'~ 225 ~ Chemisty-9 9, SOLUTIONS KEY FORMULAE -— Massof thesolute Mass of the solvent Mass of the solute Mass of the solution Mass of the solute Mass of the solute + Mass of the solvent 100 Mass percentage x 100 * Volume of the solute Volume percentage | —————_-“"""*_ 100 Se Volume of thesolution ~ Volume percentage Volumé of the solute x 100 Volume of the solute +Volume of the solvent Choose the correct answer. Asolution is a mixture. x a. homogeneous b. heterogeneous c. homogeneous and heterogeneous d. non homogeneous Ans: a. homogeneous The number of components in a binary solution is ; 4 Dee Ce Ts Ans: a. 2 Which of the following is the universal solvent? 9% 3% 3% a Acetone b. Benzene c. Water d. Alcohol Ans: c. Water Asolution in which no more solute can be dissolved in a definite amount of solvent at a given temperature is called a, Saturated solution b.. Un saturated solution ¢. Super saturated solution d. Dilute solution : Ans: a. Saturated solutionOST yh Nae Jution. XAVIER n aqueous SO 1 tify the no! heaeeater’ 5. ee skim eNotes in wa’ ; : in watel pe ziucose in war ewater 4 : : copper sae Hy We sulphide jn carbon - di- sulphide i in carbon - ur as I d, sulphur in ca ‘Ans: d. sulph rature the solubility of 7 is increased at constant tempe | 6. When messi is incre Pee d no react 1 in liqui ts decre E : pes RNa increases ¢ J", imereases by ; fsaltis dissolvedin . is 36g. If25g0 7. Solubility of NaClin 100 ml water It is required for saturation f 100 ml of water how much more sal i , 1. 208 ares 11 Cred 2 S 4 Stee tea Ans: b. 11g I 8. A25%alcohol solution means y a. 25 mlalcohol in 100 ml of water b. 25 mlalcohol in 25 ml of water c. 25 mlalcohol in 75 ml of water d. 75 mlalcohol in 25 ml of water ‘ Ans: c. 25 mlalcohol in 75 ml of water 9. Deliquescence is due to » KK a. strong affinity to water b. less affinity to water ¢. strong hatred to water d. inertness to water : sae Strong affinity to water 10. Pee oe following is hygroscopic in Nature? a. ferric chloride ; , ‘ ©. silica gel F Copper sulphate Penta hydrate None of the above NS: ¢, ii H. Fillin the blanks, Silica gel \ 1, The component Present j f Basset amount, in g Solution j rae Is called ez amalgam Example for liquid in Solid type solution NS: solute IS Ans; PKKPolar compounds are soluble in eae Ans: 100 solvents. Chemistry - 9 " Solubility is the amount of solute dissolved in _g of solvent. Ans: polar Volume Percentage decreases with increase in temperature because Iphig, ; a KK Ans: expansion of liquid ty of hk Match the following. each Column - | Column - II Answers ; 1. | Blue vitriol - | a.| CaSO4-2H20 -| c. | CuSO4-5H20 edin > | Gypsum -|b| cao —_ |-|a.| caso.2120 3, | Deliquescence - | c.| CuSO4-5H20 -|d.| NaOH i Hygroscopic - | d.| NaOH -|b. ca oH ater True or False. (If false give the correct statement) Solutions which contain three components are called binary solution. Ans: False Solutions which contain three components are called ternary solution. Ina solution the component which is present in lesser amount is called solvent. Ans: False Ina solution the component which is present in lesser amount is called solute. Sodium chloride dissolved in water forms a non - aqueous solution, Ans: False Sodium chloride dissolved in water forms an aqueous solution, The molecular formula of green vitriol is MgSOx-7H20- F280, olHO, The molecular formula of epsom salt is MgS04-7H20 Ans: False When Silica gel is kept open, it absorbs moisture from the air, is hygroscopic in nature. Ans: True because itF ~ 228~ Short answers. Define the term: Solution 4, Asolutionis a homogeneow: * rE a i poeting esent in lesser amount by weight | 2. Inasolution, the component pr' is called a solute. 3. The component present i : solvent. Solute + Sovent - What is meant by binary solution? 1, Asolution mustat least be consisting of and a solvent. 