Development of RFID-based Attendance Monitoring System

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Effectiveness of AI-based Attendance Monitoring System

A key component of any organization or institution today is the students' (class)

attendance. In a school or university setting, keeping track of and recording class attendance can

be a time-consuming process. This is largely because it takes a lot of time to learn the necessary

information from lectures. ( Patel, et al,. 2012)

Every organization needs an attendance monitoring system to evaluate student

performance, but verifying whether every student is present or not is a difficult task. The current

methods for verifying attendance take a long time and are vulnerable to fraud. According to K.

P. Naveen Reddy, Alekhya T., Sushma Manjula T., and Rashmi K. (2019), in order to track

student attendance in class, analyze student data, and gauge how much time each student

contributes in class, researchers employed the idea of artificial intelligence.

Artificial intelligence and student safety Artificial intelligence is actually a very useful

resource that we can use in many different ways. The world is filled with AI because of this. In

addition, artificial intelligence has brought about revolutionary change throughout the world,

demonstrating its effectiveness in almost every domain. AI is not only a science-fiction dream

anymore but also a constant part of our everyday lives. (Sidkar T,et al., 2022)
 It is also suggested that the system incorporate artificial intelligence. Keeping track of

students' attendance during lectures has proven to be a challenging task due to the system that

will help in the reduction of errors and the more efficient compilation of attendance data. The

capability to calculate the attendance percentage becomes a significant challenge because human

calculation introduces errors and takes a lot of time. (Naen, et al., 2021)

Using the monitoring attendance system based on artificial intelligence, schools and

higher education would benefit. In fact, these systems can aid in reducing the time and effort

needed to record attendance, minimizing errors, and supplying more precise and timely

attendance data. By confirming the identity of those in attendance, it can also aid in enhancing

security and preventing fraud.

(Arulogun O. T. et al., 2013) Due to the cost and flexibility of implementation, this

RFID attendance design application uses a passive tag and thus for every class, students would

have to bring their tags close to the reader (about 10 cm from the reader)

AI-Based Attendance Monitoring System on Student’s Security Development

These days, a lot of students use both computer and Internet technology, as well as

galaxy network technology. They fully exploit the various technical information network tools

available to them, take advantage of the many educational, scientific, and informational

resources available to them, create a variety of application and management systems, and

manage network interactions in order to fully support the development of higher education's

digitization. (Chen, H., 2014)

 It is possible to track and automatically record attendance data using a system called an

attendance system. An automated attendance system uses various technologies, including

biometrics (such as fingerprint or facial recognition), RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags

or barcodes, or GPS (Global Positioning System), to identify and record attendance data rather

than relying on manual methods like taking roll calls or signing in on a physical attendance

sheet. (Suvin, M.C., 2022)

Artificial intelligence is the practice of simulating aspects of human intelligence by

machines, particularly computer systems. The development of AI-based monitoring attendance

systems has an impact on the field of research that focuses on their importance in establishing the

objectives of a particular study. Implementing an AI-based system for tracking attendance is a

common practice. All educational institutions and organizations consider tracking attendance to

be one of the most important administrative processes. The institutions' capacity for growth will

be increased by a well-structured system. Good attendance progress benefits both students and

teachers in every way, saving the teachers' time and effort.

Pireva, K. R., Siqeca, and Berisha claim that. (2013), they offer a fresh suggestion for

how we can track students' attendance automatically by utilizing this technology in a learning

environment. We will also present a prototype of the system that will be based on actual

classroom conditions and parameters for resolving the ongoing issues in our universities

regarding student attendance tracking. Moreover, according to Alghamdi, S. (2019), he suggests

a smart mobile app that can track student attendance without taking up lecture time or requiring

the lecturer to exert any effort.

 In authentication systems like attendance monitoring systems, data security is crucial.

The Academic Information System (AIS) in the majority of educational institutions includes a

system for tracking student attendance. (Oyetola, et al., 2017)

To determine the impact of the research study AI-Based Monitoring Attendance System

on Students' Security Development, a review of related literature has been conducted. This body

of research will be used by the study to support any conclusions drawn from its experimental

components.

