Section A

1. What is Liner ?
Ans- The linear communication model explains the process of one-way communication,
whereby a sender transmits a message and a receiver absorbs it.

2. What is Press Note ?

Ans- A press release is an official statement delivered to members of the news media for the
purpose of providing information, creating an official statement, or making an announcement
directed for public release. Press releases are also considered a primary source, meaning they
are original informants for information.

3. Write the full form of www.

Ans- The World Wide Web is a set of all the websites connected to the internet worldwide. It is
also known as WWW or Web. It is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the
internet.

4. Define the Expected News ?

Ans- Some news is expected by the people. They are waiting for such news. For example
Budget Proposal, Parliament and State Legislature News come under expected news.

5. What is Radio Talk ?

Ans- Radio talk shows can be defined as radio broadcasts centered primarily on conversational
speech. They encompass numerous discourse genres and formats, ranging from political
diatribes to highly interactive exchanges with members of the listening audience.

6. What is Press Conference ?

Ans- A press conference or news conference is a media event in which notable individuals or
organizations invite journalists to hear them speak and ask questions. Press conferences are
often held by politicians, corporations, non-governmental organizations, as well as organizers
for newsworthy events.

7. What is Science News?

Ans- Science News is an American bi-weekly magazine devoted to articles about new scientific
and technical developments, typically gleaned from recent scientific and technical journals.

8. What is 'Scoop' ?
Ans- Scoop is refer to an exciting news story which is reported in one newspaper or on one
television programme before it appears anywhere else.
9. What is e-Book ?
Ans- e-book, in full electronic book, digital file containing a body of text and images suitable for
distributing electronically and displaying on-screen in a manner similar to a printed book.

10. Define the Stringer.

Ans- In journalism, a stringer is a freelance journalist, photographer, or videographer who
contributes reports, photos, or videos to a news organization on an ongoing basis but is paid
individually for each piece of published or broadcast work.

11. What is Article ?

Ans- An article writing is a kind of writing that is written to reach a massive audience with the
help of the press. A news article discusses current or recent news of either general interest or of
a specific topic. Articles are written to discuss different subjects or topics. Articles included in
publications usually contain information on current issues or events happening around the area
of the writer or the publication.

12. What is Target Group ?

Ans- A target audience is the person or group of people a piece of writing is intended to reach.
In other words, it is important for a writer to know who will be reading his or her writing. This
audience is the person or group of people the writer is aiming for or trying to reach.

13. What is Positive News ?

Ans-

14. What is Review ?

Ans- A review is a critical evaluation of a text, event, object, or phenomenon. Reviews can
consider books, articles, entire genres or fields of literature, architecture, art, fashion,
restaurants, policies, exhibitions, performances, and many other forms.

15. Define the Feature

Ans- A feature is a longer piece of writing than a news story. Features come in many different
types and are widely used in magazines, newspapers and online. A feature will often cover an
issue in greater depth than a news story would do; or it might look at an ongoing story from a
different angle.

16. What is Peace to Camera?

Ans- A piece to camera is the television and film term used for when a presenter or a character
speaks directly to the viewing audience through the camera. It is most common when a news or
television show presenter is reporting or explaining items to the viewing audience.

17. Define the Unexpected News?

Ans- Unexpected news is called sudden news. Accidents happen unexpectedly; so also riots
and communal clashes occur suddenly and unexpectedly.
18. What is Local News?
Ans- Local news, in contrast to national or international news, caters to the news of their
regional and local communities; they focus on more localized issues and events.coverage of
events, by the news, in a local context that would not be an interest of another locality.

19. What is Blog?

Ans- A blog is an informational website published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete,
often informal diary-style text entries. A blog, short for weblog, is a frequently updated web page
used for personal commentary or business content. Blogs are often interactive and include
sections at the bottom of individual blog posts where readers can leave comments. Most are
written in a conversational style to reflect the voice and personal views of the blogger. Some
businesses use blogs to connect with target audiences and sell products.

20. What is Multi Media?

Ans- Multimedia is a form of communication that uses a combination of different content forms
such as text, audio, images, animations, or video into a single interactive presentation.

21. What is Intro?

Ans- News journalists call the first sentence of a story the ‘intro’, or introduction. The first
sentence should summarise the story ‘in a nutshell’ and cover key information.

22. What is Byline?

Ans- The byline on a newspaper or magazine article gives the name of the writer of the article.
Bylines are commonly placed between the headline and the text of the article, although some
magazines place bylines at the bottom of the page to leave more room for graphical elements
around the headline.

Section B

1. Discuss the types of Cyber Writing.

Ans- Cyber journalism or online journalism or digital journalism is the latest type of journalism.
As the name suggests, this deals with delivering the on different internet platforms. The whole
world has become a virtual global village after the introduction of the world wide web (WWW)
and the Internet. With several easily accessible platforms, cyber or online journalism has risen
in popularity. Several channels dedicated to journalism are followed on Youtube. Even various
TV and Print media houses have started going digital through blogs, websites, youtube, and
different social media applications.
2. Explain the elements of News Writing.
Ans- News is any piece of information about an occurrence that interests a large number of
readers or viewers.
1. Immediacy(तरु ं त्ता) Immediacy, also known as timeliness, is an important element in
news-worthy stories. Reporters should emphasize an event’s angle in considering what
just occurred. Whether it’s a humanitarian crisis, a political event, or the Super Bowl,
reporters should present information that’s recent enough to be valuable and relevant.
Sometimes, a recent news story may concern a past event. In such a case, reporters
should discuss present aspects of the past event, ensuring timeliness of the story.

