SAT Lecture 4 SAT Verbal — Subject-modifier Placement Part 2Outline Adjectives and Adverbs Noun Modifiers Relative Pronouns Prepositions and Participles Adverbial Modifiers Which vs. the Present Parti Modifier vs. Core Quantity 6 Digital SAT Subject-modifier placement questions 10. 20 Subject-modifier placement practice exercises 11. 100 New SAT Words you must know (400 Out of 3000) le -ing PRPNOVayNPModifiers A modifier describes or provides extra information about something else in the sentence. Although modifiers can be as simple as a single word (an adjective or an adverb], SAT sentences often contain several complex modifiers. For example: Tired out from playing basketball, CHARLES decided to take a nap. The modifier Tired out from playing basketball describes the noun Charles. It provides additional context as to why Charles decided to take a nap. Many modifiers answer the questions who, what, when, where, or why. Incorrectly used modifiers can lead to ambiguity or illogical meaning.Adjectives and Adverbs + Adjectives and adverbs are one-word modifiers. An adjective modifies only a noun or a pronoun, whereas an adverb modifies almost anything but a noun or a pronoun. These two types of modifiers illustrate the two broad categories of modifiers. + Noun modifiers, such as adjectives, modify only a noun or a pronoun. + Adverbial modifiers, such as adverbs, can modify verbs, adjectives, prepositional phrases, even entire clauses, but they do not modify plain nouns. For example: The smart STUDENT WORKS quickly. Here the adjective smart modifies the noun student, while the adverb quickly modifies the verb works. Many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the adjective. + The SAT will sometimes offer answers that use an adjective where an adverb is grammatically required and vice versa. All of the following examples are correct, although they differ in meaning: Amy is a good PERSON. (Good is an adjective that modifies the noun person.) AMY is well. (Well is an adjective that modifies the noun Amy.) Amy WRITES well. (Well is an adverb that modifies the verb writes.)Adjectives and Adverbs + On harder questions, the SAT could provide two grammatically correct phrasings. For instance, which of these sentences is more logical? Max's grandmother is his supposed Irish ancestor. Max's grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.Adjectives and Adverbs + On harder questions, the SAT could provide two grammatically correct phrasings. For instance, which of these sentences is more logical? Max's grandmother is his supposed Irish ancestor. Max's grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor. + In the first option, the adjective supposed points to the noun ancestor, implying that Max's grandmother is not actually his ancestor. In the second option, the adverb supposedly points to the adjective Irish, implying that Max's grandmother is not actually Irish. * Logically, Max's grandmother has to be his ancestor; if she weren't, the sentence would call her his supposed grandmother. Only the second option, then, has a sensible meaning: Max's grandmother Is supposedly irish but she may not be after all. > Adjectives that alternate with their corresponding adverbs include corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed, and usual. + If you spot an answer switching back and forth between the adjective and adverb forms of the same word, ask yourself what the word is modifying. If it's modifying a noun by itself, use the adjective form. If it's modifying anything other than 2 noun (or pronoun), use the adverbial form.Noun Modifiers + Adjectives are the most simple noun modifiers. Other types of noun modifiers act like long adjectives. Consider these examples Wi Eman ‘Meaning Preposition Sue placed the CAT onthe Where isthe cat? (on the couch. couch) Past Participle The CAT owned by Sue is Whose cat? (the one playful. owned by Sue) Present Participlewithout The CAT sleepingonthe Which cat? (the one Commas. ‘tug belongsto Sue, sleeping on the rug) + Many modifiers answer a specific question, as shown in the Meaning column above. When you can ask a who, what, which, or where question about a noun, and the answer points to the modifier, you have a noun modifier.Noun Modifiers * Think about the circumstances in which you would use each of the two sentences below: The cat, which lives next door, is very noisy. The cat that lives next door is very noisy.Noun Modifiers * Think about the circumstances in which you would use each of the two sentences below: The cat, which lives next door, is very noisy. The cat that lives next door is very noisy. * In the first example, you would already have to know which cat the speaker is talking about. The modifier provides extra information, as though the speaker is saying, “Oh, by the way, that cat that we're talking about lives next door. Just thought I'd mention it.”" * The second example, by contrast, would be used to distinguish between multiple cats when you don't already know which cat the speaker wants to discuss. If three cats are playing in front of you, the ‘speaker would specify the cat that lives next door, not the other two cats. * The “comma which” structure is an example of a nonessential modifier. If you take a nonessential modifier out of the sentence, you still retain the full meaning of the main part of the sentence: the cat is very noisy (and you already know which cat is under discussion). Nonessential modifiers are usually separated out from the rest of the sentence by commas. * The second sentence includes an example of an esser modifier. If you remove it from the sentence, then the meaning may be compromised. For instance, if there are three cats and you say only, “The cat is very noisy,’ hobody will know which cat you mean. Essential modifiers are not usually separated out by commas.Position of Noun Modifiers + The placement of modifiers is really a function of meaning. Place the modifier incorrectly and the sentence may have an illogical or ambiguous meaning. * There are typically many nouns in a long sentence, so a noun modifier has to be placed in such a wa} that the reader knows exactly which noun is being modified. The practical result is that nouns and noun modifiers must be placed either right next to each other or very close together. Remember this rule: Place a NOUN and its MODIFIER as close together as possible—the closer, the better! + Here's what can happen when a noun and its modifier break this rule: Wrong: A hard worker and loyal team player, the new project was managed by Sue.Position of Noun Modifiers + The placement of modifiers is really a function of meaning. Place the modifier incorrectly and the sentence may have an illogical or ambiguous meaning. * There are typically many nouns in a long sentence, so a noun modifier has to be placed in such a wa} that the reader knows exactly which noun is being modified. The practical result is that nouns and noun modifiers must be placed either right next to each other or very close together. Remember this rule: Place a NOUN and its MODIFIER as close together as possible—the closer, the better! + Here's what can happen when a noun and its modifier break this rule: Wrong: A hard worker and loyal team player, the new project was managed by Sue. + The sentence begins with an opening modifier set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma. Who is @ hard worker and loyal team player? Not the project! That's illogical. * Instead, move the appropriate noun closer to the modifier: Right: A hard worker and loyal team player, Sue managed the new project.Position of Noun Modifiers + The majority of the time, a noun and its modifier will be placed right next to each other, words intervening + In certain circumstances, though, a noun and its modifier may be separated by another modifier. For example: The box of nails, which is nearly full, belongs to Jean. The noun box has two modifiers: of nails and which is nearly full. They can't both be placed right after the noun; one has to come first. An essential modifier trumps a nonessential modifier. Of nails is an essential modifier (which box? the box of nails), so it is placed immediately after box. The “comma which” modifier is a nonessential modifier, so it can come second. In this case, the which modifier refers to the closest preceding main noun, box. Which of the options below is better? Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. no otherPosition of Noun Modifiers * The majority of the time, a noun and its modifier will be placed right next to each other, with no other words intervening. + In certain circumstances, though, a noun and its modifier may be separated by another modifi example: The box of nails, which is nearly full, belongs to Jean. The noun box has two modifiers: of nails and which is nearly full. They can't both be placed right after the noun; one has tocomefist. An essential modifier trumps a nonessential modifier. Of nails is an essential modifier (which box? the box of nails), so it is placed immediately after box. The “comma which” modifier is a nonessential modifier, so it can come second. In this case, the which modifier refers to the closest preceding main noun, box. Which of the options below is better? Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. * What cut through the woods? The road. Modifiers should be as close as possible to the nouns they modify, So the second option is prefe ‘option is preferable. * Inthe first sentence, to get to his house is not a noun modifier referring to road, so it should not be placed in between the “comma which” modifier and the noun that it modifies. (To get to his house refers to the verb biked: how did he get to his house? He biked. r. ForPossessive Nouns Are Not Nouns! Can you spot the error in the sentence below? Wrong: Happy about his raise, Bill's celebration included taking his friends out to dinner.Possessive Nouns Are Not Nouns! Can you spot the error in the sentence below? Wrong: Happy about his raise, Bill's celebration included taking his friends out to dinner. * Logically, the modifier happy about his raise should describe Bill. However, possessive nouns are actually adjectives, not nouns, and a noun modifier has to point to a noun. As it stands, the sentence technically (and illogically) says that Bill's celebration is happy about his raise. Here is a corrected sentence: Right: Happy about his raise, Bill celebrated by taking his friends to dinner.Noun Modifier Markers: Relative Pronouns * Noun modifiers are often introduced by relative pronouns such as the following: Which That Who Whose Whom Where When + The words above always signal noun modifiers with the exception of the word that, which can sometimes signal_other_structures. A noun followed immediately by the word that signals a noun mo Averb followed immediately by the word that signals the more complex sentence structure subject-verb— THAT-subject-verb—object. * The pronouns who and whom must modify people. But, the pronoun which cannot modify people. + The pronoun whose can modify either people or things: the town whose water supply was contaminated * Which or whom sometimes follow prepositions: the canal through which water flows; the senator for whom we worked. * The pronoun where can be used to modify a noun place, such as area, site, country, or Nevada. Where cannot modify a “metaphorical” place, such as condition, situation, case, circumstances, or arrangement. In these cases, use in which rather than where. Wrong: We had an arrangement WHERE he cooked and | cleaned. Right: We had an arrangement IN WHICH he cooked and I cleaned * The pronoun when can be used to modify a noun event or time, such as period, age, 1987, or decade. In these circumstances, you can also use in which instead of when.Noun Modifier Markers: Prepositions and Participles + Both prepositional phrases and participle modifiers can be noun modifiers or adverbial modifiers, but they do followsome specific rules. + In general, if a preposition immediately follows a noun, then the prepositional phrase modifies that noun. For example: The executive DIRECTOR of the company resigned three days ago. Can you spot the noun modifiers in the following sentence? Researchers discovered that the most common risk factor resulting in cholera epidemics is the lack of a clean water supply.Noun Modifier Markers: Prepositions and Participles + Both prepositional phrases and participle modifiers can be noun modifiers or adverbial modifiers, but they do followsome specific rules. + In general, if a preposition immediately follows a noun, then the prepositional phrase modifies that noun. For example: The executive DIRECTOR of the company resigned three days ago. Can you spot the noun modifiers in the following sentence? Researchers discovered that the most common risk factor resulting in cholera epidemics is the lack of a clean water supply. * The adjective common describes the risk factor. (The adverb most refers to common.) What about the more complex noun modifiers? + The word resulting is a participle. Note that it is not separated out from the rest of the sentence by a comma. Therefore, resulting in cholera epidemics signals a noun modifier; it refers to the risk factor. * The prepositional phrase of a clean water supply modifies the noun lack. + Researchers discovered that the most common RISK FACTOR resulting in cholera epidemics is the LACK ofa clean water supply,Noun Modifier Markers: Prepositions and Participles « Participles can be present or past: Boe eee to play playing played to manage managing managed to begin beginning begun + Present participles always end in —ing. Past participles most commonly end in ~ed, but there are a number of irregular verb forms. + These participles can function as verbs, nouns, or various types of modifiers. For example: She is playing soccer. is playing = verb form Playing socceris fun. playing = subject (noun ‘The girl playing soccer is my sister. playing soccer = noun modi She stayed all day, playing soccer until she was the only one left on the field. plaving soccer ... field = adverbial modifierNoun Modifier Markers: Prepositions and Participles * Any -ing word functioning as part of the verb form will have another verb immediately before it, as in the is playing example. If no prior verb exists, then the -ing word is not acting as a verb. + Any -ing words that are not verbs and not separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma will either be a noun, as in Playing soccer is fun, or modify another noun, as in The girl playing soccer is my sister. * Finally, any “comma —ing” structures are adverbial modifiers. + Past participles, or -ed words, are not tested as frequently as -ing words, but follow the same general rules, except that a past participle can be a verb all by itself but it cannot function as a noun. She played the lottery