CONJUNCTION A conjunction joins words, phrases, clauses and sentences PHRASE:- /-— It is a group of words with no subject-verb combination. It doesn’t give a meaningful sense. CLAUSE:- It has a subject-verb combination. It may or may not give a meaningful sense. (a) Independent clause gives meaningful sense. (b) Dependent clause gives no meaningful sense. SENTENCE:- on It has a subject-verb combination. always gives meaningful sense. Ex 1: I will meet you at office of or at home. /’- Ex 2: As As he wasill,t he couldn’t attend office. C7 © Ex 3: He said that ‘incmiom. 2 cq Ex 4: Unless Fd work hard, you will not succeed. @-C Ex 5: Ram arid his friend were busy. G/- wUSES OF CONJUNCTION (1) UNLESS / UNTIL- (a) conjunction — - (b) Negative words (No use of PNot with ably) (c) Tense (simple present) ~ NOTE: - = UNLESS} Conjunction ~~ UNTIL> NC Ex 1: Wait here unti’Monda ° Ex 2: Wait here unt? I es 4 Natt nere unt ol! Ex 3: Unless you work, you will not succeed. NOTE: Unless> It denotes condition. Until It denote time. a7Unless - Dhirwd Wan Clatgan - Corti Utl - Se wngeeo - a Gu Th - Down Tut 40) y Aoubet Tye rat - PFandian Tears — Uness - téd4 rot eees/I Uness we" TO X Sirple Presereé _ a Oni! esill x SS nor x Sinyae PrYeent O_ @ . sors. go . Qe —_— pl) x a Simple_Prelen gyTt/ canoer — Houbt if oO -- QF x preter —— Of. 7007 that — Ceregintythe buy Was Present _ len He ded! bit he nol come KS thay bela! we... Tree qr the ka we Adj ce a . Thiet —~. (nj NN eI. PronewEx 1: You will not get jn until/unless you submit all the documents on time. Ex 2: I will wait here urffil/unless he returns. - Ex 3: Unl&s/until you work, you will not succeed. Ex 4: I will not leave the hall unless the exam is over. Ex 5: Don’t eat anything untonless the guests arrive. Ex 6: Until and unless you pay the fee, you will not get the library card. NOTE: ~ ~ = IF > Condition (use of not with “IF”) UNLESS> Condition (no use of not with “Unless”) UNLESS = IF+NOT Ex 1: Ifyou don’tread carefully, you are bound to make mistakes. Ex 2: Unless you read carefully, you are bound to make mistakes. —” -_ _—NOTE: y -Ve UNLESS/UNTIL/IF > Simple present Tense lo ona a. Fauftittle fre bry) Ex 1: If youxgall work, you will succeed. Ex 2: Unless you iti work, you will not succeed. / a ali Hie - DAG 4d Ex 3: Wait here until 1 wy come. as “& 2 We (2) IE/WHETHER/THAT. Me — Lt IF> (a) condition ~7 (bese TPA 4 i 4Ve (b) doubt/uncertainty == WHETHER> — - THAT} Certainty (a) I don’t know if/whetKer he will come. ~7 (b) I don’t kno Hiwhether he will come or not, (c) I know that he (d) Thave few doubts tha? whether eye will come. (e) Ihave a few ese doubts that/whether he will come.NOTE: Ex 1: Lecase if it rains, I will take an umbrella. Ex 2: Supposing if he is late, I will do the work. Ex 3: If he comes thef I will attend the party. On x (3) BOTH:- (a) OR * 7 (by AND ¥ Coo < (c) WITH/ALONG WITH * (4) BETWEEN:- ° Sb (a) OR x to" G (b) AND ¥ - UA — a (c) TO x cov v ¢o % \ syan, will 1. Both Ram and his friends were present. ~7 cok, ctrtel Bro ube 2; Ramp as well @ as his friends was present. Te nd 3. There is an understanding between vais me. a rol 4. For this job (a)/ you will nnd aks a knowledge of (b)/ both English as-wettas Chinese (c)/ no error(d) fro” 5. The labourets relax (a)/ n 2 to 3 (b)/ in the afternoon (c)/ no error (d) 6. (5) LEST:- (otherwise) — £” The vacation is (a)/ be! ©)/ 4" June to 5 July (c)/ no error (d) ny al Bye (a) It takes the modal “should” —~ 90 200 . : —_— WwW ) u A (b) Tense (Simple present tense) _ a ae (c) Negative word ( No use of “not” with “LEST”)Work hard lest you nyettt fail in the examination. Work hard lest you should pef fail in the examination. Walk properly lest you migift not fall. }. 