FACTORISATION

Greatest Common Factor (GCF) Or

CONTENTS
Highest Common Factor (HCF)
 Factorisation The greatest common factor of given
monomials is the common factor having
 Highest Common Factor greastest coefficient and highest power of the
variables.
 Polynomials The following step-wise procedure will be
 helpful to find the GCF of two or more
monomials.
 FACTORISATION
 Step I Obtain the given monomials.
Step II Find the numerical coefficient of the
Factors : If an algebraic expression is written each monomial and their greatest
as the product of numbers or algebraic common factor (GCF/HCF).
expressions, then each of these numbers and Step III Find the common literals appearing in
expressions are called the factors of the given the given monomials.
algebraic expression and the algebraic Step IV Find smallest power of each common
expression is called the product of these literal.
exrpressions. Step V Write a monomial of common literals
Factorisation : The process of writing a given with smallest powers obtained in step
algebraic expression as the product of two or IV.
more factors is called factorization.
 Step VI The required GCF is the product of
the coefficient obtained in step II and
2
Ex.1 Write down all possible factors of 3x y. the monomial obtained in step V.
Sol. We have,
Ex.3 Find the greatest common factors of the
3x2y = 1 × 3x2y = 3 × x2y = 3x × xy = 3xy × x monomials 21a3b7 and 35a5b5.
= x2 × 3y = y × 3x2 Sol. The numerical coefficients of the given
2
Thus, the possible factors of 3x y are monomials are 21 and 35

1, 3x2 y, 3, x2 y, 3x, xy, 3xy, x, x2, 3y, y, 3x2 The greatest common factor of 21 and 35 is 7
The common literals appearing in the given
Ex.2 Write down all possible factors of 12x2. monomials are a and b
Sol. We have, The smallest power of ‘a’ in the two
2 2 2 2
12x = 1 × 12x = 12 × x = 3 × 4x = 4 × 3x 2 monomials = 3
= 2 × 6x2 = 6 × 2x2 The smallest power of ‘b’ in the two
= 3x × 4x = 6x × 2x = 2 × 3x × 2x = 3 × 2x × 2x monomials = 5

Thus, the possible factors of 12x2 are The monomial of common literals with
smallest powers = a3b5
1, 12x2, 12, x2, 3, 4x2, 4, 3x2, 2, 6x2, 6, 2x2,
3x, 4x, 6x, 2x  The greatest common factor = 7a3b5
 (ii) The greatest common factor of the terms
2x2 and 5x of the expression 2x2 + 5x is x.
Ex.4 Find the greatest common factors of the
Also, 2x2 = 2x × x and 5x = 5 × x.
monomials 14x2y3, 21x2y2, 35x4y5z.
Sol. The numerical coefficients of the given  2x2 + 5x = 2x × x + 5 × x
monomials are 14, 21, and 35 = (2x + 5)x
The greatest common factor of 14, 21 and 35 (iii) Clearly, 3xy is the greatest common factor of
is 7 the terms 3x2y and 6xy2 of the binomial
The common literals appearing in the three 3x2y – 6xy2. Also, 3x2y = 3xy × x and
monomials are x and y 6xy2 = 3xy× 2y

The smallest power of ‘x’ in the three  3x2y – 6xy2 = 3xy × x – 3xy × 2y
monomials = 2 = 3xy(x – 2y)
The smallest power of ‘y’ in the three (iv) Clearly, 2x2 is the GCF of the terms 6x3 and
monomials = 2 8x2y of the given binomial 6x3 + 8x2y. Also,
The monomial of common literals with 6x3 = 2x2 × 3x and 8x2y = 2x2 × 4y.
smallest powers = x2y2
 6x3 + 8x2y
2 2
Hence, the greatest common factor = 7x y
= 2x2 × 3x + 2x2 × 4y
Factorisation of Algebraic Expression = 2x2(3x + 4y)
when a common Monomial Factor Ex.6 Factorise :
Occurs in each Term (i) 7(2x + 5) + 3 (2x + 5)
In order to factorise algebraic expressions (ii) (x + 2)y + (x + 2)x
consisting of a common monomial factors of
each term we use the following step-wise (iii) 5a(2x + 3y) – 2b (2x + 3y)
procedure. (iv) 8(5x + 9y)2 + 12 (5x + 9y)
Step I Obtain the algebraic expression.
Sol. We have,
Step II Find the greatest common factor
(GCF/HCF) of its terms. (i) 7(2x + 5) + 3 (2x + 5) = (7 + 3) (2x + 5)
StepIII Express each term of the given [Taking (2x + 5) common]
expression as the product of the GCF = 10(2x + 5)
and the quotient when it is divided by
the GCF. (ii) (x + 2) y + (x + 2) x = (x + 2) (y + x)
Step IV Use the distributive property of [Taking (x + 2) common]
multiplication over addition to express
the given algebraic expression as the (iii) 5a (2x + 3y) – 2b (2x + 3y)
product of the GCF and the quotient = (2x + 3y) (5a – 2b)
of the given expression by the GCF.
[Taking (2x + 3y) common]
2
Ex.5 Factorise each of the following algebraic (iv) 8(5x + 9y) + 12(5x + 9y) = 4(5x + 9y)
expressions: {2(5x + 9y) + 3}
2
(i) 3x + 15 (ii) 2x + 5x = 4(5x + 9y) (10x + 18y + 3)
2 2 3 2
(iii) 3x y – 6xy (iv) 6x + 8x y Ex.7 Factorise :
Sol. (i) The greatest common factor of the terms (i) (y – x) a + (x – y)b
namely, 3x and 15 of the expression 3x + 15
is 3. Also, 3x = 3 × x and 15 = 3 × 5. (ii) 9(a – 2b)2 + 6(2b – a)
(iii) (x – 2y)2 – 4x + 8y
 3x + 15 = 3 (x + 5)
(iv) 2a + 6b – 3 (a + 3b)2
Sol. We have, [Re-grouping the terms]
(i) (y – x)a + (x – y)b = – (x – y)a + (x – y)b = a (a + b) + (a + b)c
[Taking (–1) common from (y – x)] = (a + b) (a + c) [Taking (a + b) common]
= (x – y) (–a + b) [Taking (x – y) common] (iv) ax – ay + bx – by = a (x – y) + b (x – y)
= (x – y) (b – a) [ –a + b = b – a] = (a + b) (x – y) [Taking (x – y) common]

(ii) 9(a – 2b)2 + 6(2b – a) Ex.9 Factorise each of the following expression:

= 9(a – 2b)2 – 6(a – 2b) (i) a3x + a2 (x – y) – a(y + z) – z

[ 2b – a = – (a – 2b)] (ii) (x2 + 3x)2 – 5(x2 + 3x) – y (x2 + 3x) + 5y

= 3(a – 2b) {3 (a – 2b) – 2} Sol. (i) We have,

[Taking 3(a – 2b) common] a3x + a2 (x – y) – a (y + z) – z

= 3(a – 2b) (3a – 6b – 2) = a3x + a2x – a2y – ay – az – z

(iii) (x – 2y)2 – 4x + 8y = (x – 2y)2 – 4(x –2y) = (a3x + a2x) – (a2y + ay) – (az + z)

[Taking –4 common from –4x + 8y] = a2x (a + 1) – ay(a + 1) – z(a + 1)

= (x – 2y) {(x – 2y) – 4} = (a + 1)(a2x – ay – z)

[Taking (x – 2y) common] (ii) (x2 + 3x)2 – 5 (x2 + 3x) – y (x2 + 3x) + 5y

= (x – 2y) (x – 2y – 4)    
= (x2 + 3x) ( x 2  3x ) – 5 – y ( x 2  3x ) – 5
(iv) 2a + 6b – 3(a + 3b)2 = 2(a + 3b) – 3 (a + 3b)2 = (x2 + 3x – 5) (x2 + 3x – y)
[Taking 2 common from 2a + 6b] Factorisation of Binomial Expressions
= (a + 3b) {2 – 3 (a + 3b)} expressible as the difference of two squares
[Taking (a + 3b) common] Ex.10 Factorise :
= (a + 3b) (2 – 3a – 9b) (i) 9a2 – 16b2 (ii) 36a2 – (x – y)2

Factorisation by Grouping the Terms (iii) 80a2 – 45b2 (iv) (3a – b)2 – 9c2
Ex.8 Factorise : Sol. We have,
(i) ax + bx + ay + by (i) 9a2 – 16b2 = (3a)2 – (4b)2
(ii) ax2 + by2 + bx2 + ay2 = (3a + 4b) (3a – 4b)
(iii) a2 + bc + ab + ac [Using : (a2 – b2) = (a + b) (a – b)]
(iv) ax – ay + bx – by (ii) 36a2 – (x – y)2 = (6a)2 – (x – y)2
Sol. We have, = {6a + (x – y)} {6a – (x – y)}
(i) ax + bx + ay + by = (ax + bx) + (ay + by) [Using : a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
[Grouping the terms] = (6a + x – y) (6a – x + y)
= (a + b)x + (a + b)y (iii) 80a2 – 45b2 = 5(16a2 – 9b2)
= (a + b) (x + y) [Taking (a + b) common] = 5{(4a)2 – (3b)2}
(ii) ax2 + by2 + bx2 + ay2 = 5 (4a + 3b) (4a – 3b)
= ax2 + bx2 + ay2 + by2 [Using : a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
[Re-arranging the terms] (iv) (3a – b)2 – 9c2 = (3a – b)2 – (3c)2
= (a + b)x2 + (a + b)y2 = {(3a – b) + 3c}{(3a – b – 3c)}
= (a + b)(x2 + y2) [Taking (a + b) common] = (3a – b + 3c) (3a – b – 3c)
(iii) a2 + bc + ab + ac = (a2 + ab) + (ac + bc) Ex.11 Factorise :
 25 b = 2x (x2 – 1) (x2 + 1)
(i) 16a2 – (ii) 16a2b –
4a 2 16a 2 = 2x (x – 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1)
(iii) 100(x + y)2 – 81 (a + b)2 (iii) 3x4 – 243 = 3 (x4 – 81)
(iv) (x – 1)2 – (x – 2)2
 
= 3 ( x 2 ) 2 – 9 2 = 3(x2 – 9) (x2 + 9)

Sol. We have, = 3(x2 – 32) (x2 + 9) = 3(x + 3) (x – 3) (x2 + 9)

25 (iv) 2 – 50x2 = 2{1 – 25x2}

(i) 16a2 –
4a 2 = 2{12 – (5x)2} = 2(1 – 5x) (1 + 5x)
2
 5   5  5  (v) x8 – y8 = {(x4)2 – (y4)2}
= (4a)2 –   =  4a    4a – 
 2a   2a   2a  = (x4 – y4) (x4 + y4)
b  1  = {(x2)2– (y2)2}(x4 + y4)
(ii) 16a2b – 2
= b 16a 2 – 
16a  16a 2  = (x2 – y2) (x2 + y2) (x4 + y4)
  1  
2
= (x – y) (x + y) (x2 + y2) (x4 + y4)
= b (4a ) 2 –   
  4a   = (x – y) (x + y) (x2 + y2)

 1  1  {(x2)2 + (y2)2 + 2x2y2 – 2x2y2}

= b  4a    4a – 
 4 a  4 a
(iii) 100(x + y)2 – 81 (a + b)2
= (x – y) (x + y) (x2 + y2) (x 2  y 2 ) 2 –

 2xy 
2

= {10 (x + y)}2 – {9(a + b)}2 

= (x – y) (x + y) (x2 + y2) x 2  y 2 – 2 xy 
= {10(x + y) + 9 (a + b)} {10 (x + y) – 9 (a + b)}
= (10x + 10y + 9a + 9b) (10x + 10y – 9a – 9b)
x 2
 y 2  2 xy 
(iv) (x – 1)2 – (x – 2)2  
(vi) a12x4 – a4x12 = a4x4 a 8 – x 8
= {(x – 1) + (x – 2)}{(x –1) – (x – 2)}
= a x (a ) – ( x ) = a x (a + x ) (a
4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4
– x4)
= (2x – 3) (x – 1 – x + 2)
= (2x – 3) × 1 = a x (a + x ) (a ) – ( x ) 
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2

= 2x – 3 = a4x4 (a4 + x4) (a2 + x2) (a2 – x2)

Ex.12 Factorise each of the following algebraic
= a4x4 (a4 + x4) (a2 + x2) (a + x) (a – x)
expression:
(i) x4 – 81y4 (ii) 2x5 – 2x Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
(iii) 3x4 – 243 (iv) 2 – 50x2 expressible as a perfect square
(v) x8 – y8 (vi) a12x4 – a4x12 (i) a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 = (a + b) (a + b)
(ii) a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2 = (a – b) (a – b)
Sol. (i) x4 – 81y4 = (x2)2 – (9y2)2
= (x2 – 9y2) (x2 + 9y2) Ex.13 Factorise :
 