2. Such solutions which are made of one solute and one solvent with two components are called binary solutions. or more substance, s mixture of two | nalarger amount by weight is calleda | olUTiO} two components a solute 3. E,g: Addition of copper sulphate crystals to water. Give an example each i Solute Solvent Example Gas in liquid Soda water (carbon - di - oxide dissolved in water) Solid in liquid Sodium chloride dissolved in water aR ol Solid in solid Ppepreie _| Alloys (copper dissolved in gold) ee Gas in gas Mixture of Helium - Oxygen gases see a What is aqueous and non - aqueous solutio, a ee Aqueous solution; % an 1. The solution ition i Baan in which water acts as a soly, nt is called Hi iS. Cis called an aqueous E.g: Common salt in water Non- Aqueous solution: 2. 1. The solution j in whi Wes solvent is call Which any ti uid, other th, ee led anon - aqueous solutio, “lan Water, acts as -8: Sulphur dissolve, pens ‘i din carbon disulphide. | pe VC (i vight da solu e0 ~229 ~ Chemistry -9 Define Volume percentage. Volume percentage is defined as the percentage by volume of solute (in ml) present in the given volume of the solution. Volume percentage = Volumeof thesolute_, 49 : Volume of the solution Volume percentage = Volume of the solute S00 Volume of the solute + Volume of the solvent The aquatic animals live more in cold region. Why? Aquatic animals live more in cold regions because, 1, More amount of dissolved oxygen is present in the water of cold regions. 2. The solubility of oxygen in water is more at low temperatures. Define Hydrated salt. KK 1, When ionic substances are dissolved in water to make their saturated aqueous solution, their ions attract water molecules and attach chemically in certain ratio in a process called hydration. iz These ionic substances crystallize out from their saturated aqueous solution with a definite number of molecules of water. 3, _ The number of water molecules found in the crystalline substance is called water of crystallization. 4. — Such salts are called hydrated salts. 5. E.g: Blue vitriol - CuSO«-5H20 Ahot saturated solution of copper sulphate forms crystals as it cools. Why? : 1. It is due to the water of crystallization. 2. Copper sulphate pentahydrate crystals when heated loses its five water molecules and becomes colourless anhydrous copper sulphate. 3. On cooling, the colourless anhydrous salt turns back into the blue coloured hydrated salt crystals.~ 230 ~ stances into de! phate penta jiquescent, hygroscopic, f* XAVIER hydrate, Silica gel, i ib: . Classify the following su! f Conc. Sulphuric acid, Copper sulj \d Gypsum salt. Calcium chloride an ‘al Hygroscopic 1) Conc. sulphuric acid | 21| Silica gel VI. Long answer. 1. Write notes on. i. Saturated solution: Asolution in which no more solute can be dissolved ina definite amount of the solvent at a given temperature is called saturated solution. 1. 36 gof sodium chloride in 100 g of water at 25°C forms saturated solution. 2. Further addition of sodium chloride, leave it undissolved. ii, Unsaturated solution: 1. An unsaturated solution is one that contains less solute than that of the saturated solution at a given temperature. E.g: 10 g or 20 g or 30 g of Sodium ide i : chloride water at 25°C forms an unsaturated See aa 2, — Write notes on various factors affecting Solubility. Xo 3X There are three main fact : ithevece! ors that affect solubility of a solute.=ond = Chemistry - 9 1. Nature of the solute and solvent: ; 1, The nature of the solute and solvent plays an important role in solubility. 2 Although water dissolves an enormous variety of substances, both ionic and covalent, it does not dissolve everything. 3. Dissolving occurs when similarities exist between the | solvent and the solute. 4. E.g: Common salt is a polar compound and dissolves i readily in polar solvent like water. | Ds Non - polar compounds are soluble in non - polar solvents. edina E.g: Fat dissolved in ether. ture is 6. Non - polar compounds do not dissolve in polar solvents. i: Polar compounds do not dissolve in non - polar solvents. 2. Effect of Temperature: KTS. a a ere eee | Solubility of Solids in Liquid: =| if Solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent increases with sole increase in temperature. | 2. _Inendothermic process, solubility inereases with increase olute | in temperature. erature 3: E.g: Greater amount of sugar will dissolve in warm water f than in cold water. ) g 0} 4, Inexothermic process, solubility decreases with increase in temperature. Solubility of Gases in liquid: ylute: 1, _ Solubility of gases in liquid decrease with increase in temperature. 