2023 Nepal earthquake

Coordinates: 28.848°N 82.187°E

A moment magnitude 5.7 earthquake struck Jajarkot District,

Karnali Province, Nepal, at 23:47 NPT (18:02 UTC) on 3 2023 Nepal earthquake
November 2023,[2] killing 153 people[3] and injuring at least 2023 नेपालमा भूकम्प
375.[4][5][6][7] The earthquake was widely felt in western
Nepal and northern India, and is the deadliest to strike the
country since 2015.[8]

Tectonic setting
Nepal lies in the Himalayas, where earthquake activity is
associated with ongoing continental collision between the
Indian and Eurasian plates. These plates converge at a rate of UTC time 2023-11-03 18:02:54
40–50 mm (1.6–2.0 in) per year. The Indian Plate is thrusted
beneath the continental crust of the Eurasian Plate, forming ISC event 635879604 (http://isc-mirr
thrust faults along the collision zone. The Main Frontal Thrust or.iris.washington.edu/cgi-
predominantly accommodates this motion. Earthquakes along bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evi
these thrust faults have been devastating in historic times.[9] d=635879604)
USGS-ANSS ComCat (https://earthqua
Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal
ke.usgs.gov/earthquakes/
Thrust, on average a magnitude 8 or larger earthquake occurs
every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal eventpage/us7000l8p5)
region.[10] A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay Local date 3 November 2023
between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests Local time 23:47 NPT (UTC+5:45)
that because of tectonic stress buildup, large earthquakes such
as the 1934 and 2015 events in Nepal may be connected, Magnitude 5.7 Mw
following a historic earthquake pattern.[11] A 2016 study on 6.4 ML
historical great (M ≥ 8) earthquake pairs and cycles found that Depth 16.5 km (10.3 mi)
associated great earthquakes are likely to occur in the West
Epicenter 28.848°N 82.187°E
China region through the 2020s.[12]
Areas Nepal, India
affected
Earthquake
Total Severe
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) said the damage
earthquake had a magnitude of Mw 5.7 and a depth of 16.5 Max. VIII (Severe)
kilometres (10.3 mi). The fault plane solution was determined intensity
to be reverse faulting along a northwest–southeast trending Aftershocks 109 (3 above magnitude
plane dipping either northeast or southwest.[6] At least 483 4.0,[1] and another
aftershocks were recorded following the mainshock.[13] At measuring Mw 5.3)
least six of them were of magnitudes above 4.0.[14] The
Casualties
153 dead, 375 injured
(mainshock)
epicenter was estimated to be in Ramidanda, in Jajarkot 16 injured (6
District.[2] A magnitude 5.3 aftershock occurred on 6 November event)
November.[15]

Impact

3 November event

At least 153 people were

killed; 101 deaths occurred
Plate tectonics of South
in Jajarkot District while
Asia.
52 deaths occurred in
Western Rukum Map of main shock and aftershocks - ML 4.0 or
District. [3] The deputy greater (map data)
mayor of Nalgad Municipality in Jajarkot, Sarita
Singh, was among the fatalities.[16] At least 78 or
nearly half of those killed were children.[17] A total of 51 people died
in the municipality while 200 houses were destroyed.[18][19] Another
375 people were injured.[20] Despite the earthquake's relatively low
magnitude, the high levels of damage and casualties were attributed to
substandard construction in the region and because it occurred at night
when people were asleep.[21] Many of the collapsed houses were
made of stacked logs and rocks.[22]

About 62,039 houses were affected across thirteen districts of Nepal,

of which 26,550 collapsed,[23] mostly in Rukum West District.[24]
Forty-two people, including five members of a single family were
killed and 100 others were injured in Aathbiskot.[25][26] More than
5,000 houses were damaged or destroyed in the municipality.[27] Eight
others died in Sani Bheri. At least 40 percent of houses near the Strong ground motion map
epicenter were damaged. [28] At the earthquake's epicenter in Barekot produced by the United States
municipality, only five injuries were reported and no fatalities, while Geological Survey
nearly all 3,500 houses in the municipality were damaged, 1,000 of
them severely.[29] Several homes were damaged or destroyed in
Jajarkot District.[30] Among municipalities severely affected were Bheri, where 42 people died and 344
houses were destroyed, Kushe, where seven died and 95 houses were destroyed, and Chedagad, where one
person died and 100 houses were destroyed.[18][29][16] At least 13 people died in Chiuri, and the village's
40 houses were either destroyed or heavily damaged.[31] In Chiuritol, 13 people were also killed while 56
houses were destroyed. Five houses in Junichande and one house in Shivalaya were also destroyed.[18]

Nepalese officials said around 5,000 houses were damaged and 3,000 more were destroyed.[32] In Western
Rukum, 2,136 houses were destroyed, 2,642 houses were partially damaged and 4,670 houses sustained
minor damage. The total damages in the district was estimated at more than Rs2 billion. In Jajarkot, 905
houses were destroyed and 2,745 partially damaged. Three major landslides damaged the Pasagad-Rimna
section of the Bheri Corridor running from Jajarkot to Dunai, while another landslide was reported at the
Khalanga-Panchkatiya section. A bridge in Rimna in Jajarkot suffered minor damage.[33] A total of 91
schools were destroyed and 122 partially damaged by the earthquake. In Jajarkot, 213 school buildings
were damaged.[19]
Injuries and damage were also reported in Dailekh, Salyan and Rolpa Districts.[30] In Salyan, around 100
houses were destroyed in Darma municipality, while 30 were destroyed in Kumakh municipality.[18] At
least 100 people were injured in Western Rukum while many injuries were recorded in Jajarkot.[34] The
Jajarkot district hospital was described as being packed with injured patients.[20] The earthquake was also
felt by residents in Kathmandu.[2]