= x 2 – (3y) 2 (x2 + 9y2) (i) x2 + 8x + 16 (ii) 4a2 – 4a + 1
= (x – 3y) (x + 3y) (x2 + 9y2) Sol. We have,
5 4
(ii) 2x – 2x = 2x (x – 1)
(i) x2 + 8x + 16 = x2 + 2 × x × 4 + 42

= 2x ( x 2 ) 2 – 12  = (x + 4)2 [Using : a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2]
 = (x + 4) (x + 4) Ex.16 Factorise each of the following expressions:

(ii) 4a2 – 4a + 1 = (2a)2 – 2 × 2a × 1 + (1)2 (i) x2 + 2xy + y2 – a2 + 2ab – b2

= (2a – 1)2 [Using : a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2] (ii) 25x2 – 10x + 1 – 36y2

= (2a – 1) (2a – 1) (iii) 1 – 2ab –(a2 + b2)

Ex.14 Factorise : Sol. (i) x2 + 2xy + y2 – a2 + 2ab – b2

(i) 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 (ii) x4 – 10x2y2 + 25y4 = (x2 + 2xy + y2) – (a2 – 2ab + b2)

(iii) a4 – 2a2b2 + b4 = (x + y)2 – (a – b)2

Sol. We have, ={(x + y) + (a – b)} {(x + y) – (a – b)}

(i) 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 = (2x)2 + 2 × 2x × 3y + (3y)2 = (x + y + a – b) (x + y – a + b)

= (2x + 3y)2 (ii) 25x2 – 10x + 1 – 36y2

= (2x + 3y) (2x + 3y) = (5x)2 – 2× 5x × 1 + 12 – (6y)2

= (5x – 1)2 – (6y)2
(ii) x4 – 10x2y2 + 25y4
= (5x – 1 + 6) (5x – 1 – 6y)
= (x2)2 – 2 × x2 × 5y2 + (5y2)2
(iii) 1 – 2ab – (a2 + b2) = 1 – (2ab + a2 +b2)
= (x2 – 5y2)2
= 1– (a + b)2
= (x2 – 5y2) (x2 – 5y2)
= {1 + (a + b)} {1– (a + b)}
(iii) a4 – 2a2b2 + b4 = (a2)2 – 2 × a2 × b2 + (b2)2
= (1 + a + b) (1 – a – b)
= (a2 – b2)2
Ex.17 Factorise:
= {(a – b) (a + b)}2 = (a – b)2 (a +b)2
(i) x2 + 8x + 15 (ii) x4 + x2 + 1 (iii) x4 + 4
Ex.15 Factorise each of the following expressions:
Sol. We have,
(i) x2 – 2xy + y2 – x + y
(i) x2 + 8x + 15 = (x2 + 8x + 16) – 1
(ii) 4a2 + 12ab + 9b2 – 8a – 12b
[Replacing 15 by 16 – 1]
(iii) a2 + b2 –2 (ab – ac + bc)
= {(x)2 + 2 × x × 4 + 42} – 1 = (x + 4)2 – 12
Sol. (i) x2 – 2xy + y2 – x + y = (x2 – 2xy + y2)
= {x + 4 + 1} {(x + 4) – 1}
= (x – y)2 – (x – y)
= (x + 5) (x + 3)
= (x – y) {(x – y) – 1}
(ii) x4 + x2 + 1 = x4 + 2x2 + 1 – x2
= (x – y) (x – y – 1)
[Adding and subtracting x2]
2 2
(ii) 4a + 12ab + 9b – 8a – 12b
= (x4 + 2x2 + 1) – x2
= (2a)2 + 2 × 2a × 3b + (3b)2 – 4(2a + 3b)
 
= ( x 2 ) 2  2  x 2  1  12 – x2
2
= (2a + 3b) – 4(2a + 3b) = (2a + 3b) (2a + 3b – 4)
= (x2 + 1)2 – x2 = {(x2 + 1) + x} {(x2 + 1) – x}
(iii) a2 + b2 – 2 (ab – ac + bc)
= (x2 + x + 1) (x2 – x + 1)
= a2 + b2 –2ab + 2ac – 2bc = (a – b)2 + 2c (a – b) (iii) x4 + 4 = x4 + 4x2 + 4 – 4x2
= (a – b) {(a – b) + 2c} = (a – b) (a – b + 2c) [Adding and subtracting 4x2]
 = {(x2)2 + 2 × x2 × 2 + 22} – 4x2 (iii) In order to Factorise x2 – 7x + 12 we have to
find two numbers p and q such that p + q = –7
= (x2 + 2)2 – (2x)2
and pq = 12.
= {(x2 + 2) + 2x}{(x2 + 2) – 2x} Clearly, – 3 – 4 = – 7
= (x2 + 2x + 2) (x2 – 2x + 2) and – 3 × – 4 = 12.
We now split the middle term – 7x of the
Factorisation of Quadratic Polynomials
given quadratic as – 3x – 4x.
in one varibale
Algorithm :  x2 – 7x + 12 = x2 – 3x – 4x + 12
Step I Obtain the quadratic polynomial = (x2 – 3x) – (4x – 12)
x2 + px + q.
= x(x – 3) – 4 (x – 3)
Step II Obtain p = coefficient of x and,
q = constant term. = (x – 3) (x – 4)
Step III Find the two numbers a and b Ex.19 Factorise each of the following quadratic
such that a + b = p and ab = q. polynomials :
Step IV Split up the middle term as the (i) x2 – 23x + 132
sum of two terms ax and bx.
(ii) x2 – 21x + 108
Step V Factorise the expression obtained
in step IV by grouping the term. (iii) x2 + 5x – 36
Sol. (i) In order to Factorise x2 – 23x + 132, we have
Ex.18 Factorise each of the following expressions: to find numbers p and q such that p + q = –23
and pq = 132.
(i) x2 + 6x + 8 (ii) x2 + 4x – 21
Clearly, – 12 – 11 = –23 and –12 × –11 = 132.
(iii) x2 – 7x + 12
We now split the middle term – 23x of
Sol. (i) In order to Factorise x2 + 6x + 8, we find two x2 – 23x + 132 as – 12x – 11x
numbers p and q such that p + q = 6 and
pq = 8.  x2 – 23x + 132 = x2 – 12x – 11x + 132
Clearly, 2 + 4 = 6 and 2 × 4 = 8 = (x2 – 12x) – (11x – 132)

