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04 Wave Propagation

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41 views

04 Wave Propagation

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Jocelyn Alvarez
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Radiation + Itis the loss or escape of energy into «fee space. Senge Wave Propagation + Itis the travel of electromagnetic waves through a medium, Electromagnetic Waves Are forms of radiant energy like heat, light, radio, x-ray, and television ‘waves thal are considered to be oscillatory disturbances in free space. , Nomenclature of Frequency Bands Mae-nake] Yraterial Treg Wire ase Owain Papin | es me ee ome EEE canteee | »m-s00 we) reseme HSS” nae a Electromagnetic Wave Components Electromagnetic Wave has two components: + Electric Field = Magnetic Field PERCoc went ory RNS — VAVE_PROPAGATION/ANTENNAS. 41. Itis the loss or escape of energy into free space, A free space B. polarization . radiation . power density light, radio, x-ray, and television ‘waves thal are considered to be oscillatory disturbances in free space. ‘A free space B. polarization radiation DL EMW: 3. Wavelengths between 30 ~ 300 MHz. ‘A. Kilometric B. Metric ©. Milimetric . Decimatric danas © Mons Meat est urureeVicar Blectric- Polrizattaa ee Beyond Traditional ECE Review ww-percdc-ca> RNS — WAVE_PROPAGATION/ANTENNAS. Wave Velocity 4. Its the orientation ofthe electric fla ‘+ Waves travel at characteristic speeds me eet depending on the type of wave and i ila cali the nature ofthe propagation ofthe a scnce medium. B. polarization \ eS radiation le=axictmre] ‘S212 D. power density 5._ tis a single locaton from which rays Polarization eaten peal aia renga eealy a decors the radiated waves in space. Behaie C. bidirectional source TYPES wavefront 4° Linear Polarization AM ~verhcal Deon A Vertical Fy. \agniaata 4 | Horizontal Srouhor 6. The ratio between the electric field \ % Circular Polarization en snsit ir cunemv Ety Pee i . erst ‘and magnetic field intensity. veoyrnle? Random Polarization Sorad) ‘A. power density Detain B. permittivity ays fronts Wie 'Cfied intensity Favs ” D. characteristic impedance: IUisthe tine drawn along the dection of propagation of a wave haynen Gist Sys aces Wise surface of constant phase of the wave Permeability and Permittivity Permiability Abilty of a magnetic material to concentrate ‘magnetic flux io = 4x x 107H/m Pormittivity Abily of an insulator to concentrate electric flux. te 10% Emo: fe soe Free space Characteristic Impedance (Zo) ¢ This is related to the electric and magnetic field intensities of an ‘electromegnetic wave in free space : i a ees SORERODG Beyond Traditional ECE Review www-percdc-con RNS — UAVE_PROPAGATION/ANTENNAS. 7. The rate of which energy passes through a given surface area in free sspace is called A power density B. power intensity C. field intensity D. field density 8. Find the characteristic impedance of polyethylene, which has a dielectric Power Density constant of 23 + tis the sate at which energy flows A317 ohms through a unit area of surface in 8. 377 ohms space. ©. 249 ohms D. 194 ohms w IPD =EH (4) y) 9. The dielectric strength of airs about I ‘3MVim. Arching is likely to take place at field strengths greater than that ‘What is the maximum power density, IP of an electromagnetic wave in air? ‘A. 40 GWim’ 2 8.155 GWimt2 C. 238. GWims2 ‘Spherical Wavefront D. 18.9 Gwims2 Point source + Radiates power at a constant rate uniformly in all directions. + Also known as Isotropic radiator ~ Pras Po aR? Electric Field Intensity Electric feld intensity is directly ‘proportional to the square root of the ower density and inversely proportional to the distance from the source, Where: E = electric fied intensity (Vim) PR = radiated power (watts) R= distance from the source (rm) eee PER@DC == geyond Traditional ECE Review wuw-percdc-cgy k ~0 eReoe 4_RNS —UAVE_PROPAGATION/ANTENNAS Attenuation CYorat" $ Dus to the spherical spreading of the wave, 4 Reduction of power density with distance from the source. Mo energy loos la = 10log | tog Absorption (Non YOu) ‘F Some bf the energy from the ‘electromagnetic waves i transferred to the atoms and molecules