yesterday. played = verb She accidentally bought an expired lottery ticket. Exhausted from her job, she bought a lottery ticket with hopes of winning big. expired = noun modifier, exhausted... job = adverbial modifier * You could also think of exhausted from her job as a noun modifier of she. Who was exhausted? She was. However, the context of the rest of the sentence matters. A sentence such as exhausted from her job, she has red hair would not be acceptable on the GMAT. As a result, it is better to think of this ‘moder a5 applicable to the whole main clause, Because she was exhausted, she bought a lotery ticketAdverbial Modifiers + As their name indicates, adverbial_modifiers modify verbs and adverbs. They can also modify adjectives, prepositional phrases, clauses...anything that isn’t just a plain noun. These modifiers also answer questions, such as how, when, where, or why an action occurred, but this time, the answer will point to something other than a plain noun. Here are a few examples: iT Eanes Meaning ‘Adverb ‘The engineer rapidly IDENTIFIED the How did the engineer identify the problem? problem. (rapidly) Prepositional Phrase The TEAM ATTENDS staff meetings on When does the team attend staff meetings? (on Mondays, Mondays) Present Participlewith The ENGINEERFIXED THE PROBLEM, What happened when the engineer fixed the Commas earning himself a promotion, problem? (he earned himself a promotion) Past Participle with Exhilarated by the successful product Why did the team celebrate? (the team was Commas launch, the TEAM CELEBRATED after _exhilarated by the successful launch) work.Adverbial Modifiers + Adverbial modifiers do not have the same placement constraints as noun modifiers. A sentence typically contains only one or two main clauses, so adverbial modifiers can be placed more freely without creating meaning issues in the sentence. As long as the adverbial modifier clearly points to one particular verb or clause, the placement is acceptable. In fact, only the first example in the list above places the modifier right next to the verb, and even that was not required. The engineer IDENTIFIED the problem rapidly is also correct. + Itis possible to place adverbial modifiers poorly, though. What's wrong with this sentence? He walked and caught up with his sister more rapidly.Adverbial Modifiers + Adverbial modifiers do not have the same placement constraints as noun modifiers. A sentence typically contains only one or two main clauses, so adverbial modifiers can be placed more freely without creating meaning issues in the sentence. As long as the adverbial modifier clearly points to one particular verb or clause, the placement is acceptable. In fact, only the first example in the list above places the modifier right next to the verb, and even that was not required. The engineer IDENTIFIED the problem rapidly is also correct. + Itis possible to place adverbial modifiers poorly, though. What's wrong with this sentence? He walked and caught up with his sister more rapidly. + The placement of the modifier rapidly indicates that he caught up with his sister more rapidly...than what? Logically, he walked more rapidly than he had been walking before in order to catch up with his sister. Try a harder one: The CEO declared that everyone had to work every day through the holidays to make the production deadline, but in calling for such an extreme measure, the company's employees were upset to the point of mutiny.Adverbial Modifiers + Adverbial modifiers do not have the same placement constraints as noun modifiers. A sentence typically contains only one or two main clauses, so adverbial modifiers can be placed more freely without creating meaning issues in the sentence. As long as the adverbial modifier clearly points to one particular verb or clause, the placement is acceptable. In fact, only the first example in the list above places the modifier right next to the verb, and even that was not required. The engineer IDENTIFIED the problem rapidly is also correct. + Itis possible to place adverbial modifiers poorly, though. What's wrong with this sentence? He walked and caught up with his sister more rapidly. + The placement of the modifier rapidly indicates that he caught up with his sister more rapidly...than what? Logically, he walked more rapidly than he had been walking before in order to catch up with his sister. Try a harder one: The CEO declared that everyone had to work every day through the holidays to make the production deadline, but in calling for such an extreme measure, the company's employees were upset to the point of mutiny. + The phrase in calling for such an extreme measure is a “comma ~ing” modifier. Such modifiers refer to the entire clause to which they are attached.Adverbial Modifiers + Which clause is that? The sentence has two: a * Logically, the CEO called for this extreme measure, not the employees. However, because the -ing modifier falls after the conjunction connecting the two clauses, the modifier refers to the employees, not to the CEO. The sentence could be fixed in multiple ways: Right: In an extreme measure, the CEO declared that everyone had to work every day through the holidays to make the production deadline; her employees were upset to the point of mutiny. Right: The CEO declared that everyone had to work every day through the holidays to make the production deadline, but in calling for such an extreme measure, she upset her employees to the point of mutiny. * Both of the correct sentences properly attribute the extreme move to the CEO, not to the employees. in short, an adverbial modifier points to the right verb or clause as long as itis not structurally closer to some other verb or cause. An adverbial modifier does not necessarily have to be placed as close as possible to what it modifies.Check the Sequence in Participle Modifiers + The final two examples in the earlier list illustrate an additional requirement that applies specifically to adverbial modifiers that use participles: the information presented earlier in the sentence leads to or results in the information presented later in the sentence. For example: The engineer fixed the problem, earning himself a promotion. Main Clause comma -ing Modifier + Because the engineer fixed the problem, he earned a promotion. Fixing the problem resulted in earning the promotion. Consider this example: Exhilarated by the successful product launch, the team celebrated after work. comma -ed Modifier Main Clause + Because the team was exhilarated, it celebrated. The exhilaration led to the celebration. + Whichever statement comes first in the sentence, whether modifier or main clause, is the instigating action, and whichever comes second, is the effect or result,Check the Sequence in Participle Modifiers + Picture a woman ice skating. She loses her balance, crashes to the ice, and then clutches her ankle in pain. Which of these three sentences correctly describes this scenario? Slipping on the ice, she broke her ankle. Breaking her ankle, she slipped on the ice. She slipped on the ice, breaking her ankle.Check the Sequence in Participle Modifiers + Picture a woman ice skating. She loses her balance, crashes to the ice, and then clutches her ankle in pain. Which of these three sentences correctly describes this scenario? Slipping on the ice, she broke her ankl Breaking her ankle, she slipped on the ice. She slipped on the ice, breaking her ankle. * Although they have