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Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is the repeating sequence of growth, DNA replication, and cell division that occurs in living organisms. It consists of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis then divides the nucleus and chromosomes. Finally, cytokinesis separates the cytoplasmic contents into two daughter cells. Checkpoints ensure DNA replication and cell division occur properly to prevent uncontrolled cell growth and potential cancer development.

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124 views

Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is the repeating sequence of growth, DNA replication, and cell division that occurs in living organisms. It consists of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis then divides the nucleus and chromosomes. Finally, cytokinesis separates the cytoplasmic contents into two daughter cells. Checkpoints ensure DNA replication and cell division occur properly to prevent uncontrolled cell growth and potential cancer development.

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hobiforlife 22
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THE CELL CYCLE

MARY ANN A. OTERO


TEACHER
WHAT IS THE CELL CYCLE?

 Repeating sequence
of cellular growth
and division
throughout the life
of an organism
THE CELL CYCLE
 Normal growth, development, and
maintenance depend on the timing and
rate of mitosis (cell division).Various cells
differ in their pattern of cell division:
 Human skin cells → frequent
 Liver cells → only in appropriate
situations
 Nerve cells → do not divide in mature
humans
UNDERSTANDING THE CELL
CYCLE
 There are three major stages to the cell cycle:

1. Interphase encompasses the phases of G1


(Growth 1), S (DNA Synthesis) and G2
(Growth 2) phase.

2. Mitosis encompasses the phases of prophase,


metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

3. Cytokinesis (cytoplasm divides)


INTERPHASE

1st Growth Phase


DNA Synthesis Phase
2 nd Growth Phase
INTERPHASE
 Cell undergoes normal growth
processes
 Also preparing for cell division
 In order for a cell to move from interphase
to mitotic phase, both internal and external
condition must be met.
INTERPHASE STAGES

G1 Phase - First Gap


✓ Cell grows
✓ More organelles
produced
✓ Volume of cytoplasm
increase
✓ Accumulation of
building blocks of
cDNA
INTERPHASE STAGES

S Phase (Synthesis of DNA)


✓ Formation of sister
chromatids joint at the
centromere
✓ Centromere is duplicated
INTERPHASE STAGES

G2 Phase (Second Gap)


✓ Replenishing of energy
stores
✓ Synthesis of necessary
protein
✓ Cytoskeleton is
dismantled to ready for
the mitosis
✓ May be additional cell
growth
INTERPHASE STAGES

G0 – Quiescent (rest) state


✓ Usually for non-proliferative cells
✓ Occur for cells that are damaged
✓ Alternative to apoptosis.
✓ Can be temporary or permanent.

Nerve and muscle cells


(multinucleated)
SECOND PHASE OF THE CELL
CYCLE
D) Mitosis
1. Nucleus is divided into 2 nuclei
2. Each nucleus ends up with the same
number of chromosomes as the
original cell.
3. Includes prophase, metaphase,
anaphase and telophase.
• 4 phases of nuclear division (mitosis), directed
by the cell’s DNA (PMAT)
Prophase Metaphase—(Middle)

Anaphase—(Apart)

Anaphase—(Apart) Telophase—(Two)
Prophase

• Chromosomes coil
up
• Nuclear envelope
disappears
• Spindle fibers form
Metaphase—(Middle)

• Chromosomes line up
in middle of cell
• Spindle fibers connect
to chromosomes
Anaphase—(Apart)

• Chromosome
copies divide
• Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes to
opposite poles
Telophase—(Two)
• Chromosomes uncoil
• Nuclear envelopes
form
• 2 new nuclei are
formed
• Spindle fibers
disappear
FINAL STAGE OF THE CELL
CYCLE

Cytokinesis
1. During this final stage,
the cytoplasm divides.
Cytokinesis — the division of the rest of the cell
(cytoplasm and organelles) after the nucleus
divides
In animal cells the cytoplasm
pinches in

In plant cells a cell plate forms

•After mitosis and cytokinesis, the cell returns to


Interphase to continue to grow and perform
regular cell activities
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS IN
PROPHASE
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS IN
METAPHASE
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS IN
ANAPHASE
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS IN
TELOPHASE
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS IN
CYTOKINESIS
WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT
CELL DIVISION?
1.Living things
grow by producing
more cells, NOT
because each cell
increases in size
2. Repair of damaged
tissue
3.If cell gets too big,
it cannot get enough
nutrients into the
cell and wastes out
of the cell
WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT
CELL DIVISION?

 This occurs during


growth, repair and
development of
tissues.
•Mitosis occurs in all the somatic (body) cells

Why does mitosis occur? So each new daughter


cell has nucleus with a
complete set of
chromosomes
WHAT REGULATES
CELL DIVISION?
Control of the Cell Cycle
 Two irreversible points in cell cycle
 replication of genetic material
 separation of sister chromatids
 Checkpoints
 process is assessed & possibly halted
sister chromatids

centromere
✓ ✓
single-stranded double-stranded
chromosomes chromosomes
FIG. 12-14
G1 checkpoint

Control
system S
G1

M G2

M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
CHECKPOINTS
 A checkpoint is a stage in the eukaryotic cell
cycle at which the cell examines internal and
external cues and "decides" whether or not
to move forward with division.
 The cell cycle is regulated by a molecular
signaling system which switches the cell
cycle control system on/off.
THE G₁ CHECKPOINT
✓A point where the cell
commits to the
irreversible cell division
process
✓Check for genomic DNA
damage
✓If cell does not meet all
the requirements not be
allowed to progress into
the S phase.
G₂ CHECKPOINT
✓Bars entry into the
mitotic phase if certain
condition are not met
✓Assess protein reserves
and cell size
✓Importantly, check if all
chromosomes are
replicated and not
damaged
THE M CHECKPOINT (SPINDLE
CHECKPOINT)

✓Occurs at the end of


karyokinesis
✓Determines whether
all the sister
chromatids are
correctly attached to
the spindle
microtubules.
What happens when
checkpoints fail?
•DNA controls all cell
activities including cell
division
•Some cells lose their ability
to control their rate of cell
division – the DNA of
these cells has become
damaged or changed
(mutated)
•These super-dividing cells
form masses called tumors
What happens when checkpoints fail?
1. Cancer can occur
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells.
2. Mutation missed by checkpoint can cause
overproduction of growth hormone
3. Damage done to a cell by environmental
factors can cause cells to constantly repair
Chromosome
Phase Important Events
Appearance & Location
DNA replication, cell
Interphase DNA copies itself;
grows and replicates
chromatin
organelles
Nuclear envelope
Prophase Chromosomes coil up disappears, spindle fibers
form
Chromosomes line up in Spindle fibers connect to
Metaphase the middle chromosomes

Chromosome copies Spindle fibers pull


Anaphase divide and move apart chromosome copies apart
to opposite poles
Nuclear envelopes reform,
Chromosomes uncoil back
Telophase 2 new nuclei are formed,
into chromatin
spindle fibers disappear
Division of the rest of the
Cytokinesis Chromatin cell: cytoplasm and
organelles
Summary: Cell Cycle

Interphase Mitosis (PMAT) Cytokinesis

•When cells become old or damaged, they die and


are replaced with new cells
HOW WILL YOU AVOID
UNREGULATED CELL
DIVISION?

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