2, Eg: When water is boiled, the solubility of oxygen in water decreases, so oxygen escapes in the form of bubbles.ie Chemistry. ~ 232 ~ XAVIER : Effect of pressure: ee is observed only in the case of solubility | ! 4, _ Effect of pressure iso ofagasina liquid. 4 2, When the pressure is increased, the solubility ofagasin } 4 liquid increases. Hea 3. Eg carbonated beverages \ | j : | 3, a, Whathappens when MgS0:-7H20 is heated? Write the itt | appropriate equation. ph = ail 1, The water of crystallization of MgS04-7H20 is 7 i 2. When magnesium sulphate heptahydrate heated, it loses seven water molecules, and anhydrous magnesium sulphate. Heatin; MgSOv-7H20 0 eee 50.47 y eran MgSO. + 7H20 Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate b. Define solubility. Solubi efined as Sete number of grams of a solute that | Rath 8 of a solv. solution at a given temperature tre form its saturated ssure. Solubility = Massof thesolute Mass of thesolvent * 100yiER ~ 233 ~ Chemistry - 9 In what way hygroscopic substances differ from deliquescent substances. | ity, - f Piyeroscopic substances Deliquescence substances in | When exposed to the 1,| When exposed to the atmospheric air |atmosphere at ordinary | | temperature, they absorb | | at ordinary temperature, they | moisture and do not dissolve. | | absorb moisture and dissolve. i ‘ Z SI 1, They do not change its 2) They change their physical state on | | physical state on exposure to | exposure to air. | | jair. | ent They may be amorphous 3, They are crystalline solids. solids or liquids. {| They are used as drying 4 | They cee in water forming agents. | saturated solutions. 5) Eg: Quick lime, silica gel 5.| austic soda, Caustic potash Asolution is prepared by dissolving 45 gof sugar in 180 g of water. Calculate the mass percentage of solute. Solution: Given: Mass of solute =45¢ a Mass of the solvent = 180g __Mass of the solute Mass percentage of solute = Masconche Solita Mace ortie eee x 100 eis Aaa Oeae 45 = 395 * 100 — 4500 25: Mass percentage ofsolute =20%Chemistry. ~234~ of aq eous solution of i itres , XAVIER ‘ ent in 15 litt’ jution. anol is pres' anol solu a oe fer volume percent ole | e i 15 litre | youre of aqueous solution of ethanol peiitre Volume of ethanol Volume of thesolute_ x 100 7 Volume percentage = V/ojume of the solution i | = 35. 100 = 23.33% | Vil. HOT. | ater, Sarath ater. Who will get | 4. _ Vinu dissolves 50 g of sugar in 250 ml of hot w: ! dissolves 50 g of same sugar in 250 ml of cold w ! faster dissolution of sugar? and Why? f Ans: Vinu will get a faster dissolution of sugar. Reason: 1. _ Solubility ofa solid solute in a liquid solvent increases with the increase in temperature. it 2. Hence, a greater amount of sugar will dissolve in warm water} than in cold water. s 2. ‘A’isablue coloured crystalline salt. On heating i D Y 5 ing it loses colour and to give ‘B’. When water is added, ‘Be saan Identify A and B, write the equation. : Solution: 1. gives back to ‘A’. A- blue colour crystalline salt - Copper sulphate pentahydratel 2. When blue coloured co 1 pper sul rys! loses its five water molecul ulphate crystals are gently heated, i e 5 copper sulphate, S and becomes colourless anhydrous} CuS04:5k Heati 4SH20 eee ie brerpremsaim nc Cooling uSO4 + 5H20 Pentahydrate) (Ay B - Anhydrous copper sulphate (Anhydrous copper sulphate)“ ~235~ : Chemistry -9 Will the cool drinks give more fizz at top of the hills or at the foot? Explain. 1, Cool drinks will give more fizz at top of the hills than at the foot due to decreased atmospheric pressure. 2. As pressure decreases the solubility of gas in a liquid also decreases. ditional Questions: 1. To Match Column - I Column - II Answers 1. Epsom salt - a. FeS0s.7H20 - ¢, MgS0s.7H20 1 Green vitriol - b. ZnS0s.7H20 - a. FeS04.7H20 3. White vitriol - ¢ MgSOs.7H20 ~ b. ZnSOs.7H20 get\4, Solution - d. twocomponents’ - e. homogeneous 5. Binary - ‘e. homogeneous - d, twocomponents Column - I Column - II Answers Aqueous solution - a. carbondisulphide - e, water 2 Non-aqueous solution - b. blue - a. - carbon disulphide th )3 Copper sulphate - c.. colourless - b. blue Pentahydrate 4. Anhydrous copper -' d. higheramountof .