2. Prominence(प्रमख ु ता) Prominence is a quality that refers to highly topical news. So a

reporter should ask themself: Is this story about someone or something that the
audience believes to be of great importance? Be it the weather, unique achievements,
social positions, or publicity, reporters should feature notable places, names, or events in
a news story. With more renowned names, events, and locations, a news story will
create more interest among its readers.

3. Conflict(टकराव) Conflict presents an element of struggle in a news story. Being one of

the most important news elements, conflict is inherent in all news on war, politics,
violence, sports, etc. To integrate conflict within a news story, reporters should ask
“What’s being described to help an audience address real-life challenges that impact
their lives and businesses?” Providing news stories that help audiences solve problems
in their lives enhances the effectiveness of a story. At the same time, involving other
elements like oddity (the queerness of an event) and drama into a news story is key to
evincing an emotional impact, which is a key factor in appealing to diverse audiences.

4. Emotion Incorporating stories that speak to people’s experiences and convey emotion
helps more people connect with a message. Employing emotions appropriately and
authentically while not necessarily incorporating tear-jerking stories does the trick of
effective human communication.

5. Proximity(निकटता) Proximity refers to the geographic nearness of a newsworthy event.

Reporters presenting news should incorporate proximity by presenting news that’s
happening in a nearby location. For instance, news on an event happening in Manhattan
being presented to an audience within this media market is highly proximal.

3. Discuss the objectives of the Interview.

Ans- A journalistic interview takes the form of a conversation between two or more people:
interviewer(s) ask questions to elicit facts or statements from interviewee(s). Interviews are a
standard part of journalism and media reporting. In journalism, interviews are one of the most
important methods used to collect information, and present views to readers, listeners, or
viewers.
Every individual in our daily life meet with other and discuss something with him. This is the
process of interview b/w interviewer and interviewee. The daily conversation b/w patient and
doctor or student and teacher are the examples of interview. In interview the investigator and
the respondents set together and they exist a face to face conversation between the two for a
specific purpose. Interview is a process of meet with interviewee either by telephone or face to
face conversation to discuss some purposeful thing.

Objectives of Interview
Following are the main objectives of interview.
1. Collect information about an existing social problem
2. Create relation between interviewer and interviewee
3. Gain inner feelings of the respondent
4. Create a source of knowledge
5. Provide rich hypothesis
6. Reduce the distance between human beings
7. Observe the situation quickly
8. Collect additional information
9. Draw quantitative facts.
10. Gain new knowledge about an area.

Or
● It helps to verify the precision of the provided facts and data by the candidate.
● The interview helps to obtain additional information about the skills and knowledge of the
interviewee.
● The interview not only assesses a candidate's skills but also checks their suitability for
the job.
● The interview provides the candidate with general facts and necessary descriptions
about the job and the company.
● An interview gives an intuition into the candidate's rational knowledge and creativity they
possess.
● Job descriptions are given at the time of the interview. The interviewer informs the
company's expectations from them.
● Through the interview process, the recruiter gets to know about the candidate's skills
and lacks the potential abilities to be trained according to their job role.
● Information flows from both directions, and the interviewee gets to know about the
company and the employer.

4. Discuss the qualities of Feature with examples.

Ans-
1. They may inform, instruct and advise, but their primary purpose is to entertain the
readers. They are usually read after the news and in leisure moments.
2. They are factual, and require reporting.
 3. They may or may not be timely. If they are timely and related to a current news event,
they are likely to appeal more to readers.
4. They may be written in any form and style. The only criterion is that the form and style be
appropriate to the contents and purpose of the story.
5. They permit the reporter to use his/her knowledge and ingenuity(सरलता) to write a story
original in ideas and treatment.
6. They rarely have news leads. Instead, they more often have novelty leads.
7. They usually strike the keynote in the opening sentences, which permit the readers to
come into quick contact with the story and become interested.
8. They usually are not cut in make-up. Thus, the reporter may use any devices of the
fiction writer: suspense, dialogue, description, narration, climax, and the like. The
inverted pyramid does fit the purpose of a feature story.
9. They require the writer to apply his/her imaginations to the facts, yet they are not fiction.
10. They apply all principles of effective writing to achieve unity, coherence, and emphasis.
11. They usually can be improved by rewriting to eliminate all writing faults. For example,
stodginess, verbosity-, abstractness, monotony and absence of rhythm, etc.
12. They bring readers as close as possible to the experience or idea of the story. The
reader feels himself as a part of the story.

An example of a feature story is an article about a group of children coming together to raise
money to help the community after a storm.