Shaking was felt in the Indian cities of Lucknow, Patna[35] and New Delhi, causing people to panic and
flee buildings.[36] In the cities of Bahraich and Jaipur, many houses and buildings, including two hotels,
were cracked.[37][38]

6 November event

At least 16 people were injured and three houses collapsed in West Rukum and Jajarkot districts.
Landslides blocked roads near Rimna.[39][40][41]

Response

Domestic

Narayan Prasad Bhattarai, the spokesperson for the Nepalese Home Ministry, said that security forces had
been deployed to the area.[35] Helicopters were also deployed to deliver humanitarian aid and staff, while
soldiers were sent to clear roads blocked by landslides. At a hospital in Nepalgunj, more than 100 beds
were allotted in standby for earthquake victims.[42] A member of Western Rukum's police department said
search and rescue teams had to remove landslide debris in order to reach the affected area.[5]

President Ram Chandra Poudel expressed sadness over the loss of human lives and property in the
earthquake and appealed to the government and others concerned for effective rescue and relief work in
affected areas.[43] He later postponed his ten-day visit to France, Italy and Germany that was scheduled to
start on 8 November and cancelled his participation at the Paris Peace Forum on 10-11 November, citing
the ongoing situation.[44] Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal also expressed "his deep sorrow over the
human and physical damage caused by the earthquake".[35] On 4 November, he visited the area on a
helicopter accompanied by a 16-member army medical team.[45] A total of 41 medical workers were sent to
the affected areas.[46]

Officials also announced communications with villages of Jajarkot District could not be restored.[47]
Helicopters with medical teams and medicines were prepared to fly into the affected area when weather
conditions improved.[48] Light aircraft were also requested to be on standby in participating in emergency
missions.[21] The Nepalese Army later managed to deploy five helicopters and an aircraft. Nepal Airlines
also helped in medical evacuations.[46] The severely injured were airlifted to Kathmandu, Surkhet and
Nepalgunj. People with minor injuries were treated at local medical centers and district hospitals.[49]

About 4,000 personnel from the Nepalese Army, Police and Armed Police Force participated in search and
rescue operations,[50] while the national government approved a Rs 100 million fund to support in these
missions. The fund was divided into Rs 50 million allocated to West Rukum and Jajarkot districts.[51] It
also said it would provide free medical treatment to earthquake victims and provide Rs200,000 each to
families of those killed,[52] as well as Rs50,000 each to displaced families to be used in the construction of
temporary housing.[53] The government of Bagmati Province also pledged Rs 15 million to support the
affected population in Jajarkot. The Nepali Congress party also pitched Rs 5 million in financial aid for the
national government.[51] Buddha Air granted Rs 1,000,000 for earthquake victims.[54]

Search and rescue operations ended 36 hours after the earthquake, on 5 November. In Jajarkot District, an
official said the emphasis was providing assistance to survivors.[55] Nepal Telecom said voice, SMS and
Wi-Fi services would be free for its customers in Rukum East, Rukum West and Jajarkot Districts for five
days to facilitate information exchange.[56]

International
Bangladesh: Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina sent a letter to her counterpart Prachanda
stating that she was "deeply shocked and saddened" by the news of the earthquake. She
reiterated that "the people of Bangladesh stand by the people of Nepal with the spirit of
brotherhood during this difficult time" and said "we extend our deepest condolences to the
bereaved families who have lost their dearest family members and their friends."[57]

China: Ambassador to Nepal Chen Song, said the country would send tents and
blankets from the China South Asian Countries Emergency Supplies Reserve and other
relief materials worth Rs100 million to Nepal in the coming days.[58]
India: Prime Minister Narendra Modi said he was deeply saddened by the loss of lives
and damage from the earthquake in Nepal, adding that India stood in "solidarity with the
people of Nepal and is ready to extend all possible assistance".[42] India sent 21 tonnes of
humanitarian aid to Nepal along with a team of experts from the National Disaster Response
Force with relief and rescue materials.[59][60]

Iran: The head of the Iranian Red Crescent Society Pir Hossein Kolivand stated that
they would send medical and aid teams to Nepal.[61]
Pakistan: Caretaker Prime Minister Anwar ul Haq Kakar sent thoughts and prayers to the
earthquake victims and said his country is ready to send assistance to Nepal.[62]
Russia: President Vladimir Putin sent a letter to President Poudel on 4 November
expressing sorrow over the loss of lives and properties.[63]

South Korea: The Government of South Korea said it would send $300,000 amount of
humanitarian aid for the earthquake victims.[64]
UNICEF announced it was working with partner organizations to assess the damage
and the impact on children and families.[65]

See also
Earth sciences
portal
Nepal portal

List of earthquakes in 2023

List of earthquakes in Nepal
 List of earthquakes in India

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65. "Death toll in Nepal earthquake rises to 137" (https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/death-toll
-in-nepal-earthquake-rises-to-137/3043115). Anadolu Agency. 4 November 2023. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20231104091132/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/death-to
ll-in-nepal-earthquake-rises-to-137/3043115) from the original on 4 November 2023.
Retrieved 4 November 2023.

External links
 ReliefWeb's main page (https://reliefweb.int/disaster/eq-2023-000214-npl) for this event.

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