7 my by @yfall 7 (byfetl (c)- should not fall— Ps -4b-neimprovement nore; °? 0 fow Walk properly otherwise you will fall. = = ee “U nn — 66539 tHe e -vo (6) THOUGH/ALTHOUGH Same (a) BUT * dv “ (b) YET —7 = —_— (c) It is used in contradictory sentences oe ce LO. Though difficult it is (a)/.bGt I will do ey it at any cost (c)/ no error (d) Though he worked hard bat he failed. worked hard, he failed. inte fe 4 not finish the previous project properly (a)/ he was entrusted with (b)/ a new one (c)/ no error eb(7) As-As/ So-As Ave -ve As-As~> For comparison in positive as well as negative sentences. So-As~> For comparison in negative sentences. > = ~ as Ex: gall —_ . He is as saitgr as his younger brother 4ve) 50 ao} Dp 2. He is not as taller as his younger bro her. - Vv? TF bene hear 3. He is Se respectful as Gandhiji. al & — NOTE: * avd 1. These days job opportunities are not as-better as they used to be before. 2. He is as wisef as his brother. 3. He is as wise, if not wiser than his brother.due awe JSuiper Ichi ve. tall ( fale S mall ELD * bors SMare =—s - ae (- a ox o arare) SWareet Ave Surely) Se tSE . — SO tPF a8. AS/SINCE/BECAUSE _ gjptat71® ®@awonN AS/SINCE> (Interchangeable) Dra — kegs Rett . EX: 5 ngegson Resobr nee L. As he was busy, he couldn’t complete th the work on time. & Wn ned fart . 2. He couldn’ teompfetet the work on time because he was busy. ! ‘ees a = 3. The students cguldn’ t attend the meeting becatisas they had cl classes. NOTE: Bectet 1. As he was busy $¥ he could not come. Sa- agate 0 Raa heaven 2. As you sow so shall you reap.~7 f_— = _ SO On 3. Since he was busy thegefte he couldn’t come. 4. Because he was busy 3% he couldn’t come. ° yo V o NOTE; /o¢ a é 1. Bys/although/though/while/despite/inspite of > Contradictory sentences 2. As/since/and> Not in contradictory sentencesSine - 2986 oD — ary - Gadi gaw ~ —_ mt UN She bas chansed a lot since ber Manage — — _— ———— s uJ , andIngle ot = beipte - PyY@eP _ £63260 opp a _ Inpreot/ Despite hard wok, be faied wy I ngpite o¢/ Despite 701825 hard he (aed = — ¢ —_ Lewrd ue - VeCee phrase 4 Dpratiargo) Because OF - PF S aouse od heavy yan, he didn't attend the Schail 6 —— “7 _ pag Cc He At adu't attend the Schoo! because ie wat 5 V wairig Ss ou Cc _ a _9. THE REASON® Because (*) aj ause (*) _ Gpgstat a) Due to (*) 7 [ike me ‘That (v) 27 = l Ex: - (/ — . 1. The reason why he failed was bePadSe he was too careless. cor) 2. The reason fof his failure was dyg-tg his carelessness. 3. The reason why (a)/ he was rejected (b)/ was besatice he was too young. (c)/ no error (d) 10. LIKE/AS_ — eva" g (6040) jike me (a) LIKE It is followed by a NOUN/PRONOUN — (b) AS> It is followed by a CLAUSE(sub + verb) os i do Ex:— ~ = - 7 =p - 7 (1) He sings like me. Cc coy Ss v (2) He sings as I do. _— (3) She enjoys all types of music as Ldo. ¢ (4) You have to do it (a)/ just Ii / I have done it (c)/ no error (d) _S KO - aeBUT * 11. RATHER/OTHER/ NO OTHER THAN ¥ ~ pelle) ban en x THAN * 12. ELSE/NOTHING ELSE BUT ¥ —_— Ex: éhan (1) [have no other claim bat his ‘great (2) I would rather have the bat ot the ball. (3) He wants nothing else t peace. (4) It is nothing else than your pride which makes you say such a thing.ot = of the conjunction —_— interrogative words like who, ieee when, mes ee 2 (1) We wanted to know (a)/ thet what could be (b)/ done in that case (c)/ no error (d) (2) He asked (a)/ tht how long (b)/ I would be absent (c)/ no error (d) (3) He said that when (a)/ he was a child (b)/ he used to help his mother (c)/ no error (d) 14. SELDOM IF EVER SELDOM OR NEVER Ex: 4 1. Seldom of ever, he helps the poor. 2. Seldom it never, he helps the poor. 3. Seldom or cvet @ have I turned away a beggar (b)/ without giving him alms (c)/ no error (d)15. SUCH—AS> examples, ,+°> Co Qe AS SUCH—THAT > effect/result/consequence Det ?