Journal of Kerbala University , Vol. 10 No.4 Scientific .

2012

Nuclear deformation shape in the rich neutrons 172-194Os Isotopes

‫ الغنية بالنيترونات‬172-194Os ‫شكل التشوه النووي في نظائر‬
Mohsin Kadhim Muttaleb
BabylonUniversity/ Science college/Department of physics,
e-mail:[email protected]

Abstract:
A study of Os isotopes chain from (172-194) nuclei is presented .The energy levels , B(E2)
transitions , the quadrupole moment of 21+ state and potential energy surfaces are described using
the general IBM-1 Hamiltonian. In this chain nuclei evolve from O(6) to SU(3) properties
stepwise with increases the atomic mass number. The energy ratio E(Jiπ)/E(21+) for the Jiπ
=41+,61+ and 81+ levels for the doubly even Osmium isotopes agreement with both the non axial
gamma-soft rotor limit and rotational which behavior were good criterion for the shape
transition. The predicted theoretical calculations were compared with the experimental data in
respective figures and tables ,it was seen that the predicted results are in a good agreement with
the experimental data.
In the framework of IBM calculations (33) new energy levels were determined for 172-194Os.

:‫الخالصة‬
‫ حمج عملُت وصف لـ مسخىَاث الطاقت‬.)291( ً‫ ) إل‬271( ‫أجزَج دراست لسلسلت مه وظائز االوسمُىم مه الىىي‬
IBM-‫ وسطىح حساوٌ الجهذ باسخخذام الهاملخىن العام لـ‬، 21+ ٌ‫العشم رباعٍ القطب للمسخى‬، B(E2) ‫االوخقاالث الكهزبائُت‬،
‫وسبت الطاقت‬.ٍ‫ حذرَجُا مع سَادة العذد الكخل‬SU(3) ‫ باحجاي خصائص‬O(6) ‫فٍ هذي السلسلت حخطىر الىىي مه‬. 1
‫ لىظائز االوسمُىم الشوجُت الشوجُت مخىافقت مع كال مه ححذَذ‬Jiπ =41+,61+ ,81+ ááãÓÊæíÇÊ E(Jiπ)/E(21+)
. ÇáÇäÊÞÇá áÔßá ÌíÏ ãÚíÇÑ ÇáÓáæß åÐÇ ، ٍ‫الخحذَذ الذوراو‬æ (gamma-soft rotor(
‫الحساباث الىظزَت المخىقعت قىروج مع البُاواث العملُت بجذاول ورسىماث خاصت وَبذو أن الىخائج المخىقعت مخىافقت جُذا‬
172-194
Os ‫( مسخىٌ طاقت جذَذ قذ حذد لىظائز‬33) IBM ‫ فٍ وطاق حساباث‬.‫مع البُاواث العملُت‬

Introduction:
In the interacting boson model ,collective excitations of nuclei are described by bosons. An
appropriate formalism to describe the situation is provided by second quantization . One thus
introduces boson creation (and annihilation )operators of multi polarity l and z- component m .A
boson model is specified by the number of bosons operators that are introduced .In the interacting
boson model -1 it is assumed that low –lying collective states of nuclei can described in terms of a
monopole bosons with angular momentum and parity J P  0 ,called s and a quadrupole boson with
J  2 called d(1-6) (8,9).
P 

There are two basic concepts on which the IBM is based. One is that low-lying collective states
in even-even nuclei can be described by only the valence nucleons, which form interacting fermion
pairs. The other idea is that the fermion pairs couple to form bosons, carrying angular momentum
(J). The energies (εs and εd), and the interactions of the s and d bosons, predict the low-lying
excitations in the nucleus. There is 1 available magnetic substate for the s boson, determined by (2J
+ 1), and 5 available magnetic substates for the d boson, forming a 6-dimensional space described
by the group structure(7). The quadrupole collectivity is a prominent aspect in the nuclear structure
for both stable and exotic nuclei (8,9).
The use of boson degree of freedom to describe the quantum dynamics of many fermion systems
is a vast subject .The interacting boson model of Arima and Iachello has been successfully applied
to a wide range of nuclear collective phenomena . The essential idea is that the low energy
collective degrees of freedom in nuclei can be described by proton and neutron bosons with spins of
0 and 2. These collective building blocks interact. Different choices of L=0 (s-boson) and L=2 (d-

