FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

(INFRASTRUCTURAL MANAGEMENT)

DESTRUCTIVE TEST
TITLE
(COMPRESSION CUBE TEST & CONCRETE
FLEXURAL TEST)

BET1613
SUBJECT
ENGINEERING PRACTICE 3

MUHAMMAD NURUL FAKHRI BIN RUSLI

P.I.C
ASSIST BY: MOHD HAFIEZ BIN ABDULLAH

g NAMES ID SECTION
MUHAMMAD HAKIMI BIN AZEMAN TE20147 01

SITI NURIZZATI BINTI ISMAIL TE20146 01

AMIRUL KHIR EZZAD BIN JALANI TE20124 01

UMMU NAJWA BINTI NUR YUSRIZAL TE20064 01

TABLE OF CONTENT

COMPRESSION CUBE TEST

TITLE PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 PRINCIPLE 2
3.0 OBJECTIVES 2
4.0 APPARATUS & MATERIAL 3-4
5.0 PROCEDURES 5
6.0 RESULT 6-7
7.0 DISCUSSION 8 - 10
8.0 CONCLUSION 11 - 12
9.0 REFERENCES 13
10.0 APPENDIX 14 - 16

CONCRETE FLEXURAL TEST

TITLE PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 17
2.0 PRINCIPLE 17
3.0 OBJECTIVES 18
4.0 APPARATUS 18
5.0 PROCEDURES 19
6.0 RESULT 20
7.0 DISCUSSION 21 - 25
8.0 CONCLUSION 26
9.0 REFERENCES 27
10.0 APPENDIX 28 - 30
COMPRESSION CUBE TEST

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Concrete Cube Crushing Test is determined the Compressive Strength of hardening concrete.
Via this test determined the specification of concrete fulfills required. Compressive Strength means
the ability of the structure to carry the loads on its surface without any deflections or cracks. In
here, under compression, the size of the structure is reduced.

Formula of compressive strength:

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 1000
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) =
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

After removing cubes, the age of 7 days in curing bath, the cube test can be done for the harden
concrete cubes. Day by day, the compressive strength of concrete increased. Therefore, The
compressive strength of concrete increases according to age. The 28 days concrete strength
considered as the standard day for most of the concrete works. The temperature and moisture affect
the increment rate of the concrete strength in the hardening process. The Grade 45 (M45) concrete
mix is used in the Cube Test. Followings are the factors affecting the compressive strength of
concrete:

 Water-Cement ratio
 Cement Strength
 Quality of concrete materials
 Quality control during production of concrete

1
2.0 PRINCIPLES

Three hardened concrete specimens must be utilized in a compression test of a damp-cured

specimen that is undertaken as soon as the specimens are removed from the moist storage or curing
tank. This test is used to determine the strength of the concrete at the intended age. Test specimens
must be created, cured, and stored in compliance with the standard to prevent excessive result
inaccuracy, and compression testing cannot be carried out on specimens that have been poorly
built. In this experiment, the standards BS 1881: Part116:1983 and ASTM C 39-03 were used.

In a compression test, a concrete specimen is put under compression pressure at a predetermined

rate. The specimen is put through its limits until it breaks, and the highest load that can be applied
is taken into account when calculating future strengths. Observation on the mode of failure indicates
the satisfactory of specimen, equipment, and procedure during the testing process.

3.0 OBJECTIVES

 To determine the characteristic strength of the hardened concrete specimen with reference to
the standardized method

 To assess the consistency and uniformity of concrete batches produced

 Determine whether the concrete used in these elements meets the necessary strength criteria to
support the applied loads safely

2
4.0 APPARATUS

Compacting steel rod Trowel

Compressive testing machine Grease

Moulds (150mm x 150mm x 150mm)

3
MATERIALS

Sand Aggregates

Cement Water

Curing Tank

4
5.0 PROCEDURES

1. The mold that was used in the cube test must be cleaned internally using the wire brush to
remove any residual particles from previous concrete tests.

2. The interior surface of the assembled mold was required to be thinly coated with grease oil to
prevent adhesion of concrete.

3. The mixed concrete was poured with a certain mix proportion into the mold in 3 layers and
each layer was must be tamped 25 times using the compacting steel rod. The mold was filled up
until overflow and leveled the surface using the hand float.

