ae one ones Serene cue eee ee eee seeenaee be omer oe ora pepe tr Sad epee anc aen sta ac ee ae Aer throug an el bandpass lr before iis fed wo the demodulatces MSA pee preemie Sratanae epee Te, clasp 1 Keeway Ue re se ent Ratcet et ena ig 1 Sere erates eset Scape foc ag pee meng diac Piao Air behenseniso ic mesaRTmeTSTeN Put eos Garters ea regeatoci pale me ee aoe =. uw 3 {ASAE MATA, to bet of he dae sgn Probes $42 Shed +> ws, Bem —| - 7 comma tem: Any a Dg, a i ee SS. eee ee nhs te i f cl enh wiser wee PP rt fag OOD = it _ = re Tee Ape Rt Hecitbianre tent Vane te ehemcae See ae ee Samet Wace a se fa nto. “Ill Peto oe &, anita FIG 6:4 Concept of Irstantanecus Frequency: (a) Variation. Sh Naso fa Carrie Wav Varyog Psonen Ea dans Tike ry ema ty wetness ev onan a asco Vi9= 20 aint [5 6 iain. Pier oa pace ob want ran fe wal pe he +n - 2008 te 4 a ee a a) Ye 61) Retonular Moding Wie, 0) An pans ein Gmnwae Stine vasa wie stn 6130 leo oon 61a) enw ceo a Dhawan Pw we TELA) and inode sce wees BEcommun Ste Ao on iy — tenets ni 40) » Pi 6) Soett Madang inal () FM Wve Been ewe A) chine ey a co) a a ee en vias, Pi mi ry ace pact Strole stad bang mdnaed Tare weno tne es Sasi in acne ers + Phase Modulation (PM) as HAtortma nnn ewe rt tty va au ae ety ih mn Sige dene tse pe a eal SST In is his enero a vot a NOS oh unniaed nest ASIPEPORC Maden X= oie cap ne armtK sO cm Me tn a seit be hn ene erly Snr pecesandig FA Me en by aa. ilbebtoe FM i hen rect ae ail dela, [ina elatonship betwoon PM and Fa sto ty edn eve ee i nny Beenie aa Fa = icp inc work recep = ‘plicit hen piel be Has meas Redon me ” we ee E65 FM Generation Using Phase Nolte a see A SR 6.1.1 eva that te converse is bo te, i. get ‘ts eis ue? 0Gubtor provided that fs Hest Sone a Sars Tir masaersen on cormeponing otc drmeanc offie ou 8 Corto sng Progeney Modulator pnor Representation of PM and FM Waves Tien conde a TA Fg ay, Pray tt 013) i, eax ar) e iy alive eet ‘um, Sroa-so tou = all ty eo clr of mle nol, vie FM and PM ae eoely rd Hone scp ey fas alonee Swe wlohe Fd nasal eee ‘ate isagatig ans te to Frequeny Deviation Denso ee fF sign vari wih ne. Themion casi ines fps fem be temg Le. sino guy don Tie ees oes canteStomicd wae pate 10 yy ak fo) ‘Te macmun cag in en the Sr an det one tad len of 170. The [GBP dning —[2-—t9—sh+ — so + ce * in ipin ,] Te Wem gm Re 20k, 0, oun Meee devin wt prance detnng te bn of he FMS hy [roms Eeuway Roeser teen eae earn aes pul)" dem ef-Anyen eto ay 622 ave Dare Naren “Bement i pin of tsa ay cop ft ht eames t dagas Soin ta wacac rene: AM lls iid Aeo ge mas co Sel FCs apr) sn, a 1106 Slap teil) Acsas an aaa ‘ipl ieee cece none apn uit ~ Moon f+ m,A co (+ ,}1+c08 (a, ~ ayy] (6210) tafe mAbs yr eoia ayn 2 ti irre epi oA ed PP cer elo ed fine teers Batts oc i ‘itso ake ean ec at she rp es M6213. Phasor Diagrams: (a) 4M, (0) F ou!muna Sena Ane ond gt, =_— 2 et any produced in ‘i arnt a) 80a HEL 9-60 3 Fe tiemnn ese Resta sr fer Brut) = a""" onsen BEQ63 83 ob ei tte Fos: aan eos nib FS 9 AM heey ese iy aera seca Se Example 25.) maaon o¢ 75 kHz Find () the mataincee eae ree pa a Ne ere) sm sara se “ sin iPM mene by CTE lems sett Fo fy = demas msn pegs ‘ino il ten Tish Sit toma ey e288) Jom ‘petal ight and ie ecg a heh ke esl min fin yey To con dente os, fie wo Siig Ea 63-48 Eq 63.2, we = Laue = a Ne bing Ea 63.5 in By 63.1, ee drut = 40S, Jnpetee= A Aye Tera ofthe ight tnd nid ves he xen FMS From Eq. 6, z Tom E6119 the ample ofthe modulating signal Eis given by ™_ Frat) pore seiepralt (njcanbeesgneins As dcdin te stn, nen my 1 ted yg, Fo tas gem ‘iat yet ge Sih ste a cel wc 8 ‘sibs na tre ht wae ens i tenes. ect sek secu em soycommana Stn Anal ond Dia =— esa peti eh 6 reg, ang sat Rds ee ey eee ee osetia 63.1 el nce ne sss Seis") f FON imps eat open 2} ps trot se oeucean eee eat areca ce ener, “ Spon sn tin Slt 119.1 ta tenth meigan ccc spec eee Pareto eae: SEACH esti Aenean ins Seer ero mactaemnwrrsenes Sr See oe imp aeeateelew each cathe ieirhee nfs pac bong Se Se ee ere Sonor elon ees) Pip 63 Bost anton Teena Repl for Fenny Manion: Tsao rey Coma rc) heme ‘Mls sj ofr vod ere. De {inn ene) vation #75 [sn any tec Alwar hme ~ PA ott ‘esi sshans Sami be ni oan A TSI oan By wing ft papery Ey, 6.38), we can expres 6.3.6 a8 t nl ne e.1°4.5 (np om, cnln- a +A on 20,0200 +A eon, 3s (20011 om Popa ni stern Geter ape ering emery somes dosed itr) see dei) i he maga ofthe Helm Wise a6. ate oriole) |Brtmpte Sr conster im ting sgt o suey ~ 15 Te isl feast Sezseleuain Fitness 8coumaiton sist: Analg am Digg, reas om Se ar shes aes eee ree tate eg ae be | rm mem amin 28 Se min 3). Seeley BEN stan om ee mi. Boa 8 gt series nemien bing apis an oR ste cee cc stems staat pate: etoeer aie en ene rr | Re a none, le ern fee ace : | A a Fig 63.2 FM Spectrum TSS gptnetar st opr fom cteryIste ae Pcie e e.63.4. Fa Spectra forthe Case of Pianos Be pena fear race Torna Band of 91 Woe: Te bot ub in eae 0 he scrum of EM Wave: The mumberof sich poss! | ean obsned fon the pl of eto Je ames in Reman eens ‘Sh pete wienn > nee nome y= FiPa to FM maybe conser oe nn ei e 6, ena e: 7 te oni The tppersidcbands are sept by ons an fr ST 7a ceed ie (yng bt cing amie tot | owminFig 633 facmy anne pt Bing ff, The FM spect orth tee WR poduced by the lower sideband. Teref Rticcel’ wisest yitmamaoatwo™ | Simten ne Increase ny produces eo sofia Gowan note fed es= yy 2ai omni Wen Dita pw- 28a, #2 (40) ane E pw 207i. “she point biwith of wiebnd FM system i given a co my fey Serine seek Sie isa Tas even be ph shown a Fg 63 Canon le ie ese ee oe seed Sie Co BW 2180+) =200) 2, Bw ~ 2h + 280 ea 2401+) tiie - Fie 6 Variation of Ranaut wth my, o_o sweated Bw-20, sseqvalnio AM i ee 19 2> dP, > 0 ates my 8 ND in in E636 0 a enc be 9 ee thf ac a cre bh ‘ Asad BW = 2192/0755 29 18e2-10e sinner i donb, enh cg, i mning sz rhe te ey ei e818 TW ~2150+2890=H0e he sh owt bh, sede t si wth on lulating Signal fe) cea tune mamas somites ee ae eo Sinica ea = Fedk equncy devo oneesiog We! =a Soca eet) Frm 63.15 ‘Ste sume roe for evan he tani Asming Das giant om, Been Crorrse >te 6 a aie ne g ee a “ts ins oe ihe Th tr pct ve ae Shae Kak, ae ET et a ct en lr 9 A me i i STS | many nto ey (80-3, 4, 2s 15 jth oft PM sialic vencncty gn > mt eer stein 6 Neusat ean tone 6) top etaaase arene and is given bY és eit mane) ieayosen De ay-2105(to2.)+voum ration (Doe 8 Vf Ie SOME REMARKS ABOUT PHASE Ne ag f° Ky 12 WAST MODULATION Pred - Ava ati ane sgl cn be aay in a sii yo te Fs ae ‘wee hers itn nae penton coped oF. Ne wa et 5 Se hOE: thease mero PM in see, andi = 244-208 0192 Teri ising er of PA tht th deviation the car soy i cna sine popreal te malting Feuer Rev ab JR te devon i inno a th malig guar. The expreien 5) ips TY Seg, ots u LSAT Sern Pa catered Tamepsang dvs ayes yin Tel peng of PA signals give by, 6.1.8, es TV =20/0 = af HO Min wr K, fl) Ted mst Fateom tinction A) -Eroaet woken i8 8 = eS cae Ti ten nro Zones noe “eetei me Sie Fe sin) nora Rie dir Thangs