of the atmosphere causing some rato waves to be absorbed ++ Absorption of radio waves by the atmosphere depends on frequency. + _ Insignificant below 10GHz Vignant Barnet ‘Optical Properties of Radio Waves Refraction LA Its defined as the bending of a ray as it ‘passes from one medium to another at an, angle. oll n,sin@, =n, sine, Reflection {tis the bouncing of electromagnetic waves in ‘2 smooth surface. fo tho Boel an thera x “The angle of incidence ls equal othe angle of reflection Diffraction Itis thé redistribution (scattering) of eneray within a wavefront when it passes near the ‘edge of an object. Interference Itocours when two waves that left one source and traveled by different paths arrive at a point. tow! 10. The reduction in power density due to rnonfree-space propagation is called X attenuation B. refraction CC. absorption D. reflection Itis the change in direction of a ray itpasses obliquely from one medium to another with different ‘velocities of propagation. A diffraction B. reflection . refraction D. scattering 42. Aradio wave moves from air (relative permittivity of 1 ) to glass (relative permittivity of 7.8 ). Its angle of incidence is 30 degrees. What s the ‘angle of refraction? ‘A103 degrees B. 11.2 degrees C. 204 degrees 1D. 0.179 degrees 13. Itis the ratio of the velocity of propagation of a light ray in free ‘space to the velocity of propagation (of alight ray in a given material. A index of refraction * B. permittivity C. index of reflection D. permeability Its defined as the modulation or redistribution of energy within a wavefront when it passes near the ‘edge of an opague object. ‘A reflection B. diffraction C. refraction D. dispersion \nerfornee mat Beyond Traditional ECE Review wuw-percdc.com (erent Wave Propagation Modes Scena Giouna ave Sus Vows eg The ground wave must be vertically polarized to prevent shor-circuiting the electric ‘component. Taking = DISADVANTAGES CA) Pe cites hgh esraision pote? + Cinleg VLPs cr MF ruling org artonnas. = (etew vary coneiorely wih sac Tome aneanoorae ADVANTAGES: * Given enough power, it can be used to ‘communicate between any two locations inthe world. + Unaffected by changing atmospheric conditions. ‘Sky Wave or lonospheric Propagation ‘Are radio waves that are radiated form the transmitting antenna in a direction that produces a large angle with reference tothe earth ‘Atmospheric Layer Verney Troposphere 2 hts the lowest of he almosphere where all weather disturbances take place. + 8:40 miles above sea tevel Stratosphere ‘= Itis a region directly above the troposphere where no weather is seen but Circulation does occur. + Extends up to 40 miles above troposphere tonospher ‘+ Its the region in the atmosphere above the stratosphere where the several ionized layers of low-density gas are found. + Extends from 30 - 250 miles above the ‘ground, PERCoc Beyond Traditiona RNS __WAVE_PROPAGATION/ANTENNAS 15. Ground wave is also known as K space wave B. sky wave CC. surface wave D. terrestrial wave 16. tis the upper portion of the atmosphere, which absorbs large ‘quantities a radiant energy from the sun, becoming heated and ionized ‘A. exosphere B. ionosphere C. stratosphere D. troposphere 17. Itis the lowest of the atmosphere where all weather disturbances take place. ‘A. exosphere B. ionosphere C. stratosphere D. troposphere 1 ECE Review wuw.percde-com 24. Its a metalic conductor system svenyor cae gna emery. 2 ~clecknca capable of acing and capturing recon Rrectehey TN eather y_slectromagnetc waves A. transmission line Itis the ratio of radiated to reflected energy. 