PHYSICS

INVESTIGATO
RY PROJECT

Topic: Study Of Various Factors On

Which The Internal Resistance And
EMF Of A Cell Depend

Submitted By
Name: Keshav
Class: 12th sci
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Keshav, Roll. No. of

class XII of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya,
Yamunanagar has successfully completed his project report
in Physics on the topic “To Study The Various Factors On
Which Internal Resistance Or EMF Offer Cell Depends”
for the partial fulfilment of AISSCE as prescribed by the CBSE
in the year 2023 - 2024.

Viva voce held on:

Registration No:

Signature of the Guide Signature of the principal

Signature of the Internal Signature of the External

Examiner Examiner

‘
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic “Study Of Various Factors On
Which Internal Resistance Of A Cell Depends”
who also helped me in doing a lot of research
and I came to know about so many things.
 Index
1.Introduction
 Internal Resistance
2.Practical Analysis
 Objective
 Apparatus
 Theory
 Circuit Diagram
 Procedure
 Precautions
 Sources Of Error
3.Conclusion
4.Bibliography
 Introduction
There is a great need for batteries in our daily
use of electronic appliances and the use is
increasing every day. Thus, the batteries need
to be made more powerful so that their
potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on a practical
analysis of the “Project Factors Affecting The
Internal Resistance Of A Cell”
When the internal resistance of a cell is
decreased, we can increase the potential
difference across it and hence make it more
reliable.
 INTERNAL
RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance
offered by an electrolyte of the cell to the flow
of ions.

Its SI unit is Ohm(Ω)

For a cell of EMF (E) and internal resistance (r),

connected to a resistance (R) such that (I) is the
current flowing through the circuit.

Internal resistance,
E = V + Ir
R = (E—V)/I
 PRACTICAL
ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the
internal resistance of a cell depends.

APPARATUS
A Potentiometer, A Battery, Two One Way
Keys, A Rheostat, A Galvanometer, A
Resistance Box, An Ammeter, A Cell, A Jockey, A
set square, Connecting Wires And Sand Paper
 THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance
offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. the
internal resistance of a cell:-
 Is directly proportional to the distance
between the electrodes.
 Is inversely proportional to the facing
surface of the electrodes in the electrolyte.
 Decreases with an increase in the
temperature of the electrolyte.
 Is inversely proportional to the
concentration of electrolyte.

The internal distance of a cell is given by :

R = (E-V)/I
PROCEDURE
1.Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sandpaper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagram.
2.Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3.Check the EMF of the battery end of the cell
and make sure that the EMF of the battery is
more than that of the cell, otherwise null point
will not be obtained.
To study the variation of
internal resistance with a
distance of separation.
4. Keep both electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take minimum current from the battery making rheostat
resistance small.
6. Without inverting a plug in the key K2 adjust the rheostat
so that a null point is obtained on the last wire of the
potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a
set square and measure the balancing length (l1) between
the point and end P.
8. Next, introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At the same
time take out a small resistance from the resistance box
connected in parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jokey along a potentiometer wire and obtained
the null point.
10. Measured the balancing length l2 from end P. Record
these observations.
11.Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2. Wait for some
time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13.Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart 2 obtain another set
of observations.
To study the variation of
internal resistance with the
area of electrodes.
1.Keeping all other factors constant, increase the
area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for
each observation.
2. Obtain 3 such observations by repeating steps 7
to 10. Record your recordings.

To study the variation of

internal resistance with the
concentration of electrolyte.
3.Keeping all other factors constant decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled
water for different observations.
4.Open 3 such observations by repeating step 7 to
10. record your recordings.
OBSERVATIONS
 RESULT AND
INFERENCES
 EMF of the cell is constant and is equal to
E = 0.98 Volt.
 The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of electrodes
dipped in the electrolyte.
 The internal resistance of the cell is
inversely proportional to the temperature
of electrolytes.
 The internal resistance official is inversely
proportional to the concentration of
electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS
1.The connection must be neat, clean and tight.
2.The plugs should be introduced in the keys
only when the observations are to be taken.
3.The jockey key should not be rubbed along
the wire. It should touch the wire gently.
4.The ammeter readding should remain
constant for a particular set of observations. If
necessary, adjust the rheostat for this
purpose.
 SOURCES OF
ERROR
1)The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2)The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform
cross-section and material density throughout
its length.
3)End resistance may not be zero.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
o www.google.com

o www.wikipedia.org

o www.cbsestudy.com

o Physics Lab Manual

 CONCLUSION
Factors Affecting Internal
Resistance Of A Cell.

Area of electrodes
(inversely)

Concentration of
Distance between Electrolyte.
Electrodes (inversely)
(directly)

Temperature
of the
Electrolyte.
(inversely)