- . colourless jat2| sulphate solute 5. Concentrated solution - e. water - d. higher amount of solute , Column - I Column - II Answers 1 Endothermic process - a. effect of pressure - b. solubility increases Exothermic process - .b. solubilityincreases - c. solubility E decreases rat}. Henry’s Law - ¢. solubilitydecreases - a. effect of pressure edil® Blue Vitriol - d. 7 water molecules - €. 5 water molecules rots} Epsom salt - e. Swatermolecules - d. 7water molecules ‘ 5 Choose the correct answer The common name for copper sulphate pentahydrate is @ ~~ Epsomsalt b. — Gypsum cote Blue yi iol d. Green vitriol Ans: c. Blue vitriolChemistry ~ 236 ~ XAVIER > MgS0s-+.7H20 ‘ Mgs03-2H20 4. MgSO«-7ii,g) 3 2 . NaOH-H20 b. CaSO45H20 © Ans: 4d. MgSO+-7h9 i vitriol is __——__ 4 3, Thenumber of water molecules i blue vit ans: de 5 5 : 7 birtteBrn | a -orrect. 7) 4, Which of the following Stee atae on heating. i. Hydrated salts become all ei eat ite SI : 7 ii, The water of crystallization of Pi gas in liquid is given by Henry's Law, | Bir The alters ate oe Fol Ae in non - polar solvents. 4 iv. Non - polar compounds are soluble i lA a. iis correct b. ji, &iii. are correct c. ii, &iv. are correct ; iii. & iv. are corre A d. none of the above are correct Ans: ¢. ct its solvent. 5. An aqueous solution i omen Rater? d none of the above a. ether 3 Ans: c water OM 6. Uniform distribution of solute into solvent is called | 4 a. water of crystallization b. saturation | @ pedletolition d none of the above 1 Ans: c. dissolution) A) 7. ~ Hygroscopic substance are used as___agents. a alternating — b. cooling @ drying d. inducing Ans: c. drying | De 8. Nature of the solute and solvent, temperature and pressure are the factors affecting) A) a temperature b. salinity ©; saturation d solubility | py Ans: d. solubility | 3 9, Solutions are classified into aqueous and non - aqueous based on the type of Ay a. solute b. solvent c solution d. none of the ab 7 ove Ans: b. Ivent 10. _ Solutions are classified into sat £0 tie tpect urated, unsaturated and Super saturated based on Auton toute b. solvent | A solution d. none of : : the abov: 11, When two solutes are dissolved in one solventa © ‘ARS: a solute | a primary b iia solution is formed. © ternary none oe \ a e lied the ‘Universalsoiveny “PVE Ans: c. ternary | 4 Mercury bg | thanol ©. M & * ethanol d._none of the abd Ans: d. none of the abovt aeChemistry - 9 3, State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the statement if it is false. Solute acts as a dissolvin, Ans: False Solvent acts as a dissolving medium in a solution. ‘Slaw, | chemical state is the primary factor which determine the characteristics of the solution, Ans: False Physical state is the primary factor which determine the characteristics of the solution. : Correg) Allmixtures are solutions, but all sol 'g medium in a solution. lutions are not mixtures. Ans: False above All solutions are mixtures, but all mixtures are not solutions. Tr When the pressure is increased, the solubility of a gas in liquid decreases. Ans: False When the pressure is increased, the solubility of a gas in liquid increases The effect of temperature on the solubility of a gas in liquid is given by Henry’s law blution| Ans: False The effect of pressure on the solubility of a gas in liquid is given by Henry cing law. ng Deliquescence substances are used as drying agents iffecting Ans: False Hygroscopic substances are used as drying agents. lity | Peliquescent substances lose their crystalline shape and ultimately dissolve in the bility | absorbed water forming a super saturated solution. fi Ans: False Deliquescent substances lose their crystalline shape and ultimately dissolve in the absorbed water forming a saturated solution pawater formas | 4. Assertion and Reason } [eter Assertion: _ Differentiating solutions as dilute and concentrated is a qualitative