4. The concrete mixture cube was left for 24 hours setting.

5. The above steps were repeated for another 2 more cubes with the same mix proportion.

6. The date of the mixture was recorded for every cube and all 3 cubes were submerged in the
curing tank. Tested on the 7th day

7. After the 7th day, when the cube was fully matured it was weighted and recorded.

8. The cube was placed to be tested at the center plate of the compression machine. Both plates
were in contact with the lower surface of the concrete plate. The load value was released to raise
up the bottom plate until the cube touches the above plate. The maximum load that would crush
the tested cube was recorded.

9. The above steps were repeated using the other cubes. Accordingly, the result was recorded.

5
6.0 RESULT

Table 1 Compression test results

Ref No Weight Date mix Sample Sample Sample Load (kN) Length x Compressive Type of
(kg) age(days) length width Width Strength failure
(mm) (mm) (mm2) (N/mm2) (N/T)

1. 7.515 18/5/2023 7 150 150 491.570 22500 21.848 T

2. 7.550 18/5/2023 7 150 150 468.644 22500 20.829 T

3. 7.495 18/5/2023 7 150 150 462.712 22500 20.565 T

Type Of Failure: N = Normal Failure T = Tensile Crack

6
CALCULATION

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒆 ( 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 150 𝑚𝑚 × 150𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 22500𝑚𝑚2

𝑵 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 1000
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 ( ) =
𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
491.570×1000
 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 1 =
22500

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 1 = 21.848 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

468.644×1000
 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 2 = 22500

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 2 = 20.829 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

462.712×1000
 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 3 = 22500

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 3 = 20.565 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑒 1 + 𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑒 2 + 𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑒 3

𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 =
3

(21.848 + 20.829 + 20.565)𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
3

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 21.081𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

7
7.0 DISCUSSION

i. Does the compressive strength result obtained comply with the designed
characteristic strength?

Yes, from the calculation obtained are for cube 1 is 21.848 N/mm2, cube 2 is 20.829 N/mm2,
and cube 3 is 20.565 N/mm2 which the type of failure can give the characteristic strength
of the cube. For the three cubes, the type of failure is the same, which is tensile crack. Its
happen because concrete cubes may experience excessive tensile stresses when subjected
to structural loads that exceed their capacity.

ii. Elaborate the significance of adopting non-28-day strength in the

characterization of concrete strength

Traditionally, the 28-day compressive strength has been widely used as a standard measure
to characterize the strength of concrete. However, adopting non-28-day strength in the
characterization of concrete strength can allows for the evaluation of concrete strength at
early ages, such as 7 days or even earlier. This early strength assessment is important in
construction projects where fast-track schedules or early formwork removal is desired. It
provides a more immediate indication of the concrete's strength development, allowing for
timely decisions and progress monitoring. Other than that, Non-28-day strength testing can
be valuable in quality control and troubleshooting scenarios. If the measured non-28-day
strength falls significantly below the expected value, it indicates potential issues with
materials, mix proportions, curing conditions, or construction practices. Early identification
of such problems enables timely corrective actions to be taken, minimizing the risk of
structural deficiencies and ensuring the desired strength properties.

8
ANALYSIS

The compressive strength test is performed on concrete cubes to determine the maximum
compressive load that the cubes can withstand before failure. The experiment results in a
numerical value, usually expressed in megapascals (MPa), which represents the compressive
strength of the cube. This value indicates the maximum stress that the cube can sustain under
compression. It is an essential parameter used in the design and construction of structures, as
it helps engineers determine the appropriate concrete mix and ensure the safety and longevity
of the building. The area of the concrete cube is 22500 mm2. After using the compressive
strength formula, the compressive strength for 3 cubes we got which are for cube 1 is 21.848
N/mm2, cube 2 is 20.829 N/mm2, and cube 3 is 20.565 N/mm2. The average compressive
strength is 21.081 N/mm2. To determine whether the test result is right or wrong, it is necessary
to compare the obtained compressive strength value with the specified requirements or
standards. The compressive strength of concrete is usually specified in terms of a design
strength or a minimum required strength. If the compressive strength value obtained from the
cube test meets or exceeds the specified requirements, it can be considered the right result. It
indicates that the concrete has achieved the desired strength and is suitable for its intended use.
However, if the compressive strength value falls below the specified requirements, it can be
considered a wrong result. It suggests that the concrete did not reach the desired strength and
may not meet the intended structural requirements. In such cases, further investigation may be
required to identify the potential causes of the lower strength and take appropriate actions. The
theoretical compressive strength of concrete can be estimated using various formulas and
models, such as the American Concrete Institute (ACI) formula. The ACI formula is based on
the properties of the concrete mixture, including the proportions of cement, aggregates, water,
and any additives. It provides an estimate of the expected compressive strength based on the
mix design. The experimental compressive strength of concrete is determined through cube
tests conducted in a laboratory. The compressive strength is calculated by dividing the
maximum load at failure by the cross-sectional area of the cube. The result is typically reported
in megapascals (MPa) or pounds per square inch (psi). During the experimental testing of
compressive strength using cube tests, several errors can occur, potentially leading to
inaccurate or unreliable results. Theoretical compression cube tests are based on mathematical
models and equations that predict the expected compressive strength of concrete based on the
properties and proportions of its constituents. The purpose of theoretical tests is to provide
estimates or predictions before conducting actual experiments. Experimental compression cube