We now split the middle term 6x in the given = x (x – 12) – 11 (x – 12)

quadratic as 2x + 4x. = (x – 12) (x – 11)
 x2 + 6x + 8 = x2 + 2x + 4x + 8 (ii) In order to Factorise x2 – 21x + 108, we have
to find two numbers such that their sum is
= (x2 + 2x) + (4x + 8)
– 21 and the product 108.
= x (x + 2) + 4 (x + 2)
Clearly, –21 = –12 – 9 and – 12 × – 9 = 108
= (x + 2) (x + 4) So, we split the middle term – 21x as – 12x – 9x
(ii) In order to Factorise x2 + 4x – 21, we have to x2 – 21x + 108 = x2 – 12x – 9x + 108
find two numbers p and q such that = (x2 – 12x) – (9x – 108)
p + q = 4 and pq = – 21 = x(x – 12) – 9(x – 12)
Clearly, 7 + (–3) = 4 and 7 × –3 = 21. = (x – 12) (x – 9)
We now split the middle term 4x of x2 + 4x – 21 (iii) In order to Factorise x2 + 5x – 36, we have to
as 7x – 3x. find two numbers p and q such that p + q = 5
 x2 + 4x – 21 = x2 + 7x – 3x – 21 and pq = – 36.
= (x2 + 7x) – (3x + 21) Clearly, 9 + (–4) = 5 and 9 × –4 = –36.
= x(x + 7) – 3 (x + 7) So, we write the middle term 5x of
= (x + 7) (x – 3) x2 + 5x – 36 as 9x – 4x.
  x2 + 5x – 36 = x2 + 9x – 4x – 36 product of coefficient of x2 and constant term
i.e., 6 × – 6 = – 36.
= (x2 + 9x) – (4x + 36) = x (x + 9) – 4 (x + 9)
Clearly, 9 + (–4) = 5 and 9 × – 4 = – 36. So,
= (x + 9) (x – 4) we replace the middle term 5x by 9x – 4x.
Thus, we have
Factorisation of Quadratic Polynomials
of Theorem ax2 + bx + c, a  1  6x2 + 5x – 6 = 6x2 + 9x – 4x – 6
Procedure: = 3x(2x + 3) – 2 (2x + 3) = (2x + 3) (3x – 2)
Step I Obtain the quadratic trinomial (iii) The given expression is 6x2 – 13x + 6.
ax2 + bx + c
Here, coefficient of x2 = 6, coefficient of
Step II Obtain a = coefficient of x2, x = – 13, and constant term = 6.
b = coefficient of x and c = constant
We shall now split up the coefficient of x i.e.
terms.
– 13 into two parts whose sum is –13 and
Step III Find the product of the coefficient product equal to product of the coefficient of
of x2 and the constant term i.e. ac. x2 and constant term i.e, 6× 6 = 36. Clearly,
Step IV Split up the coefficient of x i.e. b –4, –9 = –13 and –4 × –9 = 36. So, we write
into two parts whose sum is b and the middle term – 13x as – 4x – 9x
product ac and write the middle
Thus, we have
term as the sum of two terms.
Step V Factorise the expression obtained 6x2 – 13x + 6 = 6x2 – 4x – 9x + 6
in step IV by grouping the term. = 2x (3x – 2) – 3 (3x – 2) = (3x – 2) (2x – 3)
Factors so obtained will be the
required factors of the given (iv) The given expression is – 2x2 – 3x + 2.
quadratic trinomial. Here, coefficient of x2 = – 2, coefficient of
x = –3 and constant term = 2.
Ex.20 Factorise :
We shall now split up the coefficient of the
(i) 2x2 + 5x + 3 (ii) 6x2 + 5x – 6 middle term i.e. – 3 into two parts such that
(iii) 6x2 – 13x + 6 (iv) –2x2 – 3x + 2 their sum is – 2 and the product is equal to the
product of the coefficient of x2 and constant
Sol. (i) The given expression is 2x2 + 5x + 3
term i.e. – 2 × 2 = –4.
Here, coefficient of x2 =2, coeffcient of x = 5,
Clearly, – 4 + 1 = – 3 and – 4 × 1 = –4.
and constant term = 3.
So, we write the middle term – 3x as – 4x + x.
We shall now split up the coefficient of the
middle term i.e. 5 into two parts such that Thus, we have
their sum is 5 and product equal to the
–2x2 – 3x + 2 = –2x2 – 4x + x + 2
product of coefficient of x2 and constant term
i.e. 2 × 3 = 6. Clearly, 2 + 3 = 5 and 2 × 3 = 6. = –2x (x + 2) + 1 (x + 2) = (x + 2) (–2x + 1)
So, we replace the middle term 5x by 2x + 3x.
Ex.21 Factorise:
Thus, we have
(i) 12x2 – 23xy + 10y2 (ii) 12x2 + 7xy – 10y2
2x2 + 5x + 3 = 2x2 + 2x + 3x + 3
Sol. (i) The given expression is 12x2 – 23xy + 10y2
= (2x2 + 2x) + (3x + 3) = 2x(x + 1) + 3(x + 1)
Here, coefficient of x2 = 12, coefficient of
= (x + 1) (2x + 3) x = –23y, and constant term = 10y2.
(ii) The given expression is 6x2 + 5x – 6 Now, we split up the coefficient of the middle
2
Here, coefficient of x = 6, coefficient of term i.e., –23y into two parts whose sum is
x = 5, constant term = – 6 –23y and product equal to the product of the
coefficient of x2 and constant term i.e.,
We shall now split up the coefficient of x i.e., 12 × 10y2 = 120y2.
5 into two parts such that their sum is equal to
coefficient of x i.e., 5 and product equal to the Clearly, –15y – 8y = – 23y and –15y × –8y = 120y2
 So,we replace the middle term
Factorisation of Quadratic Polynomials by using
–23xy by –15xy –8xy. the method of completing the perfect square
Procedure:
Step I Obtain the quadratic polynomial.
Thus, we have Let the polynomial be ax2 + bx + c,
12x2 – 23xy + 10y2 = 12x2 – 15xy – 8xy + 10y2 where a  0.
= 3x (4x – 5y) – 2y (4x – 5y) = (4x – 5y) (3x – 2y) Step II Make the coefficient of x2 unity
by dividing and multiplying
(ii) The given expression is 12x2 + 7xy – 10y2 throughout by it, if it is not unity
i.e., write
Here, coefficient of x2 = 12, coefficient of
x = 7y and constant term = – 10y2.  b c
ax2 + bx + c = a  x 2  x  
We shall now split up the coefficient of the  a a 
middle term i.e. 7y into two parts whose sum Step III Add and subtract square of half of
is 7y and product equal to the product of the the coefficient of x i.e., write
coefficient of x2 and constant term i.e.
12 × –10y2 = –120y2.  b c
ax2 + bx + c = a  x 2  x  
 a a
Clearly, 15y – 8y = 7y and 15y × –8y = – 120y2
So, we replace the middle term 7xy by 15xy – 8xy   b   b   b  c 
2 2
= a x2  2 x    –    
Thus, we have   2a   2a   2a  a 
12x2 + 7xy – 10y2 = 12x2 + 15xy – 8xy – 10y2 Step IV Write first three terms as the
square of a binomial and simplify
= 3x (4x + 5y) – 2y (4x + 5y) = (4x + 5y) (3x – 2y) last two terms i.e., write
ax2 + bx + c
  b   b   b  c 
2 2
= a x2  2 x    –    
  2a   2a   2a  a 
 b   b 2 – 4ac 
2
= a  x   –  
 2a   4a 2 
Step V Factorise last step obtained in step
IV by using a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)
to get desired factors.
Ex.22 Factorise y2 + 6y + 8 by using the method of
completing the square.
Sol. Here, coefficient of y2 is unity. So, we add
and subtract the square of the half of
coefficient of y.
 y2 + 6y + 8 = y2 + 6y + 32 – 32 + 8
 6
2 
Adding and subtracting    32 
 2 
= (y2 + 6y + 32) –1
= (y + 3)2 – 12 [By completing the square]
= {(y + 3) – 1} {(y + 3) + 1}
[Using : a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)]
= (y + 2) (y + 4)
Ex.23 Factorise: 4y2 – 8y + 3
Sol. We have, 4y2 – 8y + 3
  3  3
= 4  y 2 – 2 y   [Making coefficient of y2 as 1] = – 2  x –  (x + 2) = (–2x + 3) (x + 2)
 4  2
 3  POLYNOMIALS
= 4  y 2 – 2 y  12 – 12  
 4
 1  
2 Polynomials : An algebraic expression in
Adding and subtracting  Coeff . of y   which the variables involved have only
 2   non-negative integral powers, is called a
i.e.,12 
polynomial.
 1 Degree of a polynomial in one variable:
= 4 ( y 2 – 2 y  12 ) – 
 4 In a polynomial in one variable, the
highest power of the variable is called
  1  
2
degree.
= 4 ( y – 1) 2 –    [Completing the square]
  2   Degree of a polynomial in two variable:
In a polynomial in more than one variable
 1  1  the sum of the powers of the variables in
= 4 ( y – 1) – ( y – 1)  
 2  2  each term is computed and the highest
[Using a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)] sum so obtained is called the degree of the
polynomial.
 1  1
= 4y –1–   y –1  Constant Polynomial : A polynomial
 2  2 consisting of a constant term only is called
 3  1  2y – 3   2y – 1  a constant polynomial. The degree of a
= 4y –  y –  = 4   constant polynomial is zero.
 2  2   2  2 
Linear Polynomial : A polynomial of
= (2y – 3) (2y – 1) degree 1 is called a linear polynomial.
Ex.24 Factorise : 6 – x – 2x2
Quadratic Polynomial : A polynomial of
Sol. We have, degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial.
6 – x – 2x2 = – 2x2 – x + 6 Cubic Polynomial : A polynomial of
 1  degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial.
= – 2  x 2  x – 3
 2  Biquadratic Polynomials : A polynomial
of degree 4 is called a biquadratic
Dividing and multiplying by – 2 
i.e., the coeff . of x 2  polynomial.