33
Journal of Kerbala University , Vol. 10 No.4 Scientific . 2012
boson) energies and interaction strengths give rise to different types of collective spectra. The IBM
is a phenomenological model ,that is to say its parameters are determined by fitting to the excitation
spectra of nuclei .The interpretation of the boson as proton pairs and neutrons pairs is only
manifested in the means by which Nπ and Nν are chosen for a given nucleus .There is extensive
literature that undertakes to interpret the bosons of the model microscopically .[1-6].
In 2008 I.Boztosun,et. al. calculated Bohr Hamilton and Morse Potential, angular momenta,
bandheads and energy spacings of g.s., first 2+ and 4+ states for 178,180,184,186,188Os [10]. B.Buck, et.
al. analyzed nuclear band spectra using recursion formula based on a quantum mechanical model
for 172,174,180,182,184,186,188,192Os [11].In (2011) calculated levels, J, π, B(E2). Bohr collective
Hamiltonian, β2 deformation dependent mass, curved space, Davidson potential for
176,178,180,184,186,188,190
Os by D.Bonatsos et.al. [12].

Interacting Boson Model (IBM):

The Lie algebra U(6) can be decomposed into a chain of sub algebras. If an appropriate chain of
algebras can be found, the representations of each of these algebras can be used to label states with
appropriate quantum numbers. This is because the states can be chosen that transform as the
representations of each algebra. For applications to nuclei the chain of algebras must contain the
subalgebra SU(3) since it is needed for states to have as a representation of the rotation group. In
other words, SU(3) is required for states to have a good angular momentum quantum number. Three
and only three chains of sub algebras have been found that contain the subalgebra SU(3). One of
these chains is
U (6)  U (5)  SU (5)  SU (3)  SU (2),
N

n

 , n~
L 
d M

Where under each algebra, the corresponding quantum number is given. Note that there are
two quantum numbers given for the algebra SU(5). This is due to an ambiguity from reducing
SU(5) to SU(3) and an additional quantum number is needed to uniquely specify the remaining
representations. The quantum numbers L and M correspond to the angular momentum and magnetic
quantum numbers [13].
The most general Hamiltonian was[1-7]:
~
H   s ( s † .~
s )   d (d † .d )
~ ~ ~
 1 / 2(2L  1)
L  0, 2, 4
1/ 2
CL [[d †  d † ]( L )  [d  d ]( L ) ]( 0 )  1 / 21 / 2~2 [[d †  d † ]( 2)  [d  ~
s ]( 2)
…(1)
~ ~ ~ ~
 [d  s ]  [d  d ]( 2) ]( 0)  1 / 2~0[[d †  d † ]( 0)  [~
† † ( 2)
s ~ s ]( 0)  [ s †  s † ]( 0)  [d  d ]( 0 ) ]( 0)
~
 u2 [[d †  s † ]( 2)  [d  ~
s ]( 2) ]( 0)  1 / 2u0 [[ s †  s † ]( 0)  [~
s ~ s ]( 0) ]( 0)
This Hamiltonian is specified by 9 parameters ,2 appearing in the one body term ,  s ,  d ,and 7
in the two body terms , CL (L  0,2,4) , ~L ( L  0,2) and uL ( L  0,2) .However ,since the total number of
boson (pairs) is conserved , N  ns  nd [14].
The transition operator in IBM -1 was [1-7]:
Tm(l )   2 l 2[d † s  s†d ](m2)  l [d †d ](ml )   0 l 0 m0[s† s](00) … …(2)
Where α2, βl, γ0 are the coefficient of the various terms in the operator .This equation yields
transition operators for E0,M1,E2,M3and E4 transition with appropriate value of the corresponding
parameters .
The Tm( E 2) operator ,which has enjoyed a widespread application in the analysis of γ-ray transitions
can thus take the form[1-7]:
Tm( E 2)   2[d † s  s†d ](m2)  2[d †d ](m2) … …(3)

34
Journal of Kerbala University , Vol. 10 No.4 Scientific . 2012
It is clear that , for the E2 multipolarity ,two parameters α2 and β2 are needed in addition to wave
function of the initial and final states .
The spectra of medium mass and heavy nuclei are characterized by the occurrence of low –lying
collective quadrupole state .The actual way in which these spectra appear is consequence of the
interplay between pairing and quadrupole correlations .This interplay changes from nucleus to
nucleus , giving rise to a large variety of collective spectra .Two complementary approaches are
possible in discussing properties of collective spectra .In the first approach ,one expresses the
collective Hamiltonian (and other operators )in terms of shape variables β, γ [15] .The geometric
properties of interacting boson model are particularly important since they allow one to relate this
model to the description of collective states in nuclei by shape variables . It is more convenient to
use in the discussion of the geometric properties of the interacting boson model anther set of
coherent states the projective states .These were introduced by Bore and Mottelson ,Gnocchio and
Kirson and Dieperink ,Schollton and Iachello [16-18].
A general expression for this energy surface ,as a function of β and , γ state in term of the
Hamiltonian of Eq. (1) is given by [4]
N d  2 N ( N  1)
E( N ;  ,  )   (1 4   2  3 cos 3   3  2   4 ) … …,(4)
(1   ) (1   )
2 2 2