8. antenna t C. wave guide | diation Pattern conductors ‘This is a polar diagram representing field strength or power densities at various angular 25. itis the ratio of radiated to reflected position relative to an antenna, ‘energy ‘radiation pattem ‘Absolute radiation pattern B. antenna reciprocity | + Itplotted in terms of field strength or C. radiation resistance power density D. radiation efficiency | Rolative radiation pattern | +The field strength and power density is 26. A dipole antenna has a radiation | plotted with respect to the value at a resistance of 67 ohms and a loss | reference point. resistance of 5 ohms measured at the feedpoint. What isthe efficiency? Radiation Resistance A390% itis defined as the ratio of the power radiated B. 45% | by the antenna to the square of the current at ©.93% | the feed point. B.100% 27. itis a polar diagram or graph | R, = representing field strengths or power " ‘densities at various angular positions | relative to an antenna. A radiation patio ‘Antenna Efficiency B. radiation efficiency Itis the ratio of the power radiated by the radiation antenna antenna to the power delivered to the D. antenna efficiency feedpoint 28. itis radiation pattern where it plots The ralio of the radiation resistance to the total field strength or power density with antenna resistance. respect tothe value at a reference point. z ‘minor lobe n= Read _| B. absolute RatRrag C. relative D. polar oe Beyond Traditional ECE Review www-percdc-com for enbaeae Bandwidth tis the range of frequency over which an antenna will radiate effectively or satisfactory. Beamwidth Its defined as the with, in degrees, of the ‘major lobe between the two directions in which the relative radiated power is equal to one half its value at the peak of the lobe. Directive Gain Itis defined as the ratio of the power density in a particular direction of one antenna to the average power density that would be radiated Power Gain Itis defined as the ratio between the power radiated by a directional antenna to the power radiated by a reference antenna but the ‘antenna efficiency is taken into account Po |G=nD IG=n, EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) Its defined as the power radiated by an antenna in its favored direction, taking the gain of the antenna into account as referenced to the isotropic radiator. EIRP =P,G, Polarization Its the orientation or direction in space of the E field portion of the electromagnetic wave being radiated by the transmitting system. Feraiiog Beyond Traditio RNS _— VAVE_PROPAGATION/ ANTENNAS 29. Itis defined as the ratio of the power density in a particular direction of one antenna to the power density that would be radiated by an ‘omnidirectional antenna. A directive gain B. radiation resistance C. directive power D. antenna efficiency 30. It applies to the field gain of the antenna and the efficiency of the transmitter A. directive gain B. radiation efficioncy C. antenna efficiency D. effective radiated power 31. Its defined as the width, in degrees, Of the major lobe between the two directions in which the relative radiated power is equal to one half its value at the peak of the lobe. A. bandwidth B. beamwidth ©. antenna efficiency D. effective radiated power briennn Cap ~efferwe arce ran, Lena toning gLenaiy Went = 7 4 Bose Wadi) - A = “tawneciio, OF @ Senos = vinta) Vidmetone, or caper oe 4 oes c ~ fee chewy Eve nal ECE Review www.percdc.com iS = WAVE_PROPAGATION/ANTENNAS Hertzian Dipole ‘An electrically short linear antenna shorter than a wavelength that when radiating, is ‘assumed to carty uniform current along its length, + Short Dipole + Any dipole that is less than one tenth ‘wavelength long is considered electrically short Half-Wave Dipole * Its the type of resonant antenna with total nominal length of halfvave a the carier frequency. + Also known as Hertz Antenna Marconi Antenna The quarter-wave antenna combines with its image to act as an exactly the same ‘manner as the doublet or a dipole, with the radiator vertical to the ground surface. Antonna Grounding System Ground Screen or Earth Mat teonsists of a metal screen or wire mesh buried 15-30 cm below the ground. ‘+ The screen should extend at least a half wavelength in every direction from the antenna, Counterpoise ‘+ Itmeans obtaining of radio-requency ‘ground or ground plane without the direct earth-ground connection. Folded Dipole * itis a single antenna consisting of two ments. The first is fed directly while the "Sécond is coupled inductively atthe ends. 32. Its the type of resonant antenna with total nominal length of half-wave at the carrier frequency. A hertzian Bi hertz ©. marcéni D. monopole 33. tconsists of a metal screen or wire ‘mesh buried 15-30 om below the ‘ground. A Counterpoise B. Ground C. Earth mat D. monopole 34. A marconi