5. Write a note on Film Review.

Ans- Movie reviews typically present a brief summary of the film's storyline. They provide
readers with an overview of the characters, relationships, and scenarios but do not convey the
complete narrative. Perusing the review should be different from seeing the movie.
A movie review is an article that is published in a newspaper, magazine, or scholarly work that
describes and evaluates a movie. Reviews are typically written by journalists giving their opinion
of the movie. Some reviews include score (4 out of 5 stars) or recommendations (thumbs up).
Since reviews are printed in many different kinds of publications, you may need to search
several sources. A movie criticism is written by a scholar or expert in film studies to discuss the
movie within a historical, social, political, or theoretical context. It differs from the opinion or
recommendation that a movie review provides in terms of length, content and focus. Criticisms
can be found in cinema studies journals as well as discipline-specific sources, depending on the
plot or themes of the movie. Reviews and criticisms are produced after the release of a movie,
whether that is its initial release to theatres, or a release in a home video format.

6. What do you understand by Local News?

Ans- Local news, in contrast to national or international news, caters to the news of their
regional and local communities; they focus on more localized issues and events. Some key
features of local newsrooms includes regional politics, weather, business, and human interest
stories
Local news is any news that focuses on occurrences within a particular neighborhood, town, or
surrounding area. Local news largely covers the following: local sports local crime and justice
local weather local business and economy local events local education local politics local traffic
updates. In the age of digital media, local news readership has started to fall. This can be
attributed to the younger generation's disinterest in traditional news sources and the inability of
news stations to fully integrate their business models and practices into the age of digital
journalism. While national and international news industries began using Twitter as a way to
break news and interact with their audiences, local news mediums have fallen behind, trending
towards using Twitter as a secondary source for spreading information rather than a primary tool
for audience engagement. Since Internet sites reach a larger audience, more local news
agencies have started their own websites to compete in the digital age. Websites are a great
way for local news stations to produce more interactive content, which engages the audiences
and increases readership

7. Discuss the importance of TV News.

Ans- Advantages of TV News
● TV makes you a witness to important events in real time
● It can be a powerful tool for verification
● It gives you personal storytelling: a strong connection to people in the news
● It can create a shared national experience
● TV can connect us

Advantages of TV journalism
TV has become one of the important features of our daily lives, which has a lot of many
advantages, that make the public feel it as one of the best options of entertainment and make
themselves aware of the world. Some of the top reasons, why TV journalism is preferred widely
and is used by the majority of people.
● Wider reach Television has a broad reach, which allows more than one person to watch
anything together, it is also considered a form of mass communication, to pursue any
message to the masses at one time. Television journalism is highly preferred and used to
deliver one particular message to the entire population of the nation or any particular
region, where everyone can get that message at the same time.
● Filtered content The programs or news shown on TV is filtered for the betterment of
society, and are broadcasted in such a way, that it could not hurt the sentiments of the
people. Now, the content delivered to the public through Television Journalism is filtered,
including bleeping out the offensive information, to make it suitable to watch for children.
● General awareness of viewers One of the top benefits of TV journalism is that it
distributes important information to the public instantly and rapidly. For instance, the
news which is of great importance to the public is broadcasted instantly as breaking
news or exclusive, by interrupting all other shows on the news channels. Hence, TV
journalism works as a watchdog, that informs the audience about every little happening
in the world, that may affect them.
 ● Community development TV journalism encourages the viewers to have a sense of
community among them, by broadcasting the same information to everyone in the
country at the same time, so that they can live together with peace and harmony in the
nation.
● Trustworthy The information that is delivered to the audience through TV journalism is
accurate and is based upon the facts, which makes it a trustworthy form of media. It
delivers the information only after ensuring its accuracy, through investigations done by
journalists, editors, and producers. The information is always true to the sources and is
offered to the public only after rechecking.

8. What do you understand by Radio Play ?

Ans- Radio plays are dramatized, purely auditory performances that are specifically designed to
focus on painting a picture in the listeners mind’s eye. They rely entirely on dialogue, music, and
foley, otherwise known as sound effects.
A radio play is an acted story, produced with the help of dialogue, sound effects, music and
silence for the sole purpose of listening.

Radio drama (or audio drama, audio play, radio play, radio theater, or audio theater) is a
dramatized, purely acoustic performance. With no visual component, radio drama depends on
dialogue, music and sound effects to help the listener imagine the characters and story: "It is
auditory in the physical dimension but equally powerful as a visual force in the psychological
dimension."Radio drama includes plays specifically written for radio, docudrama, dramatized
works of fiction, as well as plays originally written for the theater, including musical theater, and
opera.