where the αi’s are simply related to the coefficients of Eq. (1) .One noted that γ occurs only in the
terms in cos3γ ,the energy surface has minima only at γ=0° and γ=60°
Then the potential energy surface equation for the three symmetries can be given by the following
equations [7]
2 4
E ( I ) ( N ;  ,  )  E0  d N  f N ( N  1)
1  2 (1   2 ) 2
1

 N N ( N  1)  4
 2 2  3 cos 3  4 2 ) …(5)
11
E ( II ) ( N ;  ,  )  E0  k 2  (5   2 )  (
 (1   ) (1   )
2 2 2
4 2
6 N 2
 k'
(1   2 )
A 1  2 2
E ( III ) ( N ;  ,  )  E0  (2 B  6C ) N ( N  1)( )
4 1  2

Calculations and results:

Calculations of energy levels for even-even 172-194Os isotopes were performed with the
whole Hamiltonian (eq.1) using IBM-1 computer code . For 172-194Os nuclei (Z=76) have (10-13
bosons where N˂ 104 and 13-7 bosons where N˃ 104) formed (3 proton hole) bosons and (7-10)
neutron particle bosons and (10 -4) neutron hole bosons.
The parameters of equation (1) were calculated from the experimental schemes of these nuclei
[19-29] and the analytical solutions for the three dynamical systems (see reference [4]). These
parameters were tabulated in table (1) . The calculated and experimental energy levels and the
parameters value are exhibit in figure(2).
The calculations of B(E2) values were performed using computer code “IBMT”. The parameters
in E2 operator eq.(3) were determined by fitting the experimental B(E2;21+01+) data [19-29], and
the parameters were listed in table(1) and (2) ,where
 2 , 7  2 and  0 2SD   2 , 2 DD  5 2 And
 0.7
2  2
5
in SU(5), SU(3) and O(6) respectively[4-7]. The converter coefficient between (e2b2 ) and
(W.u) is B( E 2)w.u  B( E 2)e 2 b 2 , (W.u)is unit the B(E2)
5.943 10 6 A 4 / 3 e 2 b 2
The values of the parameters which gave the best fit to experimental [19-29] are given in table
(1). The parameters of the energy surface were calculated by transforming the parameters of
Hamiltonian of equation 1 by several equations (see reference [4]), and they are found to be as in

35
Journal of Kerbala University , Vol. 10 No.4 Scientific . 2012
table (1) to draw the energy functional E(N; β,γ) as a function of β and the contour plots in the -β
plane fig.(3).
Table (1): The parameters of the Hamiltonian equation , The parameters obtained from the
programs IBMP code for potential energy surface and E2 operators used for the description of the
172-194
Os isotopes.
parameters N ε a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 s d α1 α2 α3 α4 E2SD E2DD
Isotope b In ( MeV) In unit (e2b2)
172 10 0.003 0.069 0.0183 0.0 0.084 0.0 0.0 0.23 0.017 0.0 -0.034 0.0 0.150 0.0
Os
174 11 0.003 0.069 0.0122 0.0 0.0604 0.0 0.0 0.161 0.017 0.0 -0.034 0.0 0.157 0.0
Os
176 12 0.0 0.05 0.0092 0.0 0.0668 0.0 0.0 0.149 0.013 0.0 -0.025 0.0 0.164 0.0
Os
178 13 0.0 0.0476 0.0055 -0.0302 0.0 0.0 -0.151 0.003 0.012 -0.006 -0.154 0.0 0.116 0.0
Os
182 13 0.0 0.0406 0.0079 -0.03 0.0 0.0 -0.151 0.016 0.01 -0.013 -0.14 0.0 0.120 0.0
Os
184 12 0.0 0.0404 0.0006 -0.0423 0.0 0.0 0.212 -0.04 0.01 -0.014 -0.19 0.0 0.126 0.0
Os
186 11 0.0 0.0376 0.0005 0.0446 0.0 0.0 -0.223 -0.043 0.009 -0.016 -0.197 0.0 0.147 0.0
Os
188 10 0.0 0.0376 0.0003 -0.0487 0.0 0.0 0.244 -0.048 0.009 -0.017 -0.214 0.0 0.129 0.0
Os
190 9 0.0 0.0376 0.0075 -0.0432 0.0 0.0 0.216 0.001 0.009 -0.015 -0.192 0.0 0.138 0.0
Os
192 8 0.0 0.0376 0.0071 -0.0476 0.0 0.0 -0.238 -0.006 0.009 -0.017 -0.209 0.0 0.153 0.0
Os
194 7 0.0 0.0376 0.0151 -0.036 0.0 0.0 -0.180 0.054 0.009 -0.013 -0.163 0.0 0.152 0.0
Os