Alternative Material used in AI-Based Attendance Monitoring System

A lot of research and development is being done in this field to make the most of the

technology, and in the years to come, there will be a steady stream of new applications and

research areas. To those who attempt to expand the use of RFID in various areas, however, this

technology raises some questions about security and privacy. (Pireva, et al., 2013)

With the development of ICT, a new technology called RFID, which uses radio

frequencies to track various issues, emerged. (Pireva, et al., 2013). A system that assesses and

manages the system is based on security and uses RFID (radio frequency identification). The

purpose of it was to create a security system to protect the student. With the help of this system,

an RFID card can be given a special identification number. An RFID reader will typically scan

the RFID card. When the database program is already set up on Arduinos, RFID readers will

send data there. C is the language used for Arduino programs. The GSM module will

automatically SMS a child's parents if that child is still absent when school resumes. (Rahman,

et al., 2019)
 Additionally, radio frequency identification (RFID), a new technology, is being used

more frequently in supply chain management. The ability of RFID technology to identify, trace,

and track information throughout the supply chain can be used to improve the effectiveness of

the inventory control system. It also plays a significant role in supporting logistics and supply

chain processes. According to Kurata, H., Mukhopadhyay, S.K., and Zhu, X.W. (2012), they

give a general overview of the state of RFID applications across various industries and their

effects on business operations. According to them, "We provide an extensive literature survey

and develop a framework for future research areas in this field."

Furthermore, over the past few decades, radio frequency identification (RFID), an

automatic identification technology, has become more widely used. The reader and the

transponder, the two main components of the technology, communicate with each other using

modulated radio frequency signals to transfer data. Supply chain management, asset tracking,

security clearance, and automatic toll collection are just a few of its numerous applications,

according to Curran and Norrby (2009).

An Arduino microcontroller and RFID readers were used in the system's development.

Additionally, GSM and Wi-Fi communication modules are utilized to facilitate convenient

communication that is dependent on network availability. When the communication channel

opens again, the data that was stored on the microchip (microSD) will be uploaded in large

quantities (N. Thisenthira, et al., 2019).

The management of student attendance throughout the school day and the improvement

of classroom security can both be accomplished with the help of RFID technology. Their

(Rajan, et al., 2012) study's key contribution is to demonstrate how RFID has the potential to
transform how we manage our lives and offer a comprehensive answer for a fully automated

system. Most analyses will show that there are better ways to spend money on technology for the

benefit of the students than on RFID if a school has money to spend on it.

Traditional attendance systems, relying on manual methods such as paper registers or

barcode scanners, are time-consuming, error-prone, and often susceptible to misuse or

manipulation. With the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies,

schools now have the opportunity to revolutionize their attendance monitoring processes, making

them more accurate, efficient, and secure (Yakub, et al., 2016)

According to (Tabassam, et al., 2009) it becomes cumbersome for the management to

regularly update the records and manually calculate the percentage of classes attended for the

purpose of examinations and subsequent results processing. Lack of adequate attendance record

keeping has indeed degenerated to a greater level most especially in Nigerian institutions.

A technology that can solve this problem and even do more is the RFID technology.

RFID is an automated identification and data collection technology that ensures more accurate

and timely data entry. RFID is not actually a new technology; it only quickly gained more

attention recently because of its current low cost and advances in other computing fields that

open up more application areas (Dawes A.T. 2004).

The ability of RFID systems to deliver precise and accurate data about tagged items will

improve efficiency and bring other benefits to the business community and consumers alike in

the not distant future (Bardaki, et al., 2012).