9
tests, on the other hand, involve physically testing concrete specimens in a laboratory to
measure their actual compressive strength. One common error is improper sample preparation.
If the cubes are not cast properly or if there are inconsistencies in the mixture's composition, it
can significantly affect the compressive strength results. Any variations in the water-cement
ratio, aggregate size, or mixing technique can introduce inconsistencies, thereby compromising
the accuracy of the test. Another potential source of error is improper curing of the concrete
cubes. The cubes must be adequately cured under controlled conditions to ensure proper
hydration and development of strength. If the curing environment is not maintained at the
specified temperature and humidity levels, or if the cubes are prematurely exposed to drying
conditions, it can negatively impact their compressive strength. It is crucial to note that errors
can also occur due to human factors. Inexperienced operators or inadequate training can lead
to inconsistent testing techniques, such as improper handling or positioning of the cubes during
the experiment. These human errors can have a significant impact on the compressive strength
results obtained. Several safety measures should be implemented to ensure the well-being of
individuals involved and to maintain a safe working environment. All personnel engaged in the
cube testing should wear appropriate PPE, including safety goggles, gloves, and sturdy
footwear. PPE protects against potential hazards such as flying debris, chemical splashes, and
accidental injuries. Before conducting the test, it is crucial to inspect the testing equipment,
including the compression machine, to ensure it is in good working condition. Any faulty or
damaged parts should be repaired or replaced to prevent potential malfunctions during the test.
The cube testing should take place in a controlled environment, away from high traffic areas
or potential disturbances. The test area should be well-ventilated to minimize the risk of
exposure to hazardous fumes or dust particles. Safety should always be a top priority in any
experimental setting. By implementing these safety measures, the risk of accidents and injuries
can be minimized, ensuring a secure and productive cube testing experiment.

10
8.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the compressive strength for the three cubes we got which are for cube
1 is 21.848 N/mm2, cube 2 is 20.829 N/mm2, and cube 3 is 20.565 N/mm2. The average
compressive strength is 21.081 N/mm2. The objective of the experiment was achieved, which
are the characteristic strength of the concrete, assess the consistency and uniformity of concrete
batches produced and determine whether the concrete used in these elements meets the
necessary strength criteria to support the applied loads safely. From the experiment, the type
of failure can give the characteristic strength of the cube. For the three cubes, the type of failure
is the same, which is tensile crack. Its happen because concrete cubes may experience excessive
tensile stresses when subjected to structural loads that exceed their capacity. This can happen
due to overloading or improper design, leading to cracks in the tensile zone of the cube. After
that, the compression strength value was taken using the formula and load form the testing
using compression machine test.

For the actual result, the best value for normal strength concrete which have compressive
strength between 2,500 and 6,000 psi (17 to 41 Mpa). For the High-Strength Concrete, the
compressive strengths greater than 6,000 psi (41 MPa). High-strength concrete is often used in
high-rise buildings, bridges, and other structures that require exceptional strength.