 1
2
1 1
2  2 2 3 2
= – 2 x 2  x    –   – 3 Eg : x – x + x – 5 is a polynomial in
 2  4 4  3 2
1
Adding and subtracting  variables x whereas x3 – 3x2 + 5x1/2 + x – 1 is
 2 2 2
1  1
  Coeff . of x  i.e.,    not a polynomial, because it contains a term 5x1/2
 2   a   1
which contains as the power of variable x,
 1  1    1
2
 2
= – 2 x 2  2   x     –   3 which is not a non-negative integer.
 4  4   16 
5 2
 Eg : 3 – 2x2 + 4x2y + 8y – xy is a polynomial
49   1   7  
2 2 2
1 3
= –2  x   –  = – 2  x   –   
 4 16   4   4   in two variables x and y. 
 1  7   1  7
= – 2  x   –   x     Eg : (i) 2x + 3 is a polynomial in x of degree 1.
 4  4   4  4
 1 7  1 7 7
= – 2 x  –  x    (ii) 2x2 – 3x + is polynomial in x of degree 2.
 4 4  4 4 5
 2 2 7 2 = 4 × x × y = 4xy
(iii) a – a + 4 is a polynomial in a dgree 3.
3 2 (ii) We have,

Eg : 3x4 – 2x3y2 + 7xy3 – 9x + 5y + 4 is a – 15a 2 bc 3 –15  a  a  b  c  c  c

=
polynomial in x and y of degree 5, whereas 3ab 3 a  b

1 3 = –5ac3
– 3x + 7x2y – x2y2 is a polynomial of degree
2 4
Division of a Polynomial by a Monomial
4 in x and y. Step I Obtain the polynomial (dividend) and
the monomial (divisor).
3 1 3
Eg : 2 – x, + y, Step II Arrange the terms of the dividend in
4 2 5 descending order of their degrees. For
example, write
2 + 3a etc. are linear polynomials.
7x2 + 4x –3 + 5x3 as 5x2 + 7x2 + 4x – 3.
Eg : 2x2 – 3x + 4, 2 – x + x2, Step III Divided each term of the plynomial by
the given monomial by using the rules
3 1 of division of a monomial by a
2y2 – y+ are quadratic polynomials. monomial.
2 4

Eg : x3 – 7x + 2x – 3, Ex.26 Divide :
(i) 9m5 + 12m4 – 6m2 by 3m2
1 3
2 + y – y2 + 4y3 are cubic polynomial. (ii) 24x3y + 20x2y2 – 4xy by 2xy
2 2
Sol. (i) We have,
Eg : 3x4 – 7x3 + x2 – x + 9,
9m 5  12m 4 – 6m 2 9m 5 12m 4 6m 2
= + –
2 2 3 4 3m 2 3m 2 3m 2 3m 2
4– x + x are biquadratic polynomials.
3 5 = 3m3 + 4m2 – 2
(ii) We have,
Division of a monomial by a monomial
24x 3 y  20x 2 y 2 – 4 xy
While dividing a monomial by a 2xy
monomial, we follow the following two
rules: 24x 3 y 20x 2 y 2 4xy
= + –
Rule-1 Coefficient of the quotient of two 2 xy 2 xy 2xy
monomial is equal to the quotient
= 12x2 + 10xy – 2
of their coefficients.
Rule-2 The variable part in the quotient
of two monomials is equal to the
quotient of the variables in the
given monomials.