Table (2): Comparison between present values of B(E2) (in unit e2b2) for even-even
172-194
Os isotopes (Theo.) and experimental ones (Exp.) [19-29 ].The quadrupole moment of 21+
state listed in last line.
Transitions 21+01+ 22+01+ 22+21+ 41+21+ Q21+
Isotope Th. Exp. Th. Exp. Th. Exp. Th. Exp. Th. Exp.
172
Os 0.63 0.653 0.0 - 0.87 - 0.87 0.98 0.0 -
174
Os 0.81 0.912 0.0 - 1.12 - 1.12 - 0.0 -
176
Os 1.03 1.03 0.0 - 1.4 - 1.44 - 0.0 -
178
Os 0.55 0.82 0.041 - 0.33 - 0.79 - -1.57 -
182
Os 0.57 0.77 0.051 - 0.14 - 0.82 - -1.92 -
184
Os 0.55 0.6 0.049 - 0.22 - 0.79 0.87 -1.76 -
186
Os 0.64 0.58 0.057 0.06 0.29 0.148 0.92 0.84 -1.86 -1.6
188
Os 0.42 0.49 0.036 0.031 0.223 0.1 0.6 0.84 -1.44 -1.46
190
Os 0.408 0.466 0.032 0.038 0.25 0.21 0.57 0.68 -1.33 -1.18
192
Os 0.41 0.48 0.029 0.036 0.302 0.302 0.57 0.49 -1.23 -0.9
194
Os 0.33 0.42 0.02 - 0.28 - 0.45 - -0.98 -

Discussion and conclusions:

Nuclei in the A ≈ 180 region exhibit axially symmetric prolate deformations in their ground state.
The low-lying excited states of these nuclei are therefore characterized by collective rotational
bands. Furthermore, near their respective Fermi levels, both protons and neutrons have available
high-j orbitals with large projections (Ω) along the symmetry axis. This stimulates competition
along the yrast line between collective angular momentum perpendicular to the symmetry axis and
particle angular momentum aligned along the symmetry axis. The interplay and changing
dominance between collective and noncollective modes of excitations as a function of angular
momentum remains a key focus of nuclear structure investigations[30].
The study of phase transitions is one of the most exciting topics in Physics it has been in fact
argued that moving from the unstable deformed to the rotational case within the IBM. The energy
ratio E(Jiπ)/E(21+) for the Jiπ =41+,61+ and 81+ levels for the doubly even Osmium isotopes with both
the non axial gamma-soft rotor limit and rotational for this ratio were shown on the figure (4). The
berhavior of the ratio of the energies of the first 4 1+ and 21+ states were good criterion for the shape
transition .The value of R4/2 ratio has the limiting value (2.5) for a non axial gamma-soft rotor and
(3.33) for a axially rotor
as can seen in the figure (4) it creases gradually from about 2.6 to about 3,the agreement between
the calculated result show that R4/2 tend to 3 for all Os isotopes as well as R6/2 variety from (4.6 to
6) and R8/2 (from 7 to 9) which ensure this tend where typical value of R6/2 and R8/2 were (4.5 and 7