different structures, the first and third sentences both correctly describe what happened: the woman slipped on the ice, and this action caused her to break her ankle. + The middle sentence is illogical because it implies that she broke her ankle first, then slipped on the ice.Subordinators * Take a look at this sentence: Although the economy is strong, the RETAIL INDUSTRY IS STRUGGLING. + The first part of the sentence is called a subordinate clause. It is almost exactly like a complete sentence, but it has a subordinator (although) at the beginning. + Subordinate clauses are not complete sentence: Wrong: Although the economy is strong. + Subordinate clauses modify the main clause to which they are attached. In the correct example presented first in this section, the subordinate clause provides additional information about the main clause: despite the fact that the overall economy is doing well, one particular industry is not. Common subordinator markers include: although —_ before unless because that sothat if yet after while since whenSubordinators « Pay attention to the meaning of the chosen word. If the word indicates a contrast, for example, then make sure the sentence actually conveys a contrast: Wrong: Although the economy is strong, the retail industry is doing well. + Subordinators are similar to the FANBOYS conjunctions: in both cases, you need to make sure that the chosen word logically connects the two pieces of information. (The two types of conjunctions are not interchangeable, though). + Use only one connecting word per “connection”: How can you correct following sentence? Wrong: ALTHOUGH I need to relax, YET | have so many things to do!Subordinators « Pay attention to the meaning of the chosen word. If the word indicates a contrast, for example, then make sure the sentence actually conveys a contrast: Wrong: Although the economy is strong, the retail industry is doing well. + Subordinators are similar to the FANBOYS conjunctions: in both cases, you need to make sure that the chosen word logically connects the two pieces of information. (The two types of conjunctions are not interchangeable, though). * Use only one connecting word per “connection”: How can you correct following sentence? Wrong: ALTHOUGH I need to relax, YET | have so many things to do! Right: ALTHOUGH I need to relax, I have so many things to do! ‘Right: I need to relax, YET I have so many things to do!Subordinators + Make sure that clauses are connected by a sensible connecting word: Wrong: She is not interested in playing sports, AND she likes watching them on TV.Subordinators + Make sure that clauses are connected by a sensible connecting word: Wrong: She is not interested in playing sports, AND she likes watching them on TV. + Inthe example above, the connecting word and is not sensible, because the two sentence parts are in opposition to each other. + This meaning error can be corrected by choosing a different connecting word: Right: She is not interested in playing sports, BUT she likes watching them on TV. Right: ALTHOUGH she is not interested in playing sports, she likes watching them on TV.Subordinators * Finally, be on the lookout for sentences that join a main clause to something that should be a clause but is not actually a clause: Wrong: Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse.Subordinators * Finally, be on the lookout for sentences that join a main clause to something that should be a clause but is not actually a clause: Wrong: Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse. * The main clause in this sentence is Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases. There is nothing wrong, with this main clause. + What about the rest of the sentence, which consists of the verb phrase may be impossible to reverse? This verb phrase has no subject. * The SAT wants you to think that environmental damage is the subject of may be impossible to reverse, but environmental damage is part of a prepositional phrase (about the environmental damage). Nouns in prepositional phrases cannot also be subjects.Subordinators * One way to fix the sentence is to change the preposition about to the subordinator that: Right: Citizens of many countries are expressing concern THAT the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse. * In this correct version, the main clause is Citizens...are expressing concern. The subordinate clause begins with the word it and extends to the end of the sentence. Within that subordinate clause, environmental damage is the subject of may be. * Another way to fix the sentence is to put may be impossible to reverse inside a modifier: Right: Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases, DAMAGE THAT may be impossible to reverse. * In this correct version, the main clause ends right before the comma. The words damage that may be impossible to reverse provide additional information about the damage mentioned earlier in the sentence.Which vs. the Present Participle -ing * Sentences such as the following are common in speech, but they are wrong in writing: Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, WHICH has led to a rise in property values.Which vs. the Present Participle -ing * Sentences such as the following are common in speech, but they are wrong in writing: Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, WHICH has led to a rise in property values. * The recent decrease in crime has led to a rise in property values, but decreased is a verb in the sentence. Whenever you use which, you must be referring to a noun. Here, the neighborhood has not led to anything, nor has crime by itself. Remember the rule: Use WHICH only to referto nouns—never to refer toan entire clause. + One way to correct the sentence is to turn the first thought into a noun phrase and make this phrase the subject of the verb in the which clause, eliminating which altogether: Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property values. + Another way to correct the sentence is to use an adverbial modifier to refer to the whole clause: Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values. + Again, in speech, people often break these rules, incorrectly using which to refer to a previous thought that is not a noun. Do not use your ear for this one. Always test which clauses to make sure that the which refers to the closest preceding main noun and not the whole clause.Modifier vs. Core * Two long nonessential modifiers in a row can lead to awkward or incorrect phrasings: Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.Modifier vs. Core * Two long nonessential modifiers in a row can lead to awkward or incorrect phrasings: Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians. + Here's a better way to convey the same information: Better: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled ‘publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians. + In this better sentence, one nonessential modifier is placed before the noun and the other is placed after. * On harder questions, SAT answers are more likely to rephrase the sentence so that one of the modifiers becomes part of the core of the sentence; that is, it is no longer a modifier. Example: Best: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians yet struggled publicly with drug abuse. + Here's the core sentence: Carlin influenced and inspired yet struggled.Modifier vs. Core + Two FANBOYS conjunctions connect the three verbs (influenced, inspired, struggled), so that final portion is now part of the core sentence, not a modifier. * If your first glance reveals a long underline, expect portions of the sentence to move around or even change roles completely in the answers. Here are some examples of correct sentences in which the core and modifier portions change: Right: Employing the new lab equipment, the engineer identified the problem quickly. Right: The engineer employed the new lab equipment, identifying the problem within minutes. * Both of these sentences convey the same information, but the first sentence has a modifiercore structure while the second has a core-modifier structure. Neither one is better than the other; both would be acceptable on the SAT. kicie ushed ous his decision the manage fie and was unable say anh, Right Themanager roe and was unable to sa anything when he was pushed oust Gre Naser hides he eventual broke down nears. + Both of these sentences are acceptable as long as the meaning is logical and unambiguous.Quantity « Inthe English language, words and expressions of quantity are subject to strict grammatical rules. Rule #1: Words Used for Countable Things vs. Words Used for Uncountable Things * Some nouns in the English language are countable, such as hat(s), feeling(s), and person/people. Other nouns are uncountable, such as patience, water, and furniture. If you are unsure as to whether a particular word is countable, try to count it out: For hat: One hat, two hats, three hats. This works. Hat is countable. For patience: One patience (?), two patiences (?), stop. This does not work. Patience is not count * Here are some examples of words and expressions that modify countable things and those that modify uncountable things: Countable Modifiers : MANY hats, FEW stores, FEWER children, FEWEST shoes, NUMBER of chairs, NUMEROUS books. Uncountable Modifiers: MUCH patience, LITTLE merchandise, LESS money, LEAST greed, AMOUNT of furniture, GREAT courageQuantity + More, most, enough, and all work with both countable (plural) and uncountable (singular) nouns: more hats; more patience; most people; most furniture; enough hats; enough patience; all people; all furniture. * Do not use the word less with countable items. This error has become common in speech, and in the signs above express lines in grocery stores: 10 items or less. Since the noun item is countable, the sign should read 10 items or fewer. For example: Wrong: There were less Numidian KINGS than Roman emperors. Right: There were fewer Numidian KINGS than Roman emperors. * Be careful with unit nouns, such as dollars or gallons. By their nature, unit nouns are countable: one dollar, two dollars, three dollars. Thus, they work with most of the countable modifiers. However, unit nouns represent uncountable quantities: money, volume. (You can count money, of course, but you cannot count the noun money: one money (?), two moneys (?), stop.) As a result, use less with unit nouns, when you really want to indicate something about the underiying quantity: Right: We have less than 20 DOLLARS. + The amount of money, in whatever form, totals less than $20. If you write We have FEWER THAN twenty dollars, you would mean the actual pieces of paper. (You would probably say fewer than twenty dollar bills to make the point even clearer.)Quantity Rule #2: Words Used to Relate Two Things vs. Words Used to Relate Three or More Things * To relate two things, use comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs (better, worse, more, less). For example, the rabbit is faster than the toad. Use superlative forms (best, worst, most, least) to compare three or more things or people. For example, the rabbit is the fastest of all of the animals at the farm. * In addition, use between only with two things or people. When you are talking about three or more ‘things or people, use among: Right: | mediated a dispute BETWEEN Maya and Kalen. Right: | mediated a dispute AMONG Maya, Logan, and Kalen. Rule #3: The Word Numbers + If you wish to make a comparison using the word numbers, use greater than, not more than (which might imply that the quantity of numbers is larger, not the numbers themselves}: Right: The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS are now suspected to be much GREATER than before.Quantity Rule #4: Increase and Decrease vs. Greater and Less * The words increase and decrease are not the same as the words greater and less. « Increase and decrease express the change of one thing over time. * Greater and less signal a comparison between two things. For example: Right: The price of silver INCREASED by 10 dollars. Right: The price of silver is five dollars GREATER than the price of copper. * Watch out for redundancy in sentences with the words increase and decrease: Wrong: The price of silver FELL by a more than 35% DECREASE. Right: The price of silver DECREASED by more than 35%, Right: The price of silver FELL by more than 35%. * Decrease already includes the notion of falling or lowering, so fell is redundant. Similarly, increase includes the notion of rising or growing, so rise or growth would be redundant as well.Digital SAT Subject-modifier Placement Questions Question 1 In 1453, English King Henry VI became unfit to rule after falling gravely il. As a result, Parliament appointed Richard, Third Duke of York, who had a strong claim to the English throne, to rule as Lord Protector. Upon recovering two years later, forcing an angered Richard from the royal court and precipitating a series of battles later known as the Wars of the Roses. Which choice completes the text so thatiit conforms to the conventionsof Standard English? A) Henry resumed his reign, B) the reign of Henry resumed, C) Henry's reign resumed, D) it was Henry who resumed his reign, SolutioDigital SAT Subject-modifier Placement Questions Question 1 In 1453, English King Henry VI became unfit to rule after falling gravely il. As a result, Parliament appointed Richard, Third Duke of York, who had a strong claim to the English throne, to rule as Lord Protector. Upon recovering two years later, forcing an angered Richard from the royal court and precipitating a series of battles later known as the Wars of the Roses, Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A) Henry resumed his reign, B) the reign of Henry resumed, C) Henry's reign resumed, D) it was Henry who resumed his reign, Solution: Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is subject-modifier placement. This choice ensures that the introductory phrase “upon recovering two years later” appears immediately before the noun it modifies (“Henry”), clearly establishing that Henry recovered two years later. Choice B is incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the noun phrase “the reign of Henry” immediately after the introductory phrase illogically suggests that the reign of Henry recovered two years later. Choice C is incorrect because it results in 2 dangling modifier, The placement of the noun phrase “Henry's reign” immediately after the introductory phrase illogically suggests that Henry's reign recovered two years later, Choice D is incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the function word “it” immediately after the introductory phrase illogically suggests that “it” recovered two years later.Digital SAT Subject-modifier Placement Questions Question 2 Despite being cheap, versatile, and easy to produce, they are made from nonrenewable petroleum, and most do not biodegrade in landfills. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A) there are two problems associated with commercial plastics: 8) two problems are associated with commercial plastics: C) commercial plastics’ two associated problems are that D) commercial plastics have two associated problems: Solution:Digital SAT Subject-modifier Placement Questions Question 2 Despite being cheap, versatile, and easy to produce, they are made from nonrenewable petroleum, and most do not biodegrade in landfills. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A) there are two problems associated with commercial plastics: 8) two problems are associated with commercial plastics: C) commercial plastics’ two associated problems are that D) commercial plastics have two associated problems: Solution: Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is subject-modifier placement. This choice ensures that the modifying phrase “despite being cheap, versatile, and easy to produce” appears immediately before the noun it modifies, “commercial plastics,” clearly establishing that the commercial plastics—and not another noun in the sentence—are being described as cheap, versatile, and easy to produce. Choice A is incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the function word “there” immediately after the modifying phrase illogically and confusingly suggests that “there” is cheap, versatile, and easy to produce. Choice B is incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the noun “two problems" immediately after the modifying phrase illogically suggests that the “problems” are cheap, versatile, and easy to produce. Choice C is incorrect because it results in 2 dangling modifier, The placement of the noun phrase “commercial plastics’ two associated problems” immediately after the modifying phrase illogically suggests that the “problems” are cheap, versatile, and easy to produce.Digital SAT Subject-modifier Placement Questions Question 3 In assessing the films of Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, have missed his equally deep engagement with Japanese artistic traditions such as Noh theater. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A) many critics have focused on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources but B) Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources has been the focus of many critics, who C) there are many critics who have focused on Kurosawa's use of Western literary sources, but they D) the focus of many critics has been on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources; they Solution:Digital SAT Subject-modifier Placement Questions Question 3 in assessing the films of Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, have missed his equally deep engagement with Japanese artistic traditionssuch as Noh theater. Which choice completes the text so thatiit conforms to the conventionsof Standard English? ‘A) many critics have focused on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources but 8) Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources has been the focus of many critics, who C) there are many critics who have focused on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources, but they D) the focus of many critics has been on Kurosawa's use of Western literary sources; they Solution: Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is subject-modifier placement. This choice makes the noun phrase “many critics’ the subject of the sentence and places it immediately after the ‘modifying phrase “in assessing... Kurosawa.” In doing so, this choice clearly establishes that itis the citics—and not another noun in the sentence—who assess Kurosawa's films. Choice B is incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the noun phrase “Kurosawa's..sources” immediately after the modifying phrase ilogically suggests that his use of Wester literary sources is what assesses Kurosawa’s films. Choice C is incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the function word “there” immediately after the modifying phrase illogically suggests that “there” is what assesses Kurosawa's films. Choice D is Incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the noun phrase “the focus..crities” immediately after the modifying phrase logically suggests that the critics’ focus is what assesses Kurosawa’s films.Digital SAT Subject-modifier Placement Questions Question 4 Based on genetic evidence, archaeologists have generally agreed that reindeer domestication began in the eleventh century CE. However, since uncovering fragments of a 2,000-year-old reindeer training harness in northern Siberia, may have begun much earlier, Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A) researcher Robert Losey has argued that domestication B) researcher Robert Losey’s argument Is that domestication C) domestication, researcher Robert Losey has argued, D) the argument researcher Robert Losey has ‘made is that domestication SolutiosDigital SAT Subject-modifier Placement Questions Question 4 Based on genetic evidence, archaeologists have generally agreed that reindeer domestication began in the eleventh century CE. However, since uncovering fragments of a 2,000-year-old reindeer training harness in northern Siberia, may have begun much earlier. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventionsof Standard English? A) researcher Robert Losey has argued that domestication 8) researcher Robert Losey’s argument Is that domestication C) domestication, researcher Robert Losey has argued, D) the argument researcher Robert Losey has made s that domestication Solution: Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is subject-modifier placement. This choice makes the noun phrase “researcher Robert Losey” the subject of the sentence and places it immediately after the modifying phrase “since..Siberia” In doing so, this choice clearly establishes that researcher Robert Losey— and not another noun in the sentence—Is who uncovered fragments of a 2,000-year-old reindeer training harness in northern Siberia, Choice Bis incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the noun phrase “researcher Robert Losey’s argument” immediately after the modifying phrase ilogicaly suggests that the “argument” is what uncovered fragments of a 2,000-year-old reindeer training harness in northern Siberia. Choice C is incorrect because it results in 2 dangling modifier. The placement of the noun “domestication” immediately after the modifying phrase ilogically suggests that “domestication” is what uncovered fragments of a 2,000-year-old reindeer training hamess in northern Siberia, Choice D is incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the noun phrase “the argument” immediately after the modifying phrase illogically suggests that the “argument” Is what uncovered fragments of a 2,000-year-oldreindeer training harnessin northern Siberia.Digital SAT Subject-modifier Placement Questions Question 5 African American Percy Julian was a scientist and entrepreneur whose work helped people around the world to see. Named in 1999 as one of the greatest achievements by a US chemist in the past hundred years, led to the first mass-produced treatment for glaucoma. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventionsof Standard English? A Julian synthesized the alkaloid physostigmine in 1935; it 8) in 1935 Julian synthesized the alkaloid physostigmine, which C) Julian’s 1935 synthesis of the alkaloid physostigmine D) the alkaloid physostigmine was synthesized by Julian in 1935and SolutiosDigital SAT Subject-modifier Placement Questions Question 5 African American Percy Julian was a scientist and entrepreneur whose work helped people around the world to see, Named in 1999 as one of the greatest achievements by a US chemist in the past hundred years, led to the first mass-produced treatment for glaucoma. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A) Julian synthesized the alkaloid physostigmine in 1935; it 8) in 1935 Julian synthesized the alkaloid physostigmine, Which C) Julian’s 1935 synthesis of the alkaloid physostigmine D) the alkaloid physostigmine was synthesized by Julian in 1935 and Solution: Choice C is the best answer. The convention being tested is subject-modifier placement. This choice makes the noun phrase “Julian’s 1935 synthesis” the subject of the sentence and places it immediately after the modifying phrase “named..years.” In doing so, this choice clearly establishes that Julian’s 1935 synthesis of the alkaloid physostigmine—and not another noun in the sentence— was named in 1999 as one of the greatest achievements by ‘@ US chemist in the past hundred years, Choice A Is Incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the noun “Julian” immediately after the modifying phrase illogicaly suggests that Julian himself was named as one of the greatest achievements by a US chemist in the past hundred years. Choice B is incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the prepositional phrase “in 1935” immediately after the modifying phrase illogically and confusingly suggests that “in 1935” was named as one of the greatest achievements by a US chemist in the past hundred years. Choice D is incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the noun phrase “the alkaloid physostigmine” immediately after the modifying phrase logically and confusingly suggests that the alkaloid physostigmine itself (not the synthesis of it) was named as one of the greatest achievements by a US chemist in the past hundred years.Digital SAT Subject-modifier Placement Questions Question 6 In 2016, engineer Vanessa Galvez oversaw the installation of 164 bioswales, vegetated channels designed to absorb and divert stormwater, along the streets of Queens, New York. By reducing the runoff flowing into city sewers, Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? AA) the mitigation of both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways has been achieved by bioswales. B) the bioswales have mitigated both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways. C) the bioswales’ mitigation of bath street floading and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways has been achieved. ) both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways have been mitigated by bioswales. Solution:,Digital SAT Subject-modifier Placement Questions Question 6 In 2016, engineer Vanessa Galvez oversaw the installation of 164 bioswales, vegetated channels designed to absorb and divert stormwater, along the streets of Queens, New York. By reducing the runoff flowing into city sewers, Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? AA) the mitigation of both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways has been achieved by bioswales. B) the bioswales have mitigated both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways. C) the bioswales’ mitigation of both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways has been achieved. ) both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways have been mitigated by bioswales. Solution: Choice B is the best answer. The convention being tested is subject-modifier placement. This choice makes the noun phrase “the bioswales” the subject of the sentence and places it immediately after the modifying phrase “By reducing... sewers.” In doing so, this choice cleariy establishes that the bioswales—and not another noun in the sentence—are reducing runoff flowing into city sewers. Choice A is incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of the noun phrase “the mitigation...waterways” immediately after the modifying phrase results in unclear modification. The resulting sentence makes it hard to determine what is responsible for “reducing the runoff”: the bloswales or some other noun in the sentence. Choice C is incorrect because It results in a dangling ‘modifier. The placement of the noun phrase “the bioswales’ mitigation...waterways” immediately after the modifying phrase results in unclear modification. The resulting sentence makes it hard to determine what is responsible for “reducing the runoff”: the bioswales or some other noun in the sentence. Chaice D is incorrect because It results In a dangling modifier. The placement of the noun phrase “street flooding and the resulting pollution” immediately after the modifying phrase illogically suggests that the “loading and pollution” are reducing runoff flowing into city sewers.1. The professor's consistent late arrival is offset somewhat by the remarkable quality of his lectures, A. The professor's consistent late arrival B, The consistent ate arrivalof the professor C. The professor's consistently late arrival D. Lately, the professor's arriving consistently E, The professor's consistent late arriving1, The professor's consistent late arrival is offset + the professor's consistent late arrival is offset somewhat by the remarkable somewhat by the remarkable quality of his _ suaklyofhislecture ganas + Grammar issue presented: Modifiers (adjectives / adverbs) There are several modifiers in this sentence: consistent, ite, somewhat, and A. The professor's consistent late arrival femarkabe, In the Underined part of the sentence, we have the group consbtent late arial, where the adjective late correcty modifies the noun Bp The consistent late arrival at the'protessoe arrival, but the adjective consistent incorrectly modifies the adjective late. C. The professor's consistently late arrival Ajscivas cannot modify adjectives; only adverts can modity adjectives 5 are ri ‘Weneed the adverb consistent, Ds ately. piefesiar’s atiiiang consistent [AL The professors consistent late artival Modiins used covrecty? NO — E. The professor's consistent late arriving consistent (adjective) moses late (adjective) 18. The consistent late artval of the professor Modifiers used cerracty? NO — consistent (adjective) moses late (adjective) The professor's consistonty lato arrival Modifiers used correct? YES ~ consistently [adverb] moses late (adjective) Adtional errors? NO (€) Is 1. Lately, the professor's arving consistently Modifiers used correctly? YES— consistently (adverb) modifies arriving (verb) Additional errors? topical meaning: This sentence requires a contrast between something negative (the professor's late arrival) and something postive (the quality of his lectutes). Here, the adjective late fs moved to the front of the sentence, ‘where it means something ike "these days” Hence, there is no contrast fd the sentence logical The professor’ consistent late arriving Motifiers used correct? NO ~ consistent (adjective) mosifies late (adjective)2. The concerto sounds more sophisticatedly in the 200-year-old concert hall than it did in the practice room, which has decidedly inferior acoustics, A) sounds more sophisticatedly 8) sound more sophisticatedly