Next, there are many methods to reduce and improve method for this experiment which is use
high-quality materials that meet the required specifications. Conduct thorough quality control
checks on the raw materials, such as aggregates, cement, and additives, to ensure they meet the
desired standards. Inconsistent or substandard materials can negatively affect the compressive
strength of the method. After that, ensure that the specimens are properly cured to allow the
concrete to gain strength. Adequate moisture and temperature conditions should be maintained
during the curing process. Proper curing can significantly enhance the compressive strength of
the method. Consider using advanced testing techniques such as non-destructive testing (NDT)
methods or computer simulations to assess the compressive strength. These techniques can
provide additional insights into the behavior of the method and help identify areas for
improvement. Continuous improvement and learning. Regularly review and analyze the data
from testing to identify patterns and trends. Learn from any errors or deviations and make
appropriate adjustments to the method. Continuous improvement based on lessons learned will
lead to enhanced compressive strength performance over time.

11
Lastly, the compressive strength test is a common test conducted in various industries,
especially those involving construction materials, to assess the strength and durability of
materials such as concrete, masonry, and metals. The primary purpose of the compressive
strength test in industrial applications is to determine the maximum load a material can
withstand before it fails under a compressive force.

12
9.0 REFERENCES

 Cube test REPORT - DCC2042. (n.d.).

https://www.slideshare.net/pavitrahpavitrahsega/cube-test-report-dcc2042

 Mishra, G. (2020). Compressive Strength of Concrete -Cube Test [PDF], Procedure,

Results. The Constructor.

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/compressive-strength-concrete-cube-test/1561/

 Lab Report Concrete-compressive Strength. (n.d.). Scribd.

https://www.scribd.com/document/333355461/Lab-Report-Concrete-compressive-

Strength

 Mathule, L. (2020). Lab report 2; Concrete Cube Test LONE MATHULE ID

201804942 UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA CCB 332. Ub-bw.

https://www.academia.edu/44607949/Lab_report_2_Concrete_Cube_Test_LONE_M

ATHULE_ID_201804942_UNIVERSITY_OF_BOTSWANA_CCB_332

 Ronald. (2022, July 11). Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes - Lab Test &

Procedure. Civilology.

https://www.civilology.com/compressive-strength-of-concrete-cubes/

 Odhiambo, O. (2015). COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST ON CONCRETE. Jkuat.

https://www.academia.edu/19754573/COMPRESSIVE_STRENGTH_TEST_ON_CO

NCRETE

13
10.0 APPENDIX

PICTURE DESCRIPTION

The boy is putting the cube into the

compression test machine.

A group of boys are watching the cube until

it cracks.

A cube was crack after finishing the test.

14
15
16
CONCRETE FLEXURAL TEST

1.0 INTRODUCTION

One indicator of the tensile strength of unreinforced concrete is its flexural strength. It
speaks to the concrete beam or slab's capacity to withstand bending during test. The bottom
fibre of a plain concrete beam achieves the highest tensile strength, which is often referred to
as the flexural strength of concrete (also known as the rupture modulus). Although this tensile
strength is not used in the majority of reinforced concrete design calculations, it is important
for unreinforced concrete structures like dams, highways, and airport pavements that are
planned to use flexural strength. Important details on the calibre, resilience, and structural
performance of concrete are revealed by this test. The test specimen is then put under a load
that is imposed at its centre point and increases progressively. The concrete specimen will
deflect or crack because of the bending moment this weight creates. The maximum load and
associated deflection that the specimen can sustain before failing are both noted. The maximum
load, the specimen's span length, and the cross-sectional dimensions are the main factors that
are assessed during the concrete flexural test. These measures are used to determine the
concrete specimen's flexural strength. The modulus of rupture, which denotes the highest
tensile stress that concrete can bear before failing, is a common way to express the flexural
strength.

2.0 PRINCIPLE

The plain concrete beams are used to determine the concrete's flexural strength at the
desired age in a flexural test of a damp-cured specimen that is undertaken as soon as the
specimens are removed from the moist storage or curing tank. A plain (unreinforced) concrete
beam serves as the concrete specimen, which is loaded at the prescribed rate until failure. The
elastic beam theory, which assumes a linear relationship between stress and strain, is used to
theoretically determine the flexural strength (modulus of rupture). As a result, the modulus of
rupture frequently presents an overestimated value for the tensile strength of concrete.
Standards utilized for this experiment include ASTM C 78-02 and BS 1881: Part 118.

17
3.0 OBJECTIVES

 To utilize a simple beam and the standardized third point loading method to assess the
flexural strength of specimens of hardened concrete.
 To determine the ability of a material, such as concrete or other structural materials, to
withstand bending stresses.