36
 Journal of Kerbala University , Vol. 10 No.4 Scientific . 2012
,7 and 12) for O(6) and SU (3) respectively. The comparison between experimental and IBM
expectation of B(E2) transitions for
( 21+01) , (22+01+), (22+21+)and (41+21+) in table (2) were acceptable values. which mean
that their structure seem to be varying from gamma soft rotor to axially rotor the pairing and the
quadrupole forces are important in deformed nuclei ,these forces especially influence the particles
in the unfilled states ,the pairing force keeps the nuclei in spherical symmetry ,the quadrupole
charge distribution causes what is known as the quadrupole force . This force take the nuclei to the
deformed state ,the relation between the pairing and the quadrupole forces determines the form of
these nuclei.
The potential surface in 172-194Os nuclei were clearing the transition between gamma soft rotor to
axially rotor in the contours since the minimum potential occurs approximately at β=1 which lei
around O(6)&SU(3) limits see fig.(3).
The lighter mass even -even Os nuclei might be understood by breaking the O(6) symmetry with
the introduction of a quadrupole – quadrupole interaction which introduces deformation to the
nuclei .Deviations from the O(6) limit can be introduced by including a term for the quadrupole –
quadrupole interaction between bosons [31]
In the interaction boson model 172-194Os have been suggest to lie within the O(6)→SU(3)
transition region.
In the framework of IBM calculations (33) energy levels were determined for 172-194Os isotopes
as (3+1 :0.87MeV and 5+1 :1.4MeV) for 172Os, (5+1 :1.03 MeV and 6+2: 1.07 MeV) for 174Os, (5+1
:1.01MeV ) for 176Os, (5+1 :1.05MeV) for 178Os, (5+1 :1.24 MeV and 0+2: 0.95 MeV) for 182Os,
(5+1 :1.32) for 184Os, (5+1 :1.37 MeV) for 186Os, ( 4+3 :1.54MeV, 5+1 :1.46MeV, 6+1 :0.85MeV , 6+2:
1.54 MeV, 8+1 :1.36MeV and 10+1: 1.98 MeV) for 188Os, (5+1 :1.49MeV and 6+1: 1.06 MeV,6+2:
1.63 MeV, 8+1 :1.73MeV and 10+1: 2.55 MeV) for 190Os, (5+1 :1.59MeV and 4+3: 1.55 MeV) for
192
Os and (2+1 :0.21MeV , 2+2 :0.506MeV, 2+3 :1.13MeV, 4+1 :0.64 MeV , 4+2 :1 MeV , 4+3
:1.35MeV, 3+1 :0.85MeV , 5+1 :1.48 MeV,6+1 :1.27 MeV and 8+1: 2.09 MeV) for 194Os. see fig.(2).
This investigation increases the theoretical Knowledge of all isotopes with respect to energy
levels and reduced transition probabilities. Its concluded that more experimental data were required
to fully investigation the level structure of these nuclei.

References:
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rotational limit”, Ann.Phys. (N.Y) ,111 ,201.
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limit”, Ann.Phys. (N.Y), 123,468.
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,Phys.Rev. C , 81, 034322.

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[12] D.Bonatsos, P.Georgoudis, D.Lenis, N.Minkov, C.Quesne, (2011), “Bohr Hamiltonian with a
deformation-dependent mass term for the Davidson potential”, Phys.Rev. C 83, 044321.
[13] T. Ahn, 2008 , ” Evolution of the One-Quadrupole Phonon Mixed-Symmetry State in the A= 140
Mass Region”, Doctor thesis , Stony Brook University.
[14] K. Abraham , K. Allaart and A. Dieperink ,(1980),”Nuclear Structure “,B. Physics, 67.
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the Interacting boson model”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 1744.
[17] A. Dipernik, O. Scholten and F. Iachello, (1980), ” Classical limit of the Interacting boson
model”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 1747.
[18]A. Bohr and B.Mottelson ,(1980), Physics Scripta 22 ,468.
[19]Balraj Singh,(1995), Nuclear Data Sheets ,75,199.
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Fig.(1): The values of the parameters (a0, a1, a2 and a2/ a0) were calculated from the experimental
schemes[19-29] of 172-194Os isotopes.

38
Journal of Kerbala University , Vol. 10 No.4 Scientific . 2012

2 10+ 10+ 4+
6+ 4+
1.5 6+ 2+

E(MeV)
8+ 8+ 4+ 0+ 2+ 5+
1 0+ 4+ 3+
6+ 6+ 2+ 3+
0.5 2+
4+ 4+
2+ 2+
0 0+ 0+
Exp. Th. Exp. Th. Exp. Th.
184Os nuclei

Fig. (2): A comparison between theoretical values of energy levels and the corresponding
experimental one for 172-194Os.

39
Journal of Kerbala University , Vol. 10 No.4 Scientific . 2012

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

Fig.(3):The energy functional E(N; β,γ) as a function of β and the corresponding β-γ plot for 172-
194
Os isotopes.

Fig.(4 ):Calculated and Experimental [19-29] ratios (4+/2+),(6+/2+) and (8+/2+)for 172-194Os isotopes

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