the pss KB. This is known a phase deviton dened 6% Metehamlnore cree Pou =A.04¥ (= Aoi 14 c08 ese careponing toys ven by eM ek easing! Tiesto deanarin te font oon woe pala dean cy Go ei Tere ene Cte Ea . ay Baw ae Nimes 2-19-2059) some time ate hich me Rican amie mine aPp mene Sy: Analog amd gta, =—_ ete mgperethaedanee ea hag ssh wit x hangin th modal a cutee One or nF tt an — ta ss ra aeroaeay uae Senn ere en Sterna ticel re So She eg cae ame ore ee er ons | MULTIPLE-TONE WIDEBAND FM (NON-LINEAR MODULATION) nS 63, ede wasnt cso te mod ial) costing ‘Send pert esata s/n te ht sl gah Fe coven, ke sends isl) cot Ae eg ee f= Ecos Feoe i Pet fey mee adn The eign apd tn = snl a4 [4] Tienes y pati 65, Joa Tei esas by Eiseoes sivas wo str eo a Hin] etm zm ee te ; Tenaya ey mandi oft ft an snd, rth Bee te, os oe stm = Ae ruin 652.0 open termina retains eal strom mn Aelstmisaye i, ‘abe cxpnded sak Phe FM wae with toe moduli 8 we — ‘emi = cfm ens momar stasis nspotng t RAS paint (whe PM pid HOP his corse ni ye, » 0 yams et? 00a Cota ETE} Oa aint a Pe See nce ke nersas ea Senter aera peers ae BBE 1s: wopursroxs avo reassourmens Pana cas ring Ps petite I) nena Meise (3 he hrmn Med tne ea (0 Parameter Vaviation Method (Direct Method) Se ‘Be shenc ono cteut Teun sk iS SSG The eae oon ca si) & oq econsuin atl cates frequency ay, can be matic to vary accoeing WF es ego nin shoe nen ae! qens Pras Lsked Lop Fate) andeodinte FM mls od ove irc npr ope ne “het eua Set PLL cc eral apne ce nipestsusltconaied PM depots tts pics et abe PLL ystems two mln components () Pe conra )C e te cmpriacs a votgemaliplierand alow pus) Tet ont er tales nl te ifs eau comers sheen reduced bythe uli. Te VCO duel whe pours Rie The PLL system sero he FAPB en (Fe 103) so ‘ies erences sriminao ts PL asain en tars) ee (e192) 5 otha te sin ec PB reg ih 1020 weiner a 610.19 ‘Threshold Extension in FMF Lh BPP and Inlow ise en heigl sae rath oupt ofthe FMB renin sae asinthecue | adr resold provement of he omental ened MER iors ena cute signa» () zr, VCO PLL wae ge sie = "etd car gat an of! fom ital Equitibrim oe ih ding ig ne Weil ee tag oe eine ‘fcmenn dims Honea ah geno ae, he eke a FFB Sill es recon gy of pie ena. Tiss ese gen cca pina och andl the FM spa tthe tama (6830), The ih th FMF case (8) es than te bandh 8 for heme ome dsrimior Hens he _ th eguency ot spike enti ies FMB. The Betgtetetti mbit eo ede Wa reduction intend, | isd, VEO has een ast sey od impoeneat of 6 ds may be oid In practice, FFB 8 {) Thetiequency of VCO hasbeen set eel ane Soe eel a pve tel nae a 5 2 . ome ‘provement of 7a This giant improvement (8 The VCO output (isin phase unre wiht ieee 8 ignites im ‘O ouput (sin ps ee ioepoet t obser tn sms _ aton mode ratios ieee a] se PLL igi een by a 4si(ay+ 601 inate te tn Se. Weng eon a fro pats apt) me na, ree eg eae ein wenn 61010, = Bon fay 6401 some piesa co 5) 06500 ig en ‘ais ret dt VCO np (a sid a he pee aay SP oy teers ec ke sn fas aero eaves wists (0-0) = ins) wn hein be maid th pl emer’ by wih 40)-#9 «is 1 int eins dtd he mods Be aia) eee ‘el tpn of Pca enor pot 9 a PLL a as ‘Secs of C0 Th nl wey Be VD tr ‘SSteclancur ahcne loi Fee of hein FM sip = _inphase quadrature, kn his case, the eror signal becomes Zero i. eh win=0 (ose 400-440 on) TeP atts pueatet ven be eee Beye etn be er eg Sa {ns} £40 eh ag a mows 2 cs a i i acelin vero, a 0-009 tpt of PEL Porro 9 mtv spy a ‘ps fois achieved ya): The Phase erat Uf) tie Z ere eee et oe a Te rede egstaemeicea