Cost Efficiency of AI-Based Attendance Monitoring System Compared to

Alternative
 Students' attendance was traditionally noted in class on paper. Due to the time lost by

both teachers and students as well as the inability to instantly validate and insert data without

knowing specifically which students attended a given class, this is done manually. There is

potential for data manipulation. It is challenging to manage manually because of the large

community of students and teachers. (Patel, et., 2012)

Some students may find it challenging to manage their attendance at school. This is

especially true for students with special needs who need more support to attend class. An

artificial intelligence (AI)-based school attendance system may be the best option for assisting

students in maintaining their attendance.

In the near future, RFID will experience the fastest growth of all the smart label market

segments, predicts Collins (2003). He believes that technological advancements, declining

prices, and the adoption of uniform RFID communications standards will all contribute to this

growth.

There are some differences between this and other school attendance systems you may

have seen. For quick and precise student attendance tracking, it makes use of AI. This system

can alert students when they are on the verge of disregarding the school's attendance policy by

keeping an eye on their speed and accuracy. Additionally, this system can help parents and other

caregivers keep in touch with their kids by updating attendance records.

In order to improve the educational experience for all students, the AI-Based School

Attendance System keeps track of students' attendance. In order to comprehend the context and

content of student notes as well as the handwriting of the students, the system, which is based on
artificial intelligence, uses computer vision and natural language processing. This system is more

effective than the old one at keeping track of students' attendance. The AI-based attendance

system at schools can benefit students in a variety of ways. It may enable them to exercise

greater accountability, productivity, and effectiveness. Additionally, keeping in touch with

parents is another way that the AI-based school attendance system can benefit students.

This cutting-edge system for tracking student attendance in a school makes use of

artificial intelligence to do so. It is a very impressive system that will be able to improve student

attendance, boost productivity, and reduce absenteeism. Because of this, it is a fantastic system

with the potential to enhance the educational system as a whole (Raksha, 2023).

By contrast, an RFID student attendance application system is used to manage student

attendance, which not only completes the attendance checking conveniently and quickly but also

saves resources (Chen, H., 2014), whereas the traditional method of assessing, recording, and

managing student attendance is by roll call or magnetic card, which both consume time and

interfere with one another.

Curran and Norrby (2009)

The traditional technique of collecting attendance, whuch involves calling names or sighning on paper, is
inefficient and takes a lot of time

The purpose of this research is to deploy RFID to help teachers and students to monitor
their class attendance. There is a radio frequency installed on the RFID card that is attached to
the reading machine; the system will automatically communicate student data into the database.
As a result, students may complete it fast, and data can be agreed upon quickly and efficiently.
Furthermore, students and professors are encouraged to arrive early since the system can
directly store and show data.
Mutammimul Ula, Angga Pratama, Yuli Asbar, Wahyu Fuadi, Riyadhul Fajri and Richki Hardi. (2021).
IOP Publishing Ltd Mutammimul Ula et al. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1807 012026 DOI 10.1088/1742-
6596/1807/1/012026

The establishment of a student attendance system based on Radio Frequency Identification

(RFID) technology is described in this study. Having a system that can automatically record student
attendance by showing their student card at the RFID reader can save all of this concerns. This is the
primary goal of our system, and having an online system available anywhere and at any time may greatly
help teachers in keeping track of their students' attendance.

Looking at a bigger picture, deploying the system throughout the academic faculty will benefit
the academic management as students' attendance to classes is one of the key factors in improving the
quality of teaching and monitoring their students' performance

Murizah Kassim, Hasbullah Mazlan, Norliza Zaini, and Muhammad Khidhir Salleh. (2012). IEEE Control
and System Graduate Research Colloquium. DOI: 10.1109/ICSGRC.2012.6287164

This paper presents a concept of an automated attendance system to reduce the manual work
of recording data and eliminate the possibility of cheating. The model focuses on how Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) detects and counts authorized students as they enter and exit their classroom. The
Smart Attendance System preserves an accurate record of every enrolled student and greatly reduces
the usual time-consuming task. Furthermore, this smart system preserves the attendance record data of
every student registered for a certain course and gives essential information based on the demand.