petal gt] representation. * e Reason ; The extent of dissolution ofa solute in a solvent can be better . explained by its solubility. & Aand Rare correct, R explains the A. TY |} ~ Aiscorrect, Ris wrong. | & ~ Ais wrong, Ris correct. a Aand Rare correct, R doesn't explains A. Ans: d. Aand Rare correct, R doesn't explains A re abo abov’238 Chemi 2 : 2 Non - polar compounds are pe neh Solubility ofa solid solute in a liqui sol in temperature. a. _ Aand Rare correct, R explain: b. _ Aiscorrect, Ris wrong. cc. Ais wrong, Ris correct. } d. Aand Rare correct, R doesn't explains A. ‘Ans: c. Aiswrong, Ris correct Assertion: The number of water molecules called water of crystallization. On heating these hydrated crystalline crystallization and become amorphous or jolvents. increases with increas, is the A. found in the crystalline substances, salts, they lose their water of lose their colour a. Aand Rare correct, R explains the A. b. Ais correct, Ris wrong. c. _ Aiswrong, Ris correct. d. _ Aand Rare correct, R doesn't explains A. Ans: a. Aand Rare correct, R explains the A | 5. Analog ] Binary solutions two components Ternary solutions ______ (three components) Epsom salt MgSOs-7H20 Gypsum i % ——__—___ (CaSO4-2H20) Hygroscopic silica gel ) Deliquescence ‘ Aqueous solution fe ape (caustic soda) Non - aqueous solution bees si (benzene Iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate d Green vitriol White vitriol (zinc sulphate hepta hydrat Endothermic process solubility increases Exothermic process —— (solubility decreases) . Problem solving 1.5 g solute is dissolved in 15 g of water to fo Find out the solubili ee solubility of the solute at the te rm a saturated soluti ti BK mera t ion at 2% Mass of solute Fin’ soll att wh sol Ca So , 1 = 15 $ Mass of the solvent = ie SE~ 239 ~ Chemistry - 9 Mass of thesolute Mass of thesolvent Solubility of the solute = 2 x 100 Find the mass of potassium chloride would be needed to form a saturated Solubility of the solute = az is 27 solution in 60 g of water at 303 K? Given that solubility of the KCl is 00° ed at this temperature. Solution: Mass of potassium chloride in 100 g of water in saturated solution = 37 g Mass of potassium chloride in = ae 60=22.2g What is the mass of sodium chloride that would be needed to form a saturated solution in 50g of water at 30°C. Solubility of sodium chloride is 36g at 30°C? Solution: At 30°C, 36g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100g of water. + Mass of sodium chloride that would be need for 100g of water = 36g 36 x 50 100 Asolution was prepared by dissolving 25 g of sugar in 100g of water. Calculate the mass percentage of solute. Solution: + Mass of sodium chloride dissolved in 50g of water= =18g Mass of thesolute = 25g Mass of the solvent = 100g ae ; Mass of thesolute 00. Mass Percentage = ————_——_—__ x Massof thesolution joey _ Mass of thesolute 100 M MN oc ee Y, ee SS” Mass of thesolute + Mass of the solvent 25. =——_ x 25+100 =75 < 100=20% 125 100 _ 16 grams of NaOH is dissolved in 100 grams of water at 25°C to form a "Saturated solution. Find the mass percentage of solute and solvent, ion: Mass of the solute (NaOH) = 16g Mass ofthe solventH20 == 100gi ih ~ 240 ~ oO ie eS of thesolute_ ~ 400 Mass Percentageof Solute fyacs of the solute? Mass of the solvent 16x 100 oS 16+100 | 1600 “116 e of solute = _nercentage of the solute) ii, Mass percentag' = 300 — ios = faa ‘ich i: i ii ater Find the amount of urea which is to be dissolved in w w/w aqueous solution? Solution: to get 500g of 10% Massof thesolute . 499 Mass of the solution aes Massof theurea 499 500 Mass Percentage (w /W)= Mass of urea = Ee 7. Short answers h, eects KX Distinguish between the saturated and unsaturated solution. Saturated solution | Unsaturated solution Asolution in which no more solute can 7 be dissolved in a definite amount of faecate Solution is one that contains solvent at a given temperature is called | !