4.0 APPARATUS

Flexural Testing Machine Plain concrete beam

18
5.0 PROCEDURE

1. The beam specimen's weight and size were measured measured.

2. Ensure that the plain concrete beam was positioned in the centre of the line that has
been drawn.

3. The flexural test device was turned on and it running until it malfunctions.

4. The specimen's cross section was measured on one of the broken sides and noted the
highest force that the specimen was able to support during the test.

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6.0 RESULT

Table 1 Concrete flexural test

Sample Weight Date mix Sample Sample Sample Load (kN) Length x Flexural Type of
mark (kg) age(days) length width Width Strength failure
(mm) (mm) (mm2) (N/mm2) (N/T)

Beam 11.65 18/5/2023 7 500 100 6.937 50000 3.469 N

Type of Failure: N = Normal Failure T = Tensile Crack

CALCULATION

𝑃𝐿 6.584 𝑥 500
Flexural Strength, R =𝑏𝑑2 = = 3.292 N/𝑚𝑚2
100 𝑥 1002

20
7.0 DISCUSSION

1. Discuss the origin of failure in the bottom fibre of plain concrete beam

In a flexural test conducted on a plain concrete beam, the failure of the bottom fibre is a
result of various factors and mechanisms. Plain concrete beams are typically subjected to a flexural
test to evaluate their strength and behaviour under bending forces. During this test, the beam is
supported at its ends while a load is applied at the midpoint. As the load increases, the beam
undergoes deformation and stresses develop within its cross-section. The bottom fibre of the beam,
which is located farthest from the neutral axis (the axis that experiences no deformation),
experiences tensile stresses during the flexural test. Concrete, as a material, is strong in
compression but weak in tension. As a result, the tensile stresses in the bottom fibre can lead to
failure.
Several factors contribute to the origin of failure in the bottom fibre. Firstly, concrete is a
heterogeneous material with inherent variations in its properties. It contains aggregates, such as
gravel or crushed stone, embedded in a cement paste matrix. These aggregates can have different
strengths and sizes, leading to non-uniform stress distribution. Regions with weaker or larger
aggregates may experience higher stresses, making them susceptible to failure. Secondly, the
curing and hydration process of concrete play a crucial role. Inadequate curing or insufficient water
content during the hydration process can result in lower overall strength and reduced bond between
the aggregates and the cement paste. This weakened bond can lead to localized failure in the
bottom fibre. Moreover, the presence of cracks or defects within the concrete beam can initiate
failure in the bottom fibre. Cracks can form due to factors like improper handling, excessive
loading, or inadequate reinforcement. These cracks act as stress concentrators, causing the bottom
fibre to fail at lower loads. Furthermore, the loading rate applied during the flexural test can also
influence the failure mode. Rapid loading rates tend to induce more brittle behaviour in concrete,
making it prone to sudden and catastrophic failure. The bottom fibre may fail abruptly under these
conditions.
In summary, the origin of failure in the bottom fibre of a plain concrete beam during a
flexural test can be attributed to factors such as inherent material inhomogeneities, insufficient
curing, weak bond between aggregates and cement paste, presence of cracks or defects, and the

21
loading rate applied during the test. Understanding these factors helps engineers analyze and
improve the design and construction of concrete structures to enhance their durability and safety.

2. Elaborate the difference between third point loading and Centre-point loading in flexural
strength test.

In a flexural strength test, the loading configuration can significantly impact the behaviour
and results of the test. Two common loading configurations are third point loading and centre-
point loading. Third-point loading known as four-point bending, involves applying the load at two
points on the beam, known as the third points or quarter points, while the supports are positioned
at the ends. The load is evenly distributed between the two third points. In this configuration, the
beam experiences maximum bending moment at the centre, where the two loads are applied. The
shear forces are relatively low at the supports since they are closer to the neutral axis. The third-
point loading arrangement allows for a more uniform stress distribution along the length of the
beam, resulting in a more consistent and predictable failure pattern.
Next, Centre-point loading referred to as simply supported or three-point bending, involves
applying the load at the centre of the beam while the supports are positioned at the ends. The load
is concentrated at the centre point, resulting in a higher bending moment at that location compared
to the supports. In this configuration, the beam experiences maximum shear forces at the supports
due to the concentrated load. The stress distribution is non-uniform, with higher stresses at the
centre and gradually decreasing stresses towards the supports. The centre-point loading
arrangement can lead to a more localized failure and a less predictable failure pattern compared to
third-point loading.
The choice between third point loading and centre-point loading depends on the specific
objectives of the flexural strength test and the desired information about the beam's behaviour.
Third-point loading is often preferred when a more uniform stress distribution and predictable
failure pattern are desired. It is commonly used in research, standard test methods, and quality
control. Centre-point loading, on the other hand, may be employed to assess the behaviour of a
beam under more localized or concentrated loads, which can simulate specific real-life scenarios.
It is essential to carefully consider the loading configuration and ensure that it aligns with the
intended purpose of the flexural strength test to obtain meaningful and relevant results for the
specific application or design under consideration.