rns fee eames eS rexel. i . uousep cin? APG soe pe co a een it eg sit wee vo) fol 631, PLL (Second Order) ue roping ‘heb aa constant, Sebsiing anivey S Sic roel eeni cnet Fe mn al +6 her iy ayyret yo Latinas en “aus— aes P ot eMsisal dca = : ; # Pest : | am epee, sae en fat pane re emntematscrr ine sO SEA oe Samael ates Tare Ot ispecies . Pa sore oe . | ae oe fe tinny | ent Benya en usa rom erence AE chang, | ein erate oe pista sie. vote second order PLL may be obtained by using ng Sete ep ones Sa sa 0 = par] ray Ani fi i es 125 6.1284, tec ede = Me nyse ay, } 2) tha)~ Jovan? ini he 0 £1125 dwg ave een wt wel Say. (0 Sint a 41.240, > info] Gaa= 2 sar opt sels sponse, eo th ft ner PLL By 1116. pds neti domo of eM signals Bie et abe PL er 5), ety spe erory, nbc sco ord PLL soe Thee te md vr Lees ck ot ring peat ay Was dace fa imlegavin rhe Ey 611260) nig oh ut vs) ad frequency changes) epee seratcimofs ow pus le: Thereby proper che of ena ye PLL Seen edt per exon frie scan Oe tle peacoat 3 Bas or) nd Qf) represents a bandpass il, hee, Pla shpat ate compari doesnot respond tote modulating signal. The ope. Par ri ac npc oae ES. Tete a a Se es need vai pee an 2 Ltr ental te lng ect ypu ely (y Sct a {i oe Moraes anon <= (ee teeter eatin ete ter open M0, Ske anvmage of 4M er 19 ke ime oe ) fi er fay Lyre soe ie enn threo ete ith — |ya fe SS kl : Ore es # Cte ae cr oll xe ; a ee = =ieeare : seem ms Cher nce Se mom Pecmcee cece teres on getters ee hee se ten mien FM See fete atoll pane i i ee ont sd hd eatin inten Senn se riven ey era oni -# 5 een sy eympcndn es as ate re 7 oe Lanta te ecoe ee nner, a e oe 1s Arlbcpean enfne Sa ese ESBS of PM em Si ghOiea Satie sie te oe Fee ee eee ee aici eee orate 9) Drethe FM 0 PM wae Whe Sais and ipl powe oe opt Bice aa = ESS a oe ie camel a of de a nel gS ee Iwate cans hes tps ema ae Pin sttepeenpins iva fo =e 2 heater be as Solow chs cecogimomtany (dec computa ch +a. whee fs he dig Sia equ, TH ag Bee ioe PL whee hac a ao 1 An Among Ev dls eel nes aan wacnapl i oe 8 tine om Ser ert ae si ee eo " rt pve cae: Hee) aes Sind solic ound nie oh el Seah Hite eed Fn ne he aie 6p ws — |er y yma rn ie ma ee = 1 en eclsaes tt? 20m20= 109 Y rs So a cps cor Riau re est Te oan ren Se rig ones ee ed ee Pepa acter crtaanaes ay at fac at ct J un op Sonata a ac ee Fier rh et o Seventeen tease apne nF hs suing cus Saag cei a pecans og saan Sen Open tninaa passes ang ATE 6 Sater neil Beery eeu = ke Rs my 1s samara oi i n-mabyebiin te mht , a) hea (2-10) + 0.02 cos [210+ 10) Ba Seca oe meen le ston meme (eur ofthe ban ire at he sie pt. (© fespultmae peat teat opto : (9 Sepa seats te up ihe mtg sg (ten a emis smi in 621 ine NATTAR do te eae te wate in Pb 6.16} 60, a even sn encning ve sues wing SIIULINK Nos Pulse Modulation Systems ead ere a, hia meg Siete lem toma oan at fares cts runes vaso reed niin, =o 1) Rise Time Modulation (PTM), ee. ce rt aa a Pirsiftccne paca aes Farr Wi Modultion VD a ae Sin (Boe rsn Maton PPM) rin, wh of te pbs of it pul ini atin win sldag nn wes 0 7M, Oe pstenloe oe nceee ee "eg be sampling toon sme pd baase i ss _eiipbeenieey oe 5 {ig ens mathew 2 Had han beepers Sieotatear20 ie Teal age coped by hb il ce Oe and aes om stan He ets gl sonnei i ia ‘gul's transmitted without o frequency translate sytem skaomn as bon en. Dian Mot PON ie Lag PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION aT. explains ts 2 alpen tags he rnc of AN, Abd ips sR Srp ran) shown i111) The fe aso 4 —— |