9. Discuss the effect of social media on Society.

Ans- Almost a quarter of the world’s population is now on Facebook. In the U.S., nearly 80% of
all internet users are on this platform. Because social networks feed off interactions among
people, they become more powerful as they grow. Thanks to the internet, each person with
marginal views can see that he’s not alone. And when these people find one another via social
media, they can do things — create memes, publications, and entire online worlds that bolster
their worldview, and then break into the mainstream. Without social media, social, ethical,
environmental, and political ills would have minimal visibility. Increased visibility of issues has
shifted the balance of power from the hands of a few to the masses.
Social media has had a profound effect on recruitment and hiring. Professional social networks
such as LinkedIn are important social media platforms for anyone looking to stand out in their
profession. They allow people to create and market a personal brand.
Blogs, wikis, LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook, and podcasts are now common tools for learning in
many educational institutions. Social media has contributed to the increase in long-distance
online learning.

Advantages of Social Media

Connectivity Connectivity is among the most significant benefits of social media. It can link
countless users at any time, everywhere. Information could be spread globally through social
media and its connectedness, making it simple for people to interact with one another. It results
in global relationships.
Education The use of social media in education is commendable. Learners and educators can
enroll in global collaborative platforms to facilitate constructive learning. It also aids in skill
improvement by fostering knowledge and creativity.
Information and Updates Stay informed about events happening across the globe or in other
people's lives using social media. In contrast to television, radio, or newspapers, social media
lets everyone convey information accurately by presenting the real picture. It aids in showcasing
real-world news across the globe.
Awareness People have become more conscious thanks to social media. It serves as a
channel for information, thus paving the way to innovation and success via developing their
knowledge and abilities. Social media well-covers global events, making people more aware of
their surroundings.
Share Anything With Others Social media is the best platform to convey feelings and opinions
- a song, a poem, a work of art, a decadent dessert, or anything else. Anyone can let their
creativity shine through the platform for it to be shared by millions of others. Sharing the artistic
works with others could open the door to achievement and several milestones.
Helps in Building Communities Live in a diverse world where individuals from different
cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds exist. Social media brings these people together by linking
them on a common platform. Thus, fostering a sense of unity facilitates the development of
community links. For instance, food lovers can join the community of food bloggers, while
gamers can join communities focused on gaming, etc.
Noble Cause Noble deeds can be promoted on social media. It is the ideal tool for endorsing
causes like giving donations to those with cancer, for instance, to those who need money for
treatment. While everyone can use social media to assist others in finance, it is also the
simplest and fastest way to advance any worthwhile cause.
Mental Health Social media serves as an excellent stress reliever. Several groups can support
people battling against stress, depression, and loneliness. By creating a feeling of elation, these
communities can bestow a brighter attitude while also helping develop healthy relationships with
others, thus enhancing mental health.

Disadvantages of Social Media

Affects Social-Emotional Connection

Social media hampers emotional bonds. Everything is conveyed through texts digitally, which
can stunt expressions. Ingenuity is lost when people who would ideally visit one another to
convey greetings only send text messages instead of hugs.
Decreases Quick-witted Skill
With the decrease in real face-to-face conversations and in-person chats, quick-wittedness is
rare. Sense of humor and sporty tête-à-têtes have been compromised – the sense of love,
friendship, fun, and enjoyment have all disappeared due to the effects of social media on human
mental health.
Causing Distress to Someone's Feelings
People who use social media to communicate lack empathy and do not wink an eyelid when
they have to hurt someone. The latest trolls, negative comments, and feedback are all
witnesses to the hard-heartedness that has evolved due to the invisible nature of social media.
Present Physically Not Mentally
Spending time with each other is about being 'present' and in the moment. As friends and family
gather, create memories by speaking to one another about times past, present and future.
Unfortunately, today with social media being made available on the mobile phone, people spend
time with each other 'scrolling' through posts.
Lacking Understanding and Thoughtfulness
Feelings are conveyed through word and voice – but to do this, there is a need to be physically
present in front of the other person to communicate feelings effectively. However, social media
gives it a different hue when anyone puts them into a text, thus masking the real meaning.
Lack of Quality Family Time
Social media has been the cause of many disrupted relationships simply because families
cannot spend quality time with each other. Family time has taken a hit with 'me' and privacy
taking precedence (due to the quality of texts that appear on social media).
Cyberbullying
People, particularly children, have been victims of cyberbullying where threats, cons, and other
negative activities easily ensnare them. Fake news and rumors spread effortlessly, leading to
depression and suicide.
Hacking
The vulnerability of social media has also thrown light on how easy it is to gather a person's
data. Privacy settings must be constantly updated and profile locked to avoid such situations.
Distracted Mind
Social media is impulsive. New messages, notifications, and updates are the impetus to
constantly checking the phone, resulting in distraction. The individual wastes time even ignoring
important work to only look at the menial update.
Facilitates Laziness
Spending hours on the couch glued to our smartphones results in several health problems such
as obesity, stress, and high blood pressure. Technology and accompanying social media have
led to a rise in laziness among people due to no physical activity or exercise.
Addiction
A serious issue among youth social media addiction has led to disastrous consequences. While
checking social media and using the smartphone in moderation is not bad, productive time and
energy are wasted due to overuse.
Cheating and Relationship Issues
Individuals are now using social media as a platform for dating and marriage. However, chances
are that the information provided on the profile is false, eventually leading to a toxic relationship
or even divorce.