Md. Sajid Akbar, Pronob Sarker, Ahmad Tamim Mansoor, Abu Musa Al Ashray, and Jia Uddin. (2018).
International Conference on Computing, Electronics & Communications Engineering (iCCECE).
DOI: 10.1109/iCCECOME.2018.8658705
Tabassam, N., P. Saim, K. Arash, and K. Azhar, (2009). Development of Academic
Attendance Monitoring System Using Fingerprint Identification. International Journal of
Computer Science and Network Security. 9(5):164-168

Yakub, Saheed & Hambali, Moshood & Adedeji, Abdulmumeen & Adeniji, Ismaeel. (2016).
Attendance Management System Using Barcode Identification on Students' Identity Cards. 224.

Bethany M. McConnell and Richard M. Kubina Jr. (2014). Connecting With Families to Improve
Students’ School Attendance: A Review of the Literature, Preventing School Failure: Alternative
Education for Children and Youth, 58:4, 249-256, DOI: 10.1080/1045988X.2013.821649

El Mrabet, H., & Ait Moussa, A. (2020). IoT-School Attendance System Using RFID Technology.
International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 14(14), pp. 95–108.
https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i14.14625

Marc Langheinrich. (2019). A survey of rfid privacy approaches. Personal and Ubiquitous
Computing, 13(6):413–421.

Eun-Kyung Ryu and Tsuyoshi Takagi.(2009). A hybrid approach for privacy-preserving rfid tags.
Computer Standards and Interfaces, 31(4):812–815.

S. P. Singh, M. McCartney, J. Singh, and R. Clarke. (2008). Rfid research and testing for packages
of apparel, consumer goods and fresh produce in the retail distribution environment. Packaging
Technology and Science, 21(2):91–102.

Dawes A .T. (2004). Is RFID Right for Your Library. Journal of Access Services, Volume 2(4), pp 7-
13

Bardaki,C., Kourouthanassis, P. and Pramatari, K., (2012), Deploying RFID-Enabled Services in

the Retail Supply Chain: Lessons Learned toward the Internet of Things, Information Systems
Management, Vol.9: no.3, pp.233-245

Longe O.O.(2009). Implementation of Student Attendance System using RFID Technology. B. Tech
Project Report, Ladoke A kintola University of Technology, Ogbo moso, Nigeria.
Bardaki

(Arulogun O. T. et al., 2013)International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume

4, Issue 2, February-2013 ISSN 2229-5518

The machine logs correct data at different orientations of the card, acquired a mean rating
of 3.8 with the descriptive interpretation of “Strongly Agree”, which means that even at random
orientation of the RFID card, the machine logs correct data checked by our respondents.
The machine logs correct data at different suggested distance from the scanner also
acquired a mean rating of 2.9 with the descriptive interpretation of “Agree”, based on the
performance of our RFID machine, it can only scan the RFID cards with a distance of at least 1
inch from the scanner due to sensitivity reasons of the RFID module examined by out
respondents.
The machine logs correct data compared to the Philippine standard time and has the
highest mean rating of 3.9 with the descriptive interpretation of “Strongly Agree”, which means
that the machine logs correct time in and time out data of the Philippine standard time evaluated
by our respondents.

The machine logs correct data even when sealed/housed with other materials obtained a
mean of 3.7 with the descriptive interpretation of “Strongly Agree”, which implies that machine
logs correct data even when the RFID card is sealed/housed with other materials tested by our
respondents.
The machine logs correct data at random scanning sequence of the cards gained a mean
of 3.8 with the descriptive interpretation of “Strongly Agree”, which denotes that the machine
logs correct data even at random scanning sequence of the cards assessed by the respondents.
According to Bardaki, et al.,( 2012) The ability of RFID systems to deliver precise and

accurate data about tagged items will improve efficiency and bring other benefits to the business

community and consumers alike in the not distant future. (Arulogun O. T. et al., 2013) Due to the

cost and flexibility of implementation, this RFID attendance design application uses a passive tag

and thus for every class, students would have to bring their tags close to the reader (about 10 cm

from the reader).