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3. Compare flexural strength test with other tensile test for concrete

Flexural strength tests and tensile tests are widely used to evaluate the mechanical
properties of concrete, especially its strength and behaviour under various loading conditions.
These tests differ in their approach and objectives. Flexural strength tests assess concrete's ability
to withstand bending stresses, simulating real-life scenarios such as beams and slabs. On the other
hand, tensile testing measures concrete's resistance to direct tension, providing an overview of
tensile strength and crack propagation characteristics. Understanding these differences is important
for the comprehensive evaluation and design of concrete structures.
For comparison, what is available in both tests is the loading configuration. In a flexural
strength test, the concrete specimen, typically a beam or a prismatic bar, is subjected to bending
forces. The load is applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the specimen, resulting in
tension on one side and compression on the other. This simulates the behaviour of concrete
elements, such as beams and slabs, under bending loads. While, In a tensile test, the concrete
specimen is subjected to direct tension along its longitudinal axis. The load is applied in a way that
tries to pull the specimen apart, measuring its resistance to being stretched or fractured. Other than
that, failure mode on both tests can be compared. In a flexural strength test, failure usually occurs
at the bottom fibre of the specimen due to tensile stresses exceeding the tensile strength of the
concrete. Cracks initiate and propagate along the tensile face until complete failure or fracture of
the specimen. In a tensile test, the failure occurs by the formation and propagation of cracks
perpendicular to the applied tensile force. The specimen experiences uniform tensile stress until it
reaches the tensile strength of the concrete, leading to a sudden fracture.
In summary, flexural strength tests and tensile tests offer different insights into the
behaviour of concrete under different loading conditions. Flexural strength tests focus on the
response of concrete to bending stresses, while tensile tests assess its resistance to direct tension.
Both tests are crucial for understanding the mechanical properties of concrete and designing
structures that can withstand a variety of loading scenarios.

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ANALYSIS

Based on the experiments that have been carried out, all the data has been collected and made into
a discussion. During the experiment, the weight of the beam that was created was 11.65 kg. The
sample was dried for 7 days, and a flexural test was performed on it. The length of the sample is
500 mm and the width is 100 mm. When using machine flexural strength, the load that has acted
on the sample until it reaches the point of failure is 6.937 kN. The compression strength that has
been found after doing about is 3.469 N/mm2. This means that the compression strength is only
able to accommodate a weight of 6,937 kN and more than that value there will be a mode fail. In
this test, the result found is right because it reaches the requirement. This is because the values
found help in producing something like a bridge and can get how much load can be on the road.
This is an example of an application that is applied to the real world. Other than that, the
comparison between experimental and theoretical is discussed. For the theoretical found for the
compression strength of the sample is 3.469 N/mm2 by using the flexural strength formula. For the
experimental, the result of the expected value is not the same probability. This is because when
making plain beam concrete, the value of water or aggregate used may be excessive from the
original value that has been referred through concrete mix design. So, the result to get the same
value for theoretical and experimental is difficult. Next, During the experimental procedure of a
flexural strength test, various factors can contribute to errors or inaccuracies in the results obtained.
Some common causes of errors in flexural strength can be occur. For the first is misalignment of
the Specimen. Improper alignment of the specimen on the supports or loading apparatus can
introduce errors. If the specimen is not precisely positioned or centered, it can lead to uneven
loading and incorrect stress distribution, affecting the measured flexural strength. The second is
inaccurate Measurement of Dimensions. Accurate measurement of the dimensions of the
specimen, such as width, depth, and span length, is crucial for calculating the moment of inertia
and accurately determining the applied loads. Errors in measuring these dimensions can result in
incorrect calculations and subsequently affect the calculated flexural strength. Lastly is safety
measure need to be cover on lab. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is one of safety measure
can be applied. All personnel involved in the experiment should wear appropriate PPE, including
safety glasses, gloves, and protective clothing, to protect against potential hazards such as flying
debris, splashes, or chemical exposure. And the last is do an equipment inspection. Before starting
the experiment, inspect all testing equipment, including the testing machine, grips, supports, and

