NAMA : Irdayanti Oktavia Hamdi

NIM : 105641102223

Evolution of Management Thought

There is a long history behind the evolution of management thought.

Management is considered as the significant feature of economic life of mankind
throughout ages. Management thought is regarded as an evolutionary concept. It
has developed along with it and in line with social, cultural, economic and
scientific institutions. Management thought has its origin in ancient times. It is
developed along with other socio economic development. The contributors to
management theory include management philosophers, management practitioners,
and scholars. Modern management is based on the strong foundation laid down by
the management thinkers from the past events.
Scientific Management Theory
In 1909, a mechanical engineer named Frederick Winslow Taylor put forward
his ideas in an idea which he summarized in a work entitled The Principles of
Scientific Management. In this work, Taylor states, by making someone work as
hard as they can, it does not necessarily mean that they can optimize the
performance that has been carried out.
Therefore, the first management consultant in history put forward four
management principles. These four principles are known as Frederick Taylor's
four principles of Scientific Management, which contain:
1. Develop Knowledge in Every Element of Work
To begin discussing management theory at this point, it should be noted that
Taylor did not try to force workers by determining the maximum amount of work
a worker can do in a certain time. Instead, to develop a science or science in the
job, Taylor preferred to know when someone could do their best work, year after
year, and so on.
In practice, the management theory he proposed requires management to do
three important things. These three things are collecting objective data about
work, conducting experiments, and standardizing policies and procedures based
on experiments.
An example of the application of Taylor's management theory, point one, is that
Taylor will choose anyone who is included in the main class of workers. They are
selected based on the experiments that have been carried out and summarized in
the data. Those in the first class will be paid more than others, tested carefully and
checked that they are working to the best of their ability at all times. That way,
companies get accurate data on how productivity can be achieved optimally.
2. Select, Train, Teach, and Develop Workers Scientifically
Taylor preferred to involve science in management. This can be seen from the
way he manages human resources. Taylor selected certain people for certain jobs.
So that workers are placed in positions where they can bring out
their best abilities.
After passing the selection, workers will be trained and taught how to become
more experts in their respective fields. After becoming experts, workers can be
developed to be more productive.
3. Cooperate with Workers
Taylor stated that in his management theory, it is important for companies to
collaborate well with their workers. This is summarized in four points, namely
involving them in developing knowledge about workers, workers must learn and
teach each other, look after each other and arrange tools in perfect order, and
record worker performance.
4. Divide Duties and Responsibilities
Taylor's management theory explains the importance of dividing tasks and
responsibilities in a job. In many cases, a worker needs to clearly project what
department he will be employed in and what he will execute.
Collectively, management must play an active role and side by side with
workers, helping, encouraging and easing their path. Therefore, management is
responsible for determining methods and cooperation within the company. While
workers receive payment for their performance.
Administrative Management Theory
It was Henry Fayol who formulated this administrative management theory.
His background as an engineer in the mining world has encouraged him to
research many things in the field of management. He developed this theory while
observing and researching a team using a manager's perspective.
In this research, he analyzed various situations that they might face in the
future. Fayol views that there are at least six main functions that a leader has,
namely predicting, planning, coordinating, instructing,
controlling and developing.
He also created principles for how a leader interacts with workers. However,
these principles need to be implemented flexibly. Rigid application of principles
actually reduces the level of effectiveness and efficiency in achieving goals. The
following are the principles that need to be implemented by leaders or
management.
1) Initiative
Management needs to arouse workers' initiative so that they do their work
of their own accord without having to wait for orders or be forced.
 2) Egalitarian
The equality system in question means that management gives respect and
treats workers the same as others. Not only that, management must
provide a friendly attitude to workers.
3) Personnel Remuneration
Having remuneration for workers, both monetary and non- monetary,
based on performance levels can strengthen the bond between the
organization and workers.
4) Unity of Direction
Management from the highest level to the lowest level has the same goals
as the workers so that goals can be achieved with effective and efficient
steps.
5) Discipline, Division of Work, Authority and Responsibility.
6) Centralization, Order, Stability of Work Period, Espirit de Corps, and
several other principles.

Bureaucratic Management Theory

Max Weber, a sociologist from Germany, put forward the theory of
bureaucratic management so that an organization has rules so that the organization
has clear governance. Weber's focus was on hierarchically organized
organizations. It is stated that the theory coined by Weber has an important role in
the operations of most organizations today.
In applying bureaucratic management theory, principles are needed which
include chain of command, clear and responsible division of work, separation of
the owner's personal assets from the organization, consistent and strict rules,
careful documentation and recording, as well as selection and promotion of
employees based on performance. and contribution to the company.
Human Relations Management Theory
This management theory was explained by Elton Mayo in his theory which
explains relationships between humans. He conducted experiments that looked for
the relationship between changes in the work environment and productivity gains.
The results are quite positive, because every positive change in the work
environment indicates an increase in productivity.
The changes made by the Australian psychologist include working hours,
lighting, rest hours, personal attention and respect as humans. From these
changes, Elton Mayo concluded that the increase in productivity occurred because
of the attention paid by researchers.
Nuances that make them feel appreciated create a sense of warmth within
workers. Therefore, the conclusion of research conducted by Mayo is that workers
will be more motivated at work because of personal attention, appreciation, and
involvement in groups. This is all more influential than money alone.
Systems Management Theory
The next management theory focuses on how a system can function optimally
by harmonizing its stituent components. In systems management theory, synergy
and synchronization between subsystems is emphasized so that the system can run
well.
Contingency Management Theory
theory developed by Fred Fiedler states that there is no best leadership style.
Without closeness between a leader and those he leads, existing management
theories will not be of much help. According to him, every leader is required to
have the ability to adapt to those he leads because the environment can change.
Cuantitative Approach
Quantitative Management is a field of science that helps solve decision-
making problems. Various decision making tools in Quantitative Management
often require a long time to complete manually, so that errors in
calculations can occur.
Operatoinal Approach Management
According to Heizer and Rander (2009:4), operational management is a series
of activities that produce value in the form of goods and services by changing
input into output.