10. What is Hard News ? Elaborate.

Ans- Serious important news that is considered to be of interest to many people, either in a
particular area or country, or in the world. ‘Hard’ news is typically used to refer to topics that are
usually timely, important and consequential, such as politics, international affairs and business
news.

journalistic style and genre that focuses on events or incidents that are considered to be timely
and consequential to people locally, regionally, nationally, or internationally. Traditionally, hard
news covers topics such as politics, international affairs, economics, and science.

11. Discuss the difference between Article and Features.

Ans-
Article Features

shorter-form and focuses on a specific news a more in-depth, longer-form story that
event or piece of information. focuses on a particular subject or theme

Articles are more focused on presenting They often focus on human interest stories,
concise information about a specific event, profiles of individuals or organizations, trends,
news story, or topic of immediate relevance analysis, and in-depth explorations of a
particular issue.

It is usually more objective and informative in It often includes interviews, background

nature information, and a more personal or
subjective perspective

more time-sensitive and may lose relevance not time-sensitive and can be published at
as new developments occur any time when they are deemed relevant or
interesting to the readers

aim to present information in a neutral and Journalists may express their opinions or
objective manner, focusing on facts and present the viewpoints of individuals involved
avoiding personal bias. in the story. This subjective element helps to
 Article Features

create a deeper understanding and emotional

connection with the readers.

Articles adopt a more direct and objective Features often employ a more narrative and
writing style, providing facts, details, and storytelling approach.
concise information to inform readers.

12. Explain the difference between Script and ScreenPlay.

Ans- A script is the initial outline of a production. It includes things like dialogue and actions, but
it may not include foundational information needed for production. A screenplay is the finalized
outline of the project, essentially being a step above a script.

A script is a written document that often features dialogue, as well as setting and character
information. Scripts have been used for centuries and are used in all sorts of media that uses
predetermined actions (like a narrative or speech). In this way, the word “script” can be
considered the general term for the document used to tell a story and/or dialogue in mediums
such as movies, plays, and video games.
Script characteristics include:
● Clearly defined dialogue and detailed settings
● Detailed technical info for the cast and crew (for shooting scripts)
● Tells a story primarily through dialogue and descriptions

A screenplay is a written work that either tells an original story or adapts a pre-existing one for
the purposes of being made into a short or feature film. Screenplays aim to provide as much
detail and information as possible in a matter that flows and is consistent. In this way,
screenplays give readers an idea of how the story might play out on-screen.
Screenplay characteristics include:
● Reliance on prose to tell the story
● Descriptive detail to engage and entertain the reader
● Dialogue and descriptions of places, events & setting

13. Discuss the process of writing Radio News.

Ans- Radio journalists need to be able to pick the best, most newsworthy audio clips, and write
clear and informative scripts that introduce the material they have collected. The script is what
makes sense of the sounds. It is the framework for your story. It brings together the most
important elements, and helps your audience understand the significance of the points made by
the people you have interviewed. It’s not just about sounds; it’s about words, too. The script
should be written in simple, short sentences. Try to use everyday language and terms your
audience will understand. It should not contain any complicated concepts that could confuse
and distract.
Precise writing is a must The broadcast news gets broadcast in predefine timeslot, which can
be of a few seconds or a few minutes. The news needs to be precise, so it can be covered
within the predefined time frame.
Shorter sentences As the news is read by the reporter, radio news story has longer sentences,
it will become difficult to decode for the viewers and listeners.
Active voice is required In writing a radio news story using an active voice is necessary.
Use conversational sentences Conversational writing can make the news more engaging.
Strong beginning of the news is a must Selection of the right words from the beginning is
necessary to make a radio news story effective. At the beginning of the news, important
information needs to be conveyed.
Use simple words and sentence structure with the right grammar avoide using complex
vocabulary in television or radio news story. The sentence structure should use subject, verb,
object format. Grammatical mistakes have to be avoided at any cost.

The process of writing Radio News

● Use the script to introduce the audio
● Grab the attention of the audience The most important information must feature in the
first few sentences. However, the quality should be consistent throughout, and the script
must not tail off at the end.
● Your opinions don’t matter Your script should be factual, without comment or descriptive
words. Don’t try to attract listeners by including your own emotions.
● Deliver a complete and fair report Your script should weave together all the elements you
have gathered for your story without suggesting that any one is more important than the
other; that’s for the audience to decide, not you.
● Editorial ethics Check your script against the editorial ethics of objectivity, impartiality
and fairness.

14. What is Regional News? Elaborate.

Ans- A daily news circulating within the municipal boundaries of the Municipality.
Regional newspapers cover news and events in a specific region, such as a state or province.
Regional newspapers target more specific audiences based on their geographic location.
Regional newspapers tend to focus more on local news, such as community events, local
government, and school news, have smaller circulation numbers and reach a more targeted
audience. Regional newspapers attract local advertisers who are looking to target a specific
geographic market.