24
load cells, to ensure they are in proper working condition. Any damaged or malfunctioning
equipment should be repaired or replaced before proceeding.

25
8.0 CONCLUSION

During the experiment, a beam with a weight of 11.65 kg was created. The beam was dried for 7
days, and a flexural test was conducted. The sample had a length of 500 mm and a width of 100
mm. Using a flexural strength testing machine, a load of 6.937 kN was applied to the sample until
it reached the point of failure. The compression strength obtained from the test was 3.469 N/mm2.
This indicates that the compression strength can support a weight of up to 6.937 kN, and any load
beyond that value will cause the beam to fail. Overall, the objective of this test is fulfilled. This is
because the objective of this test is to use a simple beam and the standard third point loading
method and to evaluate the flexural strength of hardened concrete specimens and to determine the
ability of the material, such as concrete or other structural materials, to withstand bending stress.
and it has been proven through the results obtained. Next, actual results from other sources can be
obtained by following test method C42/C42M or Practice C31/C31M or C192/C192M. Results
are calculated and reported as modulus of rupture. For the same specimen size, the determined
strength will vary if there are differences in specimen preparation, curing procedures, moisture
conditions at the time of testing, and whether the beam has been formed or sawn to size.
Furthermore, to minimize errors and improve the accuracy of flexural strength test results, it is
important to follow standard test procedures, ensure proper specimen preparation, careful
measurement techniques, and the use of reliable and calibrated test equipment. Additionally,
conducting multiple tests and averaging the results can help reduce the effects of potential errors
and increase the reliability of flexural strength measurements. Finally, the most common purpose
of flexural testing is to measure flexural strength and flexural modulus. Usually, this test will be
applied to construct such as bridge.

26
9.0 REFERENCES

 Alem. (2021, April 20). What Is Meant By The “Flexural Strength of Concrete”? Al
Manaratain.https://almanaratain.com/what-is-meant-by-the-flexural-strength-of-
concrete/#:~:text=The%20flexural%20strength%20of%20concrete%20is%20one%20me
asure%20of%20the,the%20design%20of%20concrete%20products

 Failure Modes in Concrete Beams: Flexural and Shear Failure - The Constructor. (2020,
February 6). The Constructor. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/failure-modes-
concrete-beams-flexural-shear/37752/

 What are the causes of flexural failure in reinforced concrete beams? (2022). Quora.
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-causes-of-flexural-failure-in-reinforced-concrete-
beams

 What are the strength tests? (2013). Acpa.org.

http://metiebar.acpa.org/Concrete_Pavement/Technical/FATQ/Construction/Strength_Te
sts.asp#:~:text=Center%2Dpoint%20loading%20forces%20the,one%2Dthird%20of%20t
he%20beam

 Difference Between 3-point and 4-point Bend Tests - Finite Element Analysis FEA
Consulting Services | Hyperelastic Thermoplastics Rubber Composite Material Fatigue
Testing Laboratory. (2020, March 21). Finite Element Analysis FEA Consulting Services
| Hyperelastic Thermoplastics Rubber Composite Material Fatigue Testing Laboratory.
https://advanses.com/difference-between-3-point-and-4-point-bend-
tests/#:~:text=The%20main%20difference%20between%203,area%20between%20the%2
0loading%20points

 Kelvn Labs. (2019). Kelvnlabs.com.

http://www.kelvnlabs.com/flexural.html#:~:text=What%20are%20the%20differences%2
0between,to%20resist%20tension%2Fstretched%20tight

27
10.0 APPENDIX

PICTURE DESCRIPTION

The student was placing a plain concrete

beam at the centre at machine flexural test.

The plain beam concrete in failure mode

became in half when it impacted by that
machine.

The data is recorded by the boy.

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