponents r of the terms must satisfy a quadratic equation.

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7 views

Frobenious Method

1) The document discusses regular singular points of differential equations and the method of Frobenius for solving such equations. 2) A Frobenius series is a solution in the form of an infinite series that is generally not a power series. 3) By substituting a proposed Frobenius series solution into the differential equation, it can be shown that the exponents r of the terms must satisfy a quadratic equation.

Uploaded by

ABC
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8.

3 Regulcr Singular Points 543


he product of x and a power
series, This turns out to be a very Iruitiol co
Jcctùre; aCCording to Theorein 1(s0on to be
Tom in(1) having x 0 as 'a regular singularstated formally), every equation o1 he
point
such solution. This fact is ihe basisfor the does, indeed, have at least one
Geman mathematician Georg Frobenius (1848-1917), nethod of Frobenius, named tor he
in the 1870s. who discovered the method
An infinite scries of the form in (9) is called a Frobenius series. Note
that
a lrobenius serics is generally not a power series. For instance, with r
series in ; the
(9) takes the form

+;

it is not a scries in integral powcrs of x.


To investigate the possible existence of Frobenius series solutions, we begin
with the equation
x*y+xp«)y +g*)y=0 (10)

obtained by multiplying the equation in (3) by x². If x = 0is aregular singular


point, then p(x) and¡(x) are analytic at x=0, s0

pa) = po t pix+ p2x+Px'+*., (!1)


qr) = go +qix +q2x+q3x' +*.
Suppose that Eq. (10) has the Frobenius series solution

y=)Cntt (12)
n=0

We may (and always do) assume that co #0because the series must have a first
nonzero term. Termwise differentiation in Eg. (12) leads to
Cop
Photo
y=)Gnn +r)xtr-l (13) atio
n=0
Binding
Lain
Paho
Pr
'and
<hri
Sliyam
y'=) (n +r)(a +r - I)xtr-2, (14) No
28
n=0

Substitution of the series in Eqs. (11) through (14) in Eq. (10) now yields
Oop,
Ven
Shep
[rr-I)epx +(r +Drer'l+.]
+[pox+ P't.]·(reyx+r+ Dar't]
+(g0 +q1x t.](cr+ca t.]=0. (15)
The lowest powet ofx that appears in Eq. (15) is x', If Eg. (15) is to be satisfied
identically, then the coefficient r (r-Deo+Por Co +qoco of x must vanish. Because
Co 0, it follows that r must satisfy th¹ quadratic equation
r(r- 1) t por +go =0 (16)

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