€S5 Solute than that of the saturated a saturated solution. solution ata Siven temperature. Eg: 36 g of NaCl in 100 g water at 25°C [iss] eon neers 78 : Chemistry) ig [Eg 16 g of NaCl in 100 g water at 25°C What is super saturated solution? Tee a 1. Super saturated solution is one th solution at a given temperature, 2: E.g: 40 g of sodium chloride in 100 g of water at 25;G Define solute. ; Ina solution, the component E.g: Salt, sugar. "at contains more solute than the saturated resent i Presentin lesser amount by weight is called solute. lL Kat Chemistry - 9 Define solvent. jnasolution, the component present in larger amount by weight is called solvent. fg: Water Define dissolution. The process of uniform distribution of solute into solvent is called dissolution. Define hygroscopy. 1. Certain substances, when exposed to the atmospheric air at ordinary temperature, absorb moisture without changing their physical state. Pi Such substances are called hygroscopic substances and this property is called hygroscopy. 3, Eg: Quick lime, Silica gel State Henry’slaw. 3 3X Henry's law states that, “the solubility ofa gas ina liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution at a definite temperature”. Classify the following based on the type of solvent. ' (benzene, water, CS2, ether) Answer: iy Aqueous solvent é water ii, Non- aqueous solvent Benzene, CSz, ether What are the factors that affect solubility? 1 Nature of solute and solvent 2. Temperature i 3. Pressure 1 Define concentration ofa solution. Concentration of a solution may be defined as the amount of solute present in a | given amount of solution or solvent. | —- eer | 8. Additional five mark questions “4 Tabulate types of binary solutions with example, | Solute Solvent Example Solid solution: Solid solid | copper dissolved in gold (Alloys) ES Tiquia solid © | mercury with sodium (amalgam) -~ 242 ~ XAVIER. Liquid solution: ed in water w sodium chloride dissolv Solid liquid water ethyl alcohol dissolved in Liquid liquid water (soda water) Gas liquid _| carbon dioxide dissolved in Gaseous solution: Liquid gas water vapour in air (cloud) _ Gas gas mixture of Helium - Oxygen gases Additional One Word: Explain mass percentage. ‘ 1. Mass percentage of a solution is defined as the percentage PY solute present in the solution. 2, Itis mostly used when solute is solid and solvent is liquid. Massof thesolute 499 Mass of thesolution Massof thesolute 499 Mass of the solute + Mass of thesolvent mass of the Mass Percentage = Mass Percentage E.g: 5% sugar solution (by mass) means 5 g of sugar in 95 g of water. Hence it is made 100 g of solution. 3. _ Itis expressed as w/w (weight / weight). 4. Mass percentage is independent of temperature. The ability of water to form is responsible for fc sustenance of life. i The component, which is present in a larger amount (by weight), isc alled bai (solvent) (dissolving) The solvent acts as a medium in a solution, The process of uniform distribution of solute inte c; 0 e into so issoluti A solution must be consisting of hoot ace (two) (isso 3 two) Solutions which are made of one solute and one solvent (two components) led ents) are calle Solutions which contain three components are called (binary solutions) on adalng. aes sulphate crystals to water, eee com ecomes the solvent. seas e solute and _ Name any two solutions found in the human body (copper sulphate, watet] os ae two components ofa solution, (blood, urine, solate/solne When two solutesare dissolved in one solventa See oe) en asolute gets uniformly distributed in the solvent forsee ormed: (ternary) iSa_____—s mixture. — (homogeneous)~ 243 ~ Chemistry -9 ‘copper sulphate crystals are added to water, a solution of _____is formed. . - (copper sulphate) Solutions ar© classified based on the types of, : . (solvent) = Fr are the two types of solutions. (Aqueous, Non - aqueous) iphate in water is an example of an solution, (aqueous) Sulphur dissolved in carbon disulphide is an example of _____ solution, (Non - aqueous) 8 of NaCl in 100g of water at 25°C forms saturated solution.