Audio Scripts

CD1 OK, many people in this country suffer from heart disease, and
maybe you know someone who does, or you’re worried about
developing heart disease yourself. The good news is—there are
several things you can do to prevent it! The first thing is pretty
Unit 1: Healthy Lives easy—get your blood pressure checked. High blood pressure is
a serious problem, and it can lead to heart disease. So if you do
Lesson A Vocabulary have high blood pressure, you need to do something about it. For
example, if you’re overweight, losing five or ten pounds could help
Track 1.2 B. Page 4 lower your blood pressure. Or you might need to take medication
if your blood pressure is quite high. It’s really important to watch
How old is the oldest person you know? Eighty years old? Ninety
your blood pressure, so remember to get it checked.
years old? In some parts of the world, it’s not unusual for people to
Let’s talk about diet next. Now—I’m not talking about a special
live 100 years or even longer.
diet where you eat only apples and lemons for a week—nothing
Researchers looked at two of these places—Sardinia, Italy, and
like that! I’m talking about healthy eating habits—how you eat most
Okinawa, Japan—and learned that people there suffer from fewer
of the time. According to government reports, a healthy diet can
diseases than in other parts of the world. They’re also more likely
keep your weight and your blood pressure down, and it can help
to live to be 100 or older.
prevent heart disease. For example, you should eat several servings
In Sardinia, researchers were surprised to find as many men as
of vegetables and fruits every day and eat less salt and sugar. You
women who were 100 years old or older. This is unusual because
should also choose low-fat dairy products such as low-fat milk and
in general, women live longer than men. One reason for this may
yogurt and eat healthy protein foods like fish and chicken and only
be that men in Sardinia don’t have a lot of stress in their lives,
small amounts of red meat.
and stress can cause high blood pressure. The men there work
These are things you can do every day—or at least most of the
outdoors, which provides daily exercise, while the women take care
time. I know—nobody is perfect, right? Furthermore, these healthy
of the house and money. According to one Sardinian man, he does
eating habits can help control your blood sugar. This is important
the work, but his wife does the worrying.
because high blood sugar can also cause heart disease. A lot of
In Okinawa, people have very low rates of cancer and heart
people don’t realize this.
disease. One of the reasons could be their positive attitude toward
Besides high blood pressure and high blood sugar, another
life, which may prevent stress. Okinawans also eat a healthy diet
common cause of heart disease is smoking. I guess everyone
that consists of a lot of fresh vegetables and a little meat and fish.
knows it’s a very unhealthy habit, so if you want to prevent heart
Along with healthy habits, such as gardening and spending time
disease, you have to quit smoking.
with family, a positive attitude and good food seem to prevent
Well, now let’s talk about exercise as a way to prevent heart
many of the health problems found in other parts of the world.
disease. I recommend exercising at least four or five times a week,
for at least 30 minutes. You can walk, or run, or play a sport—
Listening: A Talk about Preventing Heart Disease any activity that you enjoy. Regular exercise will make your heart
Track 1.3 A. Page 6 stronger and make you healthier. And it can be fun, too!
Another way to prevent heart disease is to find healthy ways to
Tara: Hello, everyone, and thanks for coming. I’d like to introduce deal with stress. After all, our daily lives consist of jobs and children
myself. I’m Tara Sorenson, and I’m a public health nurse. Public and other things that keep us very busy and can contribute to
health nurses are like other nurses, but we take care of more stress. So, when you feel stressed out, go for a walk or practice
than one person. Our job is to keep everyone in the community yoga! Then make a healthy dinner for your family and get a good
healthy. I know—it’s a big job! Mostly, I do this through education. night’s sleep. If you do these things, you will probably find that
Tonight, I’m going to talk with you about heart disease and how you have a better attitude right away and feel more relaxed, and
to prevent it. I’m hoping to provide information that will help all of you’ll be much less likely to suffer from heart disease in the future.
you to live longer, healthier lives. Of course, it’s also important to visit your doctor regularly.
Track 1.4 C. Checking Predictions, Page 6 All right. To sum up, preventing heart disease is one of the best
things you can do for yourself. So, remember to get your blood
D. Listening for Main Ideas, and Page 7 pressure checked, since high blood pressure can contribute to
E. Listening for Details heart disease. Eat a healthy diet, and remember that high blood
Tara: Hello, everyone, and thanks for coming. I’d like to introduce sugar is as much of a problem for your heart as high blood
myself. I’m Tara Sorenson, and I’m a public health nurse. Public pressure. If you smoke, quit. I don’t need to explain that one.
health nurses are like other nurses, but we take care of more Exercise regularly. This will help prevent heart disease along with
than one person. Our job is to keep everyone in the community several other health problems. And finally, find healthy ways to
healthy. I know—it’s a big job! Mostly, I do this through education. deal with stress. If you do these things, chances are you won’t
Tonight, I’m going to talk with you about heart disease and how suffer from heart disease and you’ll live a longer healthier life. Well,
to prevent it. I’m hoping to provide information that will help all of I hope this advice is helpful to you. Now, are there any questions?
you to live longer, healthier lives. Yes, the man in the back.

91
Speaking who live with farm animals. Of course, there are many causes
of allergies. For example, if your parents have allergies, you’re
Track 1.5 Pronunciation: Final -s more likely to have them, too. The stress of modern life could be
Sounds Page 8 another cause. But if the hygiene hypothesis is correct, it might be
a good idea to have a cow at your house—or at least not to worry
hour  hours   like  likes   provide  provides
so much about cleanliness.
habit  habits   bus  buses   wash  washes  
exercise  exercises
Listening: A Conversation about Allergies
Track 1.6 A. Page 8 Track 1.10 B. Listening for Main Ideas and  Page 16
1. Frank exercises every day. He plays sports and lifts weights. C. Note Taking
2. There are 16 doctors and 37 nurses at the hospital. Raymond: Hey, Elena – How’s it going?
3. I eat pears, peaches, and other kinds of fruit almost every day.
Elena: I’m fine, thanks. I saw you in Professor Martinez’s lecture
4. Stress causes a lot of health problems. yesterday.
5. The yoga class begins when the teacher closes the door.
Raymond: Yeah, that was interesting. I’ve been hearing a lot more
Lesson Task: Presenting Healthy Habits about allergies lately. I had no idea they were so serious and so
common!
Track 1.7 A. Page 11 Elena: Right, and I was surprised to learn that when allergic
Hello, my name is Adriana Santos. reactions occur, the physical process is pretty much the same—
To stay healthy, I exercise—but not every day. I usually exercise whether it’s a reaction to pollen or to peanuts.
four or five days a week. I also take vitamins every day. Raymond: That surprised me, too. It sounds like the body
For