Ex.25 Divide :
(i) 12x3y3 by 3x2y (ii) –15a2bc3 by 3ab
Sol. (i) We have,
12 x 3 y 2 12  x  x  x  y  y
=
3x y2
3 x  x  y
 Division of a Polynomial by a Binomial
Step IV We take –x2 + x + 6 as the new dividend and
by using long division
repeat step II to obtain the second term
Step I Arrange the terms of the dividend
 x2 
and divisor in descending order of  
their degrees.  x   – x of the quotient.
 
Step II Divide the first term of the
Step V We multiply the divisor x – 3 by the second
dividend by the first term of the
term – x of the quotient and subtract the result
divisor to otbain the first term of
–x2 + 3x from the new dividend. We obtain
the quotient.
– 2x + 6 as the remainder.
Step III Multiply the divisor by the first
term of the quotient and subtract Step VI Now we treat – 2x + 6 as the new dividend
the result from the dividend to and divide its first term – 2x by the first term
obtain the remainder. –2 x
x of the divisor to obtain = –2 as the
Step IV Consider the remainder (if any) as x
dividend and repeat step II to third term of the quotient.
obtain the second term of the Step VII We multiply the divisor x – 3 and the third
quotient. term –2 of the quotient and subtract the result
Step V Repeat the above process till we – 2x + 6 from the the new dividend. We
obtain a remainder which is either obtain 0 as the remainder.
zero or a polynomial of degree
less than that of the divisor. Thus, we can say that
(6 + x – 4x2 + x3)  (x – 3)
2 3
Ex.27 Divide 6 + x – 4x + x by x – 3.
= x2 – x – 2
Sol. We go through the following steps to perform
the division: 6  x – 4x   x 3
or,
x–3
Step I We write the terms of the dividend as well as
of divisor in descending order of their = x2 – x – 2
degress. Thus, we write
The above procedure is displaced on the right
= 6 + x – 4x2 + x3 as x3 – 4x2 + x + 6 and side of the above step.
x – 3 as x – 3
Note :
Step II We divide the first term x3 of the dividend by
In the above example, the remainder is zero.
the first term x of the divisor and obtain
So, we can say that (x – 3) is a factor of
x3 6 + x – 4x2 + x3.
= x2 as the first term of the quotient.
x
Ex.28 Divide : x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 by x2 – 4x + 3
Step III We multiply the divisor x – 3 by the first
Sol. On dividing, we get
term x of the quotient and subtract the result
from the dividend x3 – 4x2 + x + 6. We obtain x–2
– x2 + x + 6 as the remainder. x2 – 4x + 3 x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6
x2 – x – 2 x3 – 4x2 + 3x
– + –
x–3 x3 – 4x2 + x + 6 – 2x2 + 8x – 6
x3 – 3x2 – 2x2 + 8x – 6
– +
+ – +
–x2 – x + 6
–x2 + 3x 0
+ –
 x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = (x – 2) (x2 – 4x + 3)
–2x + 6
–2x + 6 Ex.29 Using division show that 3y2 + 5 is factor of
+ – 6y5 + 15y4 + 16y3 + 4y2 + 10y – 35.
0
Sol. On dividing 6y5 + 15y4 + 16y3 + 4y2 + 10y – 35 2x2 + 2x – 1
by 3y2 + 5, we obtain 4 3 2
4x2 + 3x – 2 8x + 14x – 2x + 7x – 8
2y3 + 5y2 + 2y – 7 8x4 + 6x3 – 4x2
5 4 3 2 – – +
3y2 + 5 6y + 15y + 16y + 4y + 10y – 35
6y5
+ 10y3
8x3 + 2x2 + 7x – 8
– – 8x3 + 6x2 – 4x
– – +
15y4 + 6y3 + 4y2 + 10y – 35
15y4 + 25y2 –4x2 + 11x – 8
– – –4x2 – 3x + 2
+ + –
6y – 21y2 + 10y – 35
3

6y3 + 10y 14x – 10

– –
–21y2 – 35 Quotient = 2x2 + 2x – 1 and,
–21y2 – 35 Remainder = 14x – 10
+ + Thus, if we subtract the remainder 14x – 10
0 from 8x4 + 14x3 – 2x2 + 7x – 8, it will be
divisible by 4x2 + 3x – 2
Since the remainder is zero. Therefore, 3y2 + 5 is Ex.31 Find the values of a and b so that
a factor of 6y5 + 15y4 + 16y3 + 4y2 + 10y – 35. x4 + x3 + 8x2 + ax + b is divisible by x2 + 1.
Sol. If x4 + x3 + 8x2 + ax + b is exactly divisible
Division Algorithm: by x2 + 1, then the remainder should be zero.
We know that if a number is divided by
On dividing, we get
another number, then
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder x2 + x + 7
4 3 2
Similarly, if a polynomial is divided by x2 + 1 x + x + 8x + ax + b
4 2
another polynomial, then x +x
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder – –
This is generally known as the division x3 + 7x2 + ax + b
algorithm. x3 +x
– –
Ex.30 What must be subtracted from 7x2 + x(a – 1) + b
7x2 +7
8x4 + 14x3 – 2x2 + 7x – 8 so that the resulting – –
polynomial is exactly divisible by 4x2 + 3x – 2.
x (a – 1) + b – 7