(36) is called as Universal solvent. (water) ‘The solution in which water acts as a solvent is called solution. _ (aqueous) Jonic compounds aresolublein (water) Thesolution in which any liquid, other than water, acts as a solvent is called solution. (non - aqueous) Solvent other than water is referred to as solvent. (non - aqueous) Alcohol, benzene, ether etc are solvents, (non - aqueous) Solution containing higher amount of solute per given amount of solvent is called a Sperion. (concentrated) Solution containing lesser amount of solute per given amount of solvent is called a solution. (dilute) solution is one that contains less solute than that of the saturated solution at a given temperature. (unsaturated) 10g or 20g or 30g of Sodium chloride in 100g of water at 25°C forms an solution. i (unsaturated) solution is one that contains more solute than the saturated solution at a given temperature. (Super saturated) of sodium chloride in 100g of water at 25°C forms super saturated solution. (40g) solutions are unstable. (Super saturated) is measure of how much of a solute can be dissolved in a specified amount of a solvent. (Solubility) The solubility of calcium carbonate in water is__g /100g water.(0.0013) The solubility of Ammonia in water is_____g /100g water (48) The solubility of glucose in water is___g /100g wal 91) The solubility of sodium iodide in water is__g /100g wate Solubility can be mathematically expressed as ss { Nata) (Ma: The nature of the solute and solvent plays an important role in : (solubility) occurs when similarities exist between and the solu’ (Dissolving) Non - polar compounds are soluble in___ solvents. (none polar Non - polar compounds, do not dissolve in___solvent (polar) Polar compounds do not dissolve in _ solvent: (non - polar) Solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent increases with increase in_ (temperature) Greater amount of sugar will dissolve in______water thanin____ water. i (warm, cold) process, solubility increases with increase in temperature. (endothermic) In. process, solubility decreases with increase in temperature.(exothermic) In46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. Sm 53. 54, 56. 57. 58, 62. 63. 64. 65, 68, 69. 70. ile 72. 73. 74, ae 76. XAVIER 55. 59. 60. 61. 66. 67. Chemistry ~244~ see incr in liqui with __— my (more solubility of gases in liquid "Tow eemperature _ rhonated beverages) ii en in watel Ne ides ce San crate te eA ule) — rae jlity of a gas in 14 arek nis oF BAS Ove! ‘The effect of pressure on the solubility a proportional to the — acne The solubility of a gas ina liquid is directly en p ro) ‘ta definite temperature, es ass of the solu e | oo bot splutiba is defined as the percentage by m (Mass percentage) (w/w) solution. 4 Mass percentage is expressed re (0 ae E ependent of Fe » of solute present in the gives Moss perenne nee gy volume of sue present volume of the solution. in temperature: of ethanol in 100ml of 10% by volume ofthe solution of ethanol in water, means ———— + solution. 4 atic percentage decreases with increases in temperature er Concentration of the is expressed as v/V. Ee The concentrations of. are expressed as w/w. (so! oe Calculate the percentage of salt for 20g of salt in 80g of water___ (20%) We use the term to quantify the solute in a solution (concentration) Anhydrous copper sulphate on cooling turns into_____colour. (blue) ‘The water of crystallization of Epsom salt is 7) The number of water molecules found in the crystalline substance _——_- (water of crystallization) On heating these hydrated crystalline salts, lose their water of c zation and become % (amorphous) The IUPAC name of Blue Vitriolis__. (Copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate) The common name of calcium sulphate dihydrate is (Gypsum) The number of water molecules in blue vitriol is (five) cuso,.5H,0—Heating The molecular formula of white vitriol is (CuSO, + 5H20) The molecular formula of Epsom salt is. coe The number of molecules in blue vitriol is 5, the water of crystallizatin vl hee ; (eri coloured copper sulphate crystals are heated it becomes o : es_______scopper Anhydrous copper sulphate i in colour, quarts sul in Z 1 Sains | pe sTOSPbeticat at ordinary temper ney erature are cal Hygroscopic substances are used th 4 ope ygroscopic) Anhydrous calcium chloride is an (CECE) examele! of a At) ——— substance. (hygroscopic)