15. Discuss the types of Interview.

Ans- 1. Informational Interview In an informational interview the objective is to seek advice
and learn more about a particular employer, sector or job. Interviewing experts in their field is
one more way to add to your employment knowledge base. As a result, gaining this information
means you are more prepared. It is also an excellent way of networking and adding to your
contacts.
2. Screening or Telephone Interview Phone interviews – these types of interviews are proving
to be a more cost effective way to screen candidates. Slots range from 10 to 30 minutes. Firstly,
prepare for it as if it is an open book exam. Secondly, make sure you have your CV, the job
description, list of references and prepared answers noted in front of you. A large part of
communication is visual and as they can’t see your body language, it critical to have positive
and sharp answers delivered with enthusiasm. Finally, don’t forget to ask what the next step will
be.
3. Individual Interview Often referred to as a “personal interview” this is the most common type
of interview and is usually held face to face at the company’s offices. Find out the approximate
length of the interview in order to prepare; they range from 30 to 90 minutes. Shorter interviews
will mean delivering concise answers that are to the point. On the other hand longer interviews
allow you more time to go into detail and support your answers with examples.
4. Small Group or Committee Interview These types of interviews mean meeting a panel of
decision makers at once. This can be daunting and intimidating if you are not well prepared in
advance. However, more than one interviewer means efficiency and an opportunity for different
opinions of the same answer. Try to build a rapport with each member of the panel and be sure
to make eye contact with everyone not just the person asking the question. It is also worth trying
to find out the names and roles of those on the panel.
5. The Second or On-Site Interview The second interview means you have been successful
on the first occasion and they would like to know more. As a result, these types of interviews
can be longer, some lasting half or a full-day. They often mean meeting three to five people
which can include Human Resources, the line manager, office staff and the head of department.
Most importantly, be ‘on the ball’ and show enthusiasm! Try to find out as much as possible
about the agenda for the day as this will go some way to making you feel less anxious about the
whole process. This is usually the last stage before an offer of employment is made.
6. Behavioral-Based Interview Known as Critical Behavioral Interviewing (CBI), the theory is
that past performance in a similar situation is the best predictor of future performance. This
method of interview probes much deeper than the usual interviewing techniques. Have specific
examples ready that highlight your attributes in core areas such as teamwork, problem-solving,
communication, creativity, flexibility and organisational skills. However, be structured in your
answers and explain your examples in terms of the situation, the task, the action you took, and
the outcome achieved.
7. Task Oriented or Testing Interview These types of interviews are structured in a way that
allows you to demonstrate your creative and analytical abilities in problem solving through
varied tasks or exercises. It may include a short test to evaluate your technical knowledge and
skills. Other tasks can be delivering a presentation to a group to determine your communication
skills. Relaxing is key!
8. Stress Interview This method of interview is rare and involves the interviewer baiting you to
see your response. The aim is to highlight your weaknesses and see how you react under
pressure. Tactics can vary from constant interruptions and odd silences to provoking and
challenging interrogation-type questions used to push you to your limits. Moreover, it is worth
asking yourself do you want to work for an organisation that is willing to go this far even before
an offer is put on the table?

16. Write the short note on Book Review.

Ans- A book review is a thorough description, critical analysis, and/or evaluation of the quality,
meaning, and significance of a book, often written in relation to prior research on the topic.
Reviews generally range from 500-2000 words, but may be longer or shorter depends on
several factors: the length and complexity of the book being reviewed, the overall purpose of the
review, and whether the review examines two or more books that focus on the same topic.
Professors assign book reviews as practice in carefully analyzing complex scholarly texts and to
assess your ability to effectively synthesize research so that you reach an informed perspective
about the topic being covered.

A book review is a form of literary criticism in which a book is merely described (summary
review) or analyzed based on content, style, and merit. A book review may be a primary source,
opinion piece, summary review or scholarly review. Books can be reviewed for printed
periodicals, magazines and newspapers, as school work, or for book websites on the Internet. A
book review's length may vary from a single paragraph to a substantial essay. Such a review
may evaluate the book on the basis of personal taste. Reviewers may use the occasion of a
book review for an extended essay that can be closely or loosely related to the subject of the
book, or to promulgate their own ideas on the topic of a fiction or non-fiction work

Section C

3. Discuss about the process of Interview.

Ans-

4. What is Article? Discuss the difference between Article and Feature.

Ans- An article writing is a kind of writing that is written to reach a massive audience with the
help of the press. A news article discusses current or recent news of either general interest or of
a specific topic. Articles are written to discuss different subjects or topics. Articles included in
publications usually contain information on current issues or events happening around the area
of the writer or the publication.

Article Features

shorter-form and focuses on a specific news a more in-depth, longer-form story that
event or piece of information. focuses on a particular subject or theme
 Article Features

Articles are more focused on presenting They often focus on human interest stories,
concise information about a specific event, profiles of individuals or organizations, trends,
news story, or topic of immediate relevance analysis, and in-depth explorations of a
particular issue.

It is usually more objective and informative in It often includes interviews, background

nature information, and a more personal or
subjective perspective

more time-sensitive and may lose relevance not time-sensitive and can be published at
as new developments occur any time when they are deemed relevant or
interesting to the readers

aim to present information in a neutral and Journalists may express their opinions or
objective manner, focusing on facts and present the viewpoints of individuals involved
avoiding personal bias. in the story. This subjective element helps to
create a deeper understanding and emotional
connection with the readers.