Sol. We know that  Quotient = x2 + x + 7 and,

Dividend = Quotient × Divisor + Remainder Remainder = x (a – 1) + b – 7
 Dividend – Remainder = Quotient × Divisor Now, Remainder = 0
Clearly, R.H.S of the above result is divisble  x (a – 1) + (b – 7) = 0
by the divisor. Therefore, L.H.S. is also
divisible by the divisor. Thus, if we subtract  x (a – 1) + (b – 7) = 0x + 0
remainder from the dividend, then it will be  a – 1 = 0 and b – 7 =0
exactly divisible by the divisior.
[Comparing coefficients of x and constant
Dividing 8x4 + 14x3 – 2x2 + 7x – 8 by 4x2 + 3x – 2, terms]
we get
 a = 1 and b = 7 35a 2  32a – 99
=
Ex.32 Divide x4 – x3 + x2 + 5 by (x + 1) and write 7a – 9
the quotient and remainder.
(5a  11)(7a – 9)
= = 5a + 11 [Using (i)]
Sol. We have, ( 7 a – 9)
x4 – x3 + x2 + 5 = x3 (x + 1) – 2x2(x + 1)
Just as numbers, we cancel common 
+ 3x (x + 1) – 3 (x + 1) + 8 factor (7a – 9) in numerator and 
deno min ator 
= (x + 1) (x3 – 2x3 + 3x – 3) + 8
Hence, Quotient = x3 – 2x2 + 3x – 3 and, (ii) We have,
Remainder = 8. ax2 + (b + ac)x + bc
Ex.33 Divide 12x3 – 8x2 – 6x + 10 by (3x – 2). Also, = (ax2 + bx) + (acx + bc)
write the quotient and the remainder.
= x (ax + b) + c (ax + b) = (ax + b) (x + c) ...(i)
Sol. We have,
12x3 – 8x2 – 6x + 10
 
 ax 2  (b  ac) x  bc (x + c)

= 4x2 (3x – 2) – 2 (3x – 2) + 6 ax 2  (b  ac) x  bc

=
= {4x2 (3x – 2) – 2 (3x – 2)} + 6 ( x  c)

= (3x – 2) (4x2 – 2) + 6 (ax  b)( x  c)

= [Using (i)]
( x  c)
Hence, Quotient = 4x2 – 2 and, Remainder = 6.

= ax + b Canceling common factor ( x  c) 

3 2
Ex.34 Divide 6x – x – 10x – 3 by (2x – 3).
in numerator and deno min ator 
Sol. We have,
6x3 – x2 – 10x – 3
= 3x2 (2x – 3) + 4x (2x – 3) – 1(2x – 3) – 6
= {3x2 (2x – 3) + 4x (2x – 3) – 1 (2x – 3)} – 6
= (2x – 3) (3x2 + 4x – 1) – 6
Hence, Quotient = 3x2 + 4x – 1 and,
Remainder = – 6.


Division of Polynomials by using Factorisation

Ex.35 Divide:
(i) 35a2 + 32a – 99 by 7a – 9
(ii) ax2 + (b + ac) x + bc by x + c

Sol. (i) We have,

35a2 + 32a – 99 Ex.36 Divide: a12 + a6b6 + b12 by a6 – a3b3 + b6
= 35a2 + 77a – 45a – 99 Sol. We have,
= 7a (5a + 11) – 9 (5a + 11) = (5a + 11) (7a – 9) a12 + a6b6 + b12
...(i) = a12 + 2a6b6 + b12 – a6b6
 (35a2 + 32a – 99)  (7a – 9) [Adding and subtracting a6b6]
= (a6 + b6)2 – (a3b3)2
= (a6 + b6 – a3b3) (a6 + b6 + a3b3)
 = (a6 – a3b3 + b6) (a6 + a3b3 + b6) ...(i)
a 12  a 6 b 6  b12

a 6 – a 3b 3  b 6

(a 6 – a 3 b 3  b 6 ) (a 6  a 3 b 3  b 6 )
=
(a 6 – a 3 b 3  b 6 )
= a6 + a3b3 + b6
[Canceling a6 – a3b3 + b6 from Nr and Dr]
 EXERCISE # 1
Q.1 Factorise: Q.10 Factorise :
(i) 12x3y4 + 16x2y5 – 4x5y2 (i) 4(x + y)2 – 28y (x + y) + 49y2
(ii) 18a3b2 + 36ab4 – 24a2b3 (ii) (2a + 3b)2 + 2(2a + 3b) (2a – 3b) + (2a – 3b)2
Q.2 Factorise: Q.11 Factorise each of the following expressions:
(i) (x + y)(2x + 3y) – (2x + 3y) – (x + y) (x + 1) (i) 9x2– 4y2
(ii) (x + y) (2a + b) – (3x – 2y) (2a + b) (ii) 36x2 – 12x + 1 – 25y2
Q.3 Factorise : (iii) a2 – 1 + 2x – x2
(i) x2 + xy + 8x + 8y Q.12 Factorise:
(ii) 15xy – 6x + 10y – 4
(i) 9 – a6 + 2a3b3 – b6
(iii) n – 7 + 7lm – lmn
(ii) x16 – y16 + x8 + y8
Q.4 Factorise:
Q.13 Factorzie: (2x + 3y)2 – 5(2x + 3y) – 14
(i) a2 + 2a + ab + 2b
(ii) x2 – xz + xy – xz Q.14 Factorise: 3m2 + 24m + 36

Q.5 Factorise each of the following expressions: Q.15 Divide:

(i) a2 – b + ab – a (i) 6x4yz – 3xy3z + 8x2yz4 by 2xyz
(ii) xy – ab + bx – ay 2 2 2 2 4 2 3 1 3 2 1
(iii) 6ab – b2 + 12ac – 2bc (ii) a b c + ab c – ab c by abc
3 3 5 2
(iv) a(a + b – c) – bc
(v) a2x2 + (ax2 + 1) x + a Q.16 Divide the polynomial 2x4 + 8x3 + 7x2 + 4x + 3
(vi) 3ax – 6ay – 8by + 4bx by x + 3.