} SO—THAT> effect/result/consequence $6 Swee® wh SO Cale OaeNA MVS & YH & PI SO+-THAT> purpose — GH aan She has worked in several countries such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and so on. It was such a cold afternoon that we stopped playing. The man spoke with such a passion that all listeners were moved to tears. She is sh a bryliant woman that everyone admires her. She is so rilliani that everyone ddmires her. This is such a. a compligat lem that cannot be solved by anyone. The ae so complicated that nobody can solve it. . He is soc lever that that he can learn multiple languages at a single time. We eat so that we may live. @ 10. He went to the doctor so that he may have routine check-up. —_— eae eeeoj So cute Sa-con I 4 Vv 1A kh thor SO D_ ther 5 Soah LY’ toed So - Br Qo lo _ _. ther sicp loys traNote > Such/So (a) “Such” is followed by a “NOUN” (b) “So” is followed by an “ADJECTIVE” or an “ADVERB” = = Ex: ed U (i) He spoke sugh/s6 c early that everybody understood the facts. (11) He iso idiot that he doesn’t know the capital of his own country. (ili) He is s0 foolish that he doesn’t know the capital of his own country. ~~ A. SUCH + A/AN + NOUN + THAT B. SO + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + THAT o a — —INVERSION When VERB comes before the SUBJECT. Generally inversion takes place in interrogative sentences. Ex: (i) When he will come?(*) (ii) When will he come? (v) (iii) How you did complete the work?(*) (iv) How did you complete the work?(v) NOTE>} There are certain conjunctions which take inversion. (a) Either—or (b) Neither—nor (c) Not only—but also (d) Hardly/Scarcely—when (e) No sooner—thans ov How gov ae 7x vere Jub How ore ue V4 = = 7 cone 7 x wren Pr he WH ; / A cone 7 ob @h ‘ol he fluc) 1 sre? "PF cold_ come He Aked me amen 4 ed owkel “ He aed me ven would T conmex vis Nae 4)Ex: pe ’ (i) Neither the drought Of the famine > dampened their sprits. (ii) Tell me either the who washes a part of it. (il) Not only Ram nog also his friends were present. (iv) Not only Ra Ram but his friends were ° also present. nT (v) Hardly had | I (ay reached the station by tlyari I fearnt about the bomb explosion (c)/ no error dy Vv Vv aia £ (vi) No s sooner Hid paer ne class (b)/ than the student stood up (c)/ no error (d) (vil) Scarcely +t ri resch th the ai airport,(a)/ nervous and ape when the plane took off, (b)/ leaving me stranded in an alien place.(c)/ No error (d) ger (vill) No Goong es the hockey match started (a)/ wh¢én it began(bj/ to rain (c)/ No error (d) wockey matr gry - pur — ot — a an AND PARALLELISM ‘ n Ex: rot d Pe) 13 (i) Mr. Sinha nodertly 1 Stoppgd ¢ Coming here but also going to other places. (ii) He ni reply Sree a pen butalso an orphanage. (ili) He is n Sad wisdom (b)/ but for his diligence also (c)/ No error (d) —_ (iv) He not believes ve in ardwork but als also in v honesty (b)/ of the bi highest order. (c)/ no error (d) ~ A (v) None of the diplomats at the conference (a)/ was ably either as (b)/ comprehend ax sol solve the problem. (c)/ no error (d)