I.

Philosophical Self describes, analyzes, interprets and explains social and cultural similarities and
Socrates believe that the answer to our pursuit in knowing ourselves lies in differences.
our own abilities and wisdom, and that the only way for us to understand Archeological anthropology reconstructs, describes and interprets human
ourselves is through internal questioning or introspection. behavior and cultural patterns through material remains.
Linguistic anthropology studies language in its social and cultural context
Plato across space and over time. It also studies how speech changes in social
Three Parts of the Soul situations and over time.
Appetitive Soul- the part of the person that is driven by desire and need to Theory of Cultural Determinism-The contention that culture has a strong
satisfy oneself. impact on how the individual views himself.
Spirited Soul-are very competitive and is very active, his competitiveness Symbols are the words, gestures, pictures or objects that have a
drives one to expect positive results and winning. recognized/accepted meaning
The conscious mind- it decides what to do, when to do it and the possible Heroes are persons from the past or present who have characteristics that are
results one could have depending on their actions. important in a culture.
Values are considered to be the core of every culture. Values involve human
St. Augustine tendencies/preferences towards good or bad, right or wrong.
relationship with God.
IV. Psychological Self
Descartes explained we as a rational being should focus on the mind, from Psychology is a field of the social sciences that deals with the description,
such thinking or doubting leads to better understanding of ourselves. explanation, prediction, control of behavior.

John Locke’s work on the self is most represented by the concept “Tabula William James
Rasa” which means a Blank Slate. Me-Self is the individual that the person refers to when discussing or
describing their personal experiences (empirical)
David Hume, there is no permanent “self” Material Self - things or objects that belong to the person
Social Self - who the person is in a particular social situation
Immanuel Kant is a German Philosopher that is known for his works on Spiritual Self - individual’s personality, values, morals that are stable and
Empiricism and Rationalism. constant (introspection or self-observation)
I-Self knows and recognizes who they are and what they have done
Sigmund Freud- he is known as the father of psychoanalysis
Carl Rogers-Person Centered Theory
Gilbert Ryle with his Behavioristic approach to self, said that self is the Self-concept - how a person thinks about or perceives himself.
behavior presented by the person Real Self-concept - all info and perception a person has about himself.
Ideal Self-concept - what the person aims for himself to be.
II. Sociological Self
George Herbert Mead For him, the notion of a person with regards to who
D.W. Winnicott
they are develops from one’s social interaction with other people. True self - alive, real, integrated and connected to the whole of existence.
High level of self-awareness
False self - mask for fear of rejection

Albert Bandura
Social Cognitive Theory- a person has the capacity to exercise control over
his life.
Human agency is the essence of being human
Features of Human Agency
1 Intentionality - actions performed intentionally
2 Forethought - anticipation of likely outcomes of his behavior
3 Self-assertiveness - motivated to progress towards his goal
4 Self-reflectiveness - looking inward and evaluating motivations, values, life
goals, and other people’s effect on him
5 Self-efficacy - he is capable of behavior that will produce desired positive
results.
6 Self-regulation - allows the person to set higher goals.

Mead’s Three Role-playing Stages of Self Development Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs
Preparatory Stage (Birth – 2 years Old) – this stage the infant simply
imitates the actions and behaviors of the people that the infant interacts with.
Play Stage (2 – 6 years old) –it is the time where children begins to interact
with other with which certain rules apply.
The Game Stage (6-9 years old) – The final stage of self-development
according to Mead where are characterized by the ability of the children to
recognize the rules of the game and be able to identify their roles

Looking-glass Self is a social psychological concept, created by Charles

Horton Cooley in 1902, stating that a person’s self grows out of society’s
interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to
people shaping themselves based on other people’s perception, which leads
people to reinforce other people’s perspectives on themselves. People shape
themselves based on what other people perceive and confirm other people’s
opinion on themselves.

III. Anthropological Self

Cultural anthropology is the study of human society and culture which