Articles adopt a more direct and objective Features often employ a more narrative and
writing style, providing facts, details, and storytelling approach.
concise information to inform readers.

5. What is Script Writing? Explain the Difference between Script and Screenplay. Explain the
format of Script Writing in TV.
Ans- A script is the initial outline of a production. It includes things like dialogue and actions, but
it may not include foundational information needed for production. A screenplay is the finalized
outline of the project, essentially being a step above a script.

A script is a written document that often features dialogue, as well as setting and character
information. Scripts have been used for centuries and are used in all sorts of media that uses
predetermined actions (like a narrative or speech). In this way, the word “script” can be
considered the general term for the document used to tell a story and/or dialogue in mediums
such as movies, plays, and video games.
Script characteristics include:
● Clearly defined dialogue and detailed settings
● Detailed technical info for the cast and crew (for shooting scripts)
● Tells a story primarily through dialogue and descriptions

A screenplay is a written work that either tells an original story or adapts a pre-existing one for
the purposes of being made into a short or feature film. Screenplays aim to provide as much
detail and information as possible in a matter that flows and is consistent. In this way,
screenplays give readers an idea of how the story might play out on-screen.
Screenplay characteristics include:
● Reliance on prose to tell the story
● Descriptive detail to engage and entertain the reader
● Dialogue and descriptions of places, events & setting

TV script format is the term used to refer to the structure of a teleplay. Television scripts can be
anywhere from 20-100 pages, but most are 25-30 for half-hour shows or 50-60 for hour-long
shows. Unlike screenplays, teleplays are structured rigorously, and usually written for
production.

1. Page margins: You should have a 1.5-inch margin on the left of the page, a 1-inch
margin on the right of the page, and 1 inch of white space on the top and bottom of the
page.
2. Proper font: An industry standard screenplay uses size twelve Courier font.
3. Title page: The script should have a title page with no content apart from the title,
author's name, contact information and representation (if applicable).
4. Page numbers: Page numbers mark every page of the script apart from the first page.
5. Character names: When characters speak, their names appear in all capital letters,
centered on the page, and indented 3.7 inches from the left side of the page.
6. Dialogue: Lines should be centered on the page, below the name of the character
speaking. Each dialogue block should be indented 2.5 inches from the left side of the
page.
7. Voiceover: Characters speaking in voiceover signified by "V.O." next to their names.
8. “Off-screen” or “off-camera”: Characters who can be heard off screen signified as
O.S. (off-screen) in film scripts and O.C. (off-camera) in TV scripts.
9. Dialogue descriptions: These should be centered in parentheses, directly above the
dialogue.
10. Action lines: Descriptions of action are aligned with the left margin of the page. Action
lines should always appear this way, never in parentheticals.
11. Proper character introductions: Characters’ names should be capitalized the first time
they appear. (This applies for everyone from the main character to unnamed extras
passing through a scene.)
12. Scene headings: Often called sluglines, these belong in all caps, aligned left on the
page.
13. Locations: Scene headings must always be preceded by “EXT.” for "exterior" or “INT.”
for "interior."
14. Transitions: Instructions like "FADE OUT" or "BLACKOUT" appear in all caps, aligned
with the right margin.
15. Minimal camera directions on spec scripts: On a TV show or feature film, camera
and lighting choices belong to the director and their photography team. Refrain from
including camera or lighting directions unless it’s absolutely essential.
6. What is Radio News? Discuss the process of Writing of Radio News. Discuss the language of
radio programmes.
Ans- Radio News is a new piece of information about a significant and recent event that effects
the listeners and is of interest to them.

Radio tends to be heard only once.The codes of radio language consist of words, sound effects,
music and silence. These are shared to some extent with television and film, but radio uses
them in rather different ways.Radio, on the whole, tends to be heard only once.

7. What is the Correspondent? Discuss the categories of Correspondents.

Ans- A correspondent or on-the-scene reporter is usually a journalist or commentator for a
magazine, or an agent who contributes reports to a newspaper, or radio or television news, or
another type of company, from a remote, often distant, location. A foreign correspondent is
stationed in a foreign country.
● Capitol correspondent A capitol correspondent is a correspondent who reports from
headquarters of government.
● Legal/justice correspondent A legal or justice correspondent reports on issues
involving legal or criminal justice topics, and may often report from the vicinity of a
courthouse.
● Red carpet correspondent A red carpet correspondent is an entertainment reporter
who reports from the red carpet of an entertainment or media event, such as a premiere,
award ceremony or festival.
● Foreign correspondent A foreign correspondent is any individual who reports from
primarily foreign locations.
● War correspondent A war correspondent is a foreign correspondent who covers stories
first-hand from a war zone.
● Foreign bureau A foreign bureau is a news bureau set up to support a news gathering
operation in a foreign country.

8) What is Column? Discuss the different subjects of Column Writing.