C)_ sounds with greater sophistication ) sounds more sophisticated £) sound more sophisticated2. The concerto sounds more sophisticatedly in ‘the 200-year-old concert hall than it did in the practice room, which has decidedly inferior acoustics, A) sounds more sophisticatedly 8) sound more sophisticatedly C)_ sounds with greater sophistication ) sounds more sophisticated £) sound more sophisticated ‘The concerto sounds more sophistictedly in the 200-year-old concert hall thanit dd inthe practice room, hich has decidedly inferior acoustics. Grammar sue presented: Modifies (adjectives / adverbs with sense verbs) ‘The sense verb sounds requires an adjective, not adverb, modifier We need the agjactive sophisticated rather than the adverb sophisucately. Sounds more sophisteatedly Modifiers used correctly? NO — ‘Sophisticated (aeverb) modifies sounds (sense verb). sound more sophisticatedly Modifiers used correct? NO — Sophistcatedly (adverts) motifs sound (sense verb). Additional errors? ‘Agrooment: The singular noun “concerto” requires the singular verb "sounds." sounds with greater sophistication Modifiers used correctly? NO = Sophistication noun} modifies sounds (sense verb). Additional errors? Dietion: The construction “sounds with” isungrannatical Sounds mote sophisticated Moifirs used corracty? YES ~ Sophisticated (adjective) modifies sounds (sanse verb). Additional errors? NO . D) is correct. Sound more sophisticated Modifiers used correctly? YES ~ Sophisticated (adjective) modifies sounds (sense verb]. Adlitional etrors? Agreement: ‘Thesinguiar noun ‘concerto requires the singular verb “sounds”3. Previously thought to have been extinct, a tearn of biologists rediscovered the New Caledoni crested gecko in 1994 A) a team of biologists rediscovered the New Caledonia crested gecko in 1994. 8) 2 team of biologists, in 1994, rediscovered the New Caledonia crested gecko. ) in 1994 the New Caledonia crested gecko was rediscovered by a team of biologist. D} in 1994 a team of biologists rediscovered the New Caledonia crested gecko. £) the New Caledonia crested gecko was rediscovered by a team of biologists in 1994.3. Previously thought to have been extinct, a tearm of biologists rediscovered the New Caledoni crested gecko in 1994 A) a team of biologists rediscovered the New Caledonia crested gecko in 1994. 8) 2 team of biologists, in 1994, rediscovered the New Caledonia crested gecko, ) in 1994 the New Caledonia crested gecko was rediscovered by a team of biologist. D) in 1994 a team of biologists rediscovered the New Caledonia crested gecko. £) the New Caledonia crested gecko was rediscovered by a team of biologistsin 1994, Previeuly thought to have been extinct @ team of biologists relscovered the Nev Caledonia crested gacko in 1098, + Grammar Issue presented: Mosfirs (isolaceé, modiiers) The modifier “Prevuslythaught to have been exint” refers to “the New Calednla crested gecko.” These two elements must be as close as possible to each oer In the team of bolgits rediscovered the New Caledonia crested gecko in 1994 Modifier used correctly? NO ~ "Previously thought to have been ext” fs followed by steam of logis” 23 team of biloglsts, in 1994, rediscovered the Now Caledonia crested gecko Modifier used correctly? NO'~ "Previously thought to have been ext” fs fellowed by a team of logs” In 1994 the Mow Caledonia crest gacko was redscovered by a team of Biologie. Mosier used corecty? YES -"Previowsy tout t0 Rave been fntint” flowed by "he New Caledonia crested gecko” Adstional erors? ‘ular constuction: The phase “ie 1094” gots in the way ofthe medier Snd the noun lng modes in'1900'a team of bolts rediscovered the Mew Caledonia crested gecko. Modifer used correctly? NO ~ "Previously thought to have been extinct” i {allowed by “2 team of bilogsts" Adatonalerors? Awkward construction: The phrase “in 1904 gets In the way of the modifer and the noun being modtied the Hew Caledonia crested gecko was redscovered by 2 team af biologists in 3904, Modifier used correct? YES ~ “Previous thought to have been extigt” is follomed by “the New Caledonia crested geo” Aétiona errors? NOE) I4, Easmus's tomb lies inside the Basel Munster, located in survived medieval earthquakes, and remains one of Switzerland's most wellknown buildings to this day. A). Erasmus’ tomb les inside the Basel Munster, located in Switzerland, an architectural monument which having survived medieval earthquakes, and 2) Erasmus's tomb lies inside Switzerland's Basel Munster, fan architectural monument that survived medial ‘earthquakes and 0) Switzerland's Basel Munster, an architectural monument that survived madieval earthquakes, houses Erasmus's tomb, D) Tho Basel Munster, in Switzerland, an architectural monument which, having survived medieval ‘earthquakes, snow home to the tomb of Erasmusand E} The tomb of Erasmus, being housed inside Switzerland's Basel Munster, is an arehitectural monument that survived medieval earthquakes and4, Erasmus's tomb lies inside the Basel Munster, located in survived medieval earthquakes, and remains one of Switzerland's most wellknown buildings to this day. A). Erasmus’ tomb les inside the Basel Munster, located in Switzerland, an architectural monument. which having survived medieval earthquakes, and 8) Erasmus tomb les inside Switzerland’s Basel Munster, fan architectural monument that survived medieval ‘earthquakes and (©) Switzerland's Basel Munster, an architectural monument that survived madieval earthquakes, houses Erasmus's tomb, D) The Basel Munster, in Switzerland, an architectural monument which, having survived medieval ‘earthquakes, snow home to the tomb of Erasmus and E} The tomb of Erasmus, being housed inside Switzerland's Basel Munster, is an arehitectural monument that, survived medieval earthquakes and rasmus's tomb les inside the Basel Munster, locsted In Switzerland, an Srehtectral monument which having survved_ medieval earthquakes, and Ferralns one of Sutzerands most weltexown buldings to tis ay. Grammar Issue presented: Modiers (risslaced maders} The modfiar “an Ssrctitactral monument” rears to “the Baeel Munster” These two element ‘tte next to each other the sentence, Erasmus tomb Fes ble the Basel Munster, located tn Switzeiand, an farchitectral monument wich having survived medieval earthquakes, and Moder used correctly? NO "an archtectural monument” fellows SSuitzeland™ Efasmus's tomb lles isd Switzeland’s Basel Munster, an arctectural ‘monument that survived medieval earthquakes and Moser used corecty? YES "a arentectur monument” follows “ose! Munster” Aditonelerors? NO. (8) core. Switerlands Sere Munster, an architectural manument that survived medal fartquakes, houses Ersumuss tomb, Modifier used correct? YES. ~ "an Srestectral monument” follows "Basel Munster” Addons erors? Missing injunction: this eae lacks tha linking word “and” after "tomb" The Basel Munster in swizerand, an archtecural monument which, having sunved medieval earthquates is naw hore to the tomb of frasmus and Moditer ‘used correct? NO ~ "an architectural monument” fellows “Sonterand®| ‘he tomb af Erasmus, being housed insde suitzeand’s Basel Munster an architectural monument that surved medieval earthquakes ané Modis used onecty? VS "an architectural monument” follows Basel Munste ‘dations! erro? Verh form: this choi Wses the pase voxe ("oeng housed] W shouldbe reworded so that “Basel Munster” the subject of the Sentence and ean perform the action (houses