antenna is sometimes called. A Halt-wave dipole B Vertical monopole C. Hertz antenna D. Elementary doublet Cente Nady, Anctane or 6 ain cadingy applovimately 4) fd punt weed fe 2 Pop Uading hak tat erect é te antenna fo fry enlge of th Nat alsy increases + Vervecn the tp and arena Lego PTE Gabe = (hk Grroun dings Grd Seren — ™ goer . Beyond Traditional ECE Review www.percdc-com Multi-Element Arrays Collinear Array = Alinear array of radiating elements with their axes arranged in a straight line Driven Array + Anarray in which all elements are supplied with power or fed directly from the transmission line +The driven element is one supplied with power from the, transmitter usually through a transmission line, Parasitic Aray ‘An array in which one or more elements obtain power through mutual coupling with ‘another element in the array. ‘A parasitic element is one that obtains power solely through coupling with another element in the array. Broadside Array + The simplest array consisting of a number of dipoles of equal size, = ‘equally spaced along a straight line, with all ipoles fed in the same phase of the source. = Highly directive bi- directional antenna + This array has a physical arrangement Siow sar broeeie ary alt eerste: + Unrate! rases Arey This is a group of antennas, connected to cone transmitter or receiver, whose radiation beam can be adjusted electronically without physically any ‘moving parts. PERCoc RNS — WAVE PROPAGATION/ANTENNAS _11 35. tis formed when two or more ‘antenna elements are combined to form a single antenna, ‘A dipoles: B. top loading C. counterpoise D.array 36. The radiation pattern of collinear and broadside antenna is ‘A. omnidirectional B bidirectional ©. unidirectional . olover-leaf shaped 37. Highly directive bi-directional antenna A. End-Fire array B. Yagi-uda array! CC. Broadside array . Log Periodic array Guth pvive cabttnty. tdio2fren TMA © qrensplae. Beyond Traditional ECE Review www.percdc-com | | | 42_RNS — WAVE PROPAGATION/ANTENNAS. Log Periodic Array An array consisting of different lengths and relative spacing, fed from a two wire line which is transposed between each adjacent pair dipoles. J+ Wideband antenna = Unidirectional Yagi Array + Aparasitic array with linear elements, | | | | | * It consists mainly of @ driven element and one ‘or more parasitic elements, wean | # unidirectional Helical Antenna ‘= This is a broadband VHF or UHF antenna that is ideally suited for applications for Which radiating circular rather than horizontal or vertical polarized electromagnetic waves are required. Helical Antenna Gain G4 - 1SNS(xD? BN 1 =—— | ae s=4). [ped 4 x Helical Antenna Beamwidth 38. A parasitic element that is longer than the driven element from which it receives energy is called A director B. boom reflector D. mast 39. Awidebandwidth multielement driven array is the A end-fre B. log-periodic 40. In a Yagi antenna, maximum direction Cf radiation is toward the A director B. driven element reflector D. sky 41. Ahelical antenna with eight turns is to be constructed for a frequency of 1.2 GHz, Calculate the gain in dB. A148 5.366 6.303 0.405 Beyond Traditional ECE Review wuw.percde-com Fees \ Pont ~ Retecor This provides extremely high gain and directivity and are very popular for microwave radio ‘and satelite ‘communication links. Parabolic Antenna Gair/Beamwidth ee=af 2 xD) 700 cao: RNS —UAVE_PROPAGATION/ANTENNAS _13 42. A parabolic antenna has a diameter of 3m, an efficiency of 60%, and Operates at a frequency of GHz. Calculate the gain in d8 A9475 B1.75 C.398 D725 HOMEWORK Wave propagation 43. Radio propagation was first demonstrated experimentally by ‘A. Heinrich R. Hertz B. Guglielmo Marconi C. James Clerk Maxwell . Alexander Graham Bell 44. Its the space that does not interfere with the normal radiation and propagation of radio waves ‘A. free space B. polarization radiation D. power density, 45, Iis equal to the square root of the ratio of a lossless transmission medium's magnetic permeability to its electric permittivity ‘A. power density B. characteristic impedance C. polarizatic 1D. permeability 46. A source that radiates uniformly in all

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