Ans- A column is a recurring piece or article in a newspaper, magazine or other publication,
where a writer expresses their own opinion in a few columns allotted to them by the newspaper
organization. Columns are written by columnists.
● Advice column
● Book review
● Cannabis column
● Community correspondent
● Critic's reviews
● Editorial opinion
● Fashion column
● Features column
● Food column
 ● Gossip column
● Humor column or causerie
● Music column
● Sports column
● Opinion column

9. Discuss about the editing of Radio News with examples.

Ans- Radio News Editors oversee and direct the work of a news team supplying news content
for one or more different outlets, from single local radio stations to international news services.
They have day-to-day control of news output, identifying stories, and selecting and
commissioning material for bulletins or programmes. They set and drive the news agenda in line
with the approach and style of their station or programmes. They have editorial control over
news output and ensure that professional journalistic standards are maintained, and that
content complies with the law, broadcast regulation and organizational policy. They are the first
point of contact for legal or editorial queries. Radio News Editors must keep abreast of local,
regional, national or international issues of relevance to their station or programme output. They
should also have good contacts within the communities they serve. It is the Radio News Editor’s
role to generate original ideas and approaches to the way stories are covered. They assign
work to their team, briefing and deploying Reporters and Broadcast Journalists. They usually
have managerial responsibility for their team, motivating them, developing their skills and
reviewing performance. They manage programme budgets, and allocate and prioritize the use
of technical resources. They themselves may also report, produce or present, when required.

10. What is Beat? Explain about the Crime news beat in print media.
Ans- A beat in journalism refers to an area of specialization for reporters where their
newsgathering efforts are focussed on specific subjects or locations. News beats include
specializations such as locations and territories, specific entities and organizations, and types of
journalism.
Crime is special and separate beat in daily newspapers. They have separate reporters to report
crimes. However, crime reporting is part of the objective, interpretative and investigative
reporting. Public have tremendous interest in crime stories and newspapers cannot afford to
ignore them without damage to its circulation and credibility. Some newspapers had tried to
keep crime out of their columns, but that proved counterproductive and they soon included the
crime reporting. Junior reporters generally cover crime, but it is a highly responsible and
specialized job. The reporter should have good contacts in the police and other departments of
the administration. He must have a working knowledge of the penal codes and law on libel and
other relevant matters. The crime reporter has to follow a code of conduct. He should be
objective in reporting. He should avoid resorting to sensationalism to get the attention of the
readers. He should not suppress news of public interest, nor should he seek to settle personal
scores with police officers or lawyers or judges. He should also be careful that in the course of
this work he does not unnecessarily invade a person’s privacy. Crime reports should not glorify
the activities of criminals. The crime reporter should follow standards of decency and good
taste. People sometime criticize crime reporting by the press. Some reporters have also been
found following unethical standards, thus causing much pain and sorrow to the victims or their
families and friends.

11. What is news gathering? Discuss the sources of news gathering.

Ans-
News gathering refers to the act of collecting information about the government, daily events,
scientific discoveries, and a number of other occurrences of interest to the public. News
gathering is done by analyzing and collecting information from sources.

Sources of news gathering-

1. Press Release or Handout: Signed or unsigned statement issued by a government
department, civic body, political party, institution or organisation released to the press is
called press release, press note, or press handouts.
2. Press Conference or Briefing: A formal conference of pressmen invited by a dignitary
in which after initial announcement he answers questions of newsmen. It is also called
news conference. Press briefing is similar to press conference in that newsmen are told
something and they can ask questions. The difference is that briefing is done by
spokesman who is authorised to make a statement and answer questions on behalf of a
dignitary department, or party. A prime minister holds a press conference, while a
spokesman of the prime minister’s secretariat or a spokesman of the external affairs
ministry briefs the press.A party president addresses a press conference while a party
general secretary briefs the press. But the president of the party may brief the press on
the proceedings of national convention of the party.
Similarly, the prime minister may brief newsmen on proceedings of a summit conference
or he may brief Indian newsmen travelling with him about what transpired between him
and the head of the host state. Thus, though there is a very thin dividing line between
them, press conference sounds more formal while briefing is less formal.
3. Interview: Interview is also growing an importance these days. More and more news items
are based on interviews of dignitaries.
Sometimes even news agencies creed stories based on interviews which are to be published by
some newspapers or magazines.
4. Legislatures:
Legislatures and civic bodies when in session become major sources of news. When parliament
is in session all government decisions are announced in parliament. Similar is the case of state
legislatures and civic bodies.
5. Courts:
All courts serve as source of news. Proceedings of various courts on important cases and
important judgements by High Courts and the Supreme Court come in the news.
6. Conferences, Seminars and Symposia:
These are also sources of news depending on the subject and organisation involved.
7. Speeches:
Speeches in legislatures, in seminars and conferences, public meetings, diplomatic dinners and
bodies like UN form a major source of news.
8. Reports:
Official reports published by government and sometimes by other institutions also serve as
source of news.
Besides, eye witness at the site of a crime or accident, police, hospital staff and district
authorities also serve as sources of news. In international coverage UN and related bodies are
also important news sources along with other government, political and non government
sources.