Q.6 Factorise: Q.17 Divide 10x4 + 17x3 – 62x2 + 30x – 3 by

(i) x3 – 2x2y + 3xy2 – 6y3 2x2 + 7x – 1
(ii) 6ab – b2 + 12ac – 2bc
Q.18 Divide 3y5 + 6y4 + 6y3 + 7y2 + 8y + 9 by
Q.7 Factorise : 3y3 + 1 and verify that
(i) x4 – y4 (ii) 16x4 – 81 Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
(iii) x4 – (y + z)4 (iv) 2x – 32x5
Q.19 Divide 16x4 + 12x3 – 10x2 + 8x + 20 by 4x – 3.
(v) 3a4 – 48b4 (vi) 81x4 – 121x2
Also, write the quotient and remainder.
Q.8 Factorise each of the following algebraic
expressions: Q.20 Divide 8y3 – 6y2 + 4y – 1 by 4y + 2. Also,
(i) 16(2x – 1)2 – 25z2 write the quotient and the remainder.
(ii) 4a2 – 9b2 – 2b – 3b Q.21 Divide: a4 – b4 by a – b
(iii) x2 – 4x + 4y – y2
(iv) 3 – 12 (a – b)2 Q.22 Divide: x4a + x2ay2b + 4y4b by x2a + xayb + y2b
(v) x (x + z) – y(y + z)
(vi) a2 – b2 – a – b

Q.9 Factorise :
(i) 4x2 – 4xy + y2 – 9z2
(ii) 16 – x2 – 2xy – y2
(iii) x4 – (x – z)4
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EXERCISE # 1
2. (i) (x + y) (x + 3y – 1) (ii) (–2x + 3y) (2a + b)
4. (i) (a + 2) (a + b) (ii) (x + y) (x – z)
5. (i) (a + b) (a – 1) (ii) (y + b) (x – a) (iii) (b + 2c) (6a – b)
(iv) (a + b) (a – c) (v) (x + a) (ax2 + 1) (vi) (3a + 4b) (x – 2y)
6. (i) (x – 2y) (x2 + 3y2) (ii) (6a – b)(b + 2c)
7. (i) (x – y) (x + y) (x2 + y2) (ii) (2x – 3) (2x + 3) (4x2 + 9)
(iii) (x – y – z) (x + y + z) {x2 + (y + z)2} (iv) 2x (1 + 4x2) (1 – 2x) (1 + 2x)
(v) 3(a – 2b) (a + 2b) (a2 + 4b2) (vi) x2 (9x – 11) (9x + 11)
8. (i) (8x – 5z – 4) (8x + 5z – 4) (ii) (2a + 3b) (2a – 3b – 1)
(iii) (x – y) (x + y – 4) (iv) 3(1 + 2a – 2b) (1 – 2a + 2b)
(v) (x – y) (x + y + z) (vi) (a + b) {(a – b) – 1}
9. (i) (2x – y + 3z) (2x – y – 3z) (ii) (4 + x + y) (4 – x – y)
(iii) (2x2 – 2xz + z2) (2x – z)z

10. (i) (2x – 5y)2 (ii) 16a2

11. (i) (3x + 2y) (3x – 2y)
(ii) (6x – 5y – 1) (6x + 5y – 1)
(iii) (a – 1 + x) (a + 1 – x)
12. (i) (a3 – b3 + 3) (–a3 + b3 + 3)
(ii) (x8 + y8) (x8 – y8 + 1)
(iii) (p + q – a + b) (p + q + a – b + 1)
13. (2x + 3y – 7) (2x + 3y + 2)
14. 3(m + 2) (m + 6)
3 2 4 8 2
15. (i) 3x3 – y + 4xz3 (ii) abc + bc  – b  c
2 3 3 5
16. (x + 3) (2x3 + 2x2 + x + 1)
17. (2x2 + 7x – 1) (5x2 – 9x + 3)

 5 9  11
20. (4y + 2)  2 y 2 – y   –
 2 4 2

21. (a + b) (a2 + b2)

22. x2a – xayb + y2b
 EXERCISE # 2

Q.1 If x and y are non-zero rational unequal Q.8 Value of k for which (x – 1) is a factor of
numbers, then find the value of (x3 – k).
( x  y) 2  ( x  y) 2 Q.9 Find the factors of (8x3 – 27y3) -
x 2 y  xy 2 (A) (2x – 3y) (4x2 + 9y2 – 6xy)
1 1 4 2 (B) (2x – 3y) (4x2 + 9y2 + 6xy)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
xy xy xy xy (C) (2x – 3y) (4x2 – 9y2 – 6xy)
(D) (2x – 3y) (4x2 – 9y2 + 6xy)
a b a b
Q.2 Let – = x : y. If (x – y) =    , then Q.10 Find the factors of (x3 + y3 + 2x2 – 2y2).
b a b a
find the value of x - Q.11 Find the factors of (x3 – 5x2 + 8x – 4).
ab ab
(A) (B) Q.12 Find the factors of (x4 + 4).
a b
ab Q.13 Find the factors of (x + y)3 – (x – y)3.
(C) (D) None of these
a
Q.14 If (x5 – 9x2 + 12x – 14) is divided by (x – 3),
Q.3 If (x – 2) is a factor of (x2 + 3qx – 2q), then then find the remainder.
find the value of q. Q.15 If (x11 + 1) is divided by (x + 1), then find the
Q.4 If x3 + 6x2 + 4x + k is exactly divisible by remainder.
(x + 2), then find the value of k. Q.16 Find the value of expression (16x2 + 24x + 9)
Q.5 Let f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6. Then, which 3
for x = – .
one of the following is not factor of f(x) ? 4
(A) x – 1 (B) x – 2 (C) x + 3 (D) x – 3
Q.17 Find the sum of (x2 + 1) and the reciprocal of
Q.6 The polynomial (x4 – 5x3 + 5x2 – 10x + 24) (x2 – 1).
has a factor as -
Q.18 Find the factors of (x2 – 1 – 2a – a2).
(A) x + 4 (B) x – 2
(C) x + 2 (D) None of these Q.19 Find the factors of (x2 – 8x – 20).

Q.7 (x29 – x25 + x13 – 1) is divisible by - Q.20 Find the factors of (x2 – xy – 72y2).
(A) both (x – 1) & (x + 1) Q.21 Find the factors of (x2 – 11xy – 60y2).
(B) (x – 1) but not by (x + 1)
(C) (x + 1) but not by (x – 1) Q.22 Find the factors of (x4 + x2 + 25).
(D) neither (x – 1) nor (x + 1)
 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE # 2
4
1. 2. None of these 3. –1
xy
4. –8 5. x+3 6. x – 2
7. (x – 1) but not by (x + 1) 8. 1 9. (2x – 3y) (4x2 + 9y2 + 6xy)
10. (x + y) (x2 + y2 + xy + 2x – 2y) 11. (x – 2)2 (x – 1)
12. (x2 + 2x + 2) (x2 – 2x + 2)
13. 2y(3x2 + y2) 14. 184 15. 0
x4
16. 0 17. 18. (x + a + 1) (x – a – 1)
x2 1
19. (x – 10) (x + 2) 20. (x – 9y) (x + 8y) 21. (x – 15y) (x + 4y)
22. (x2 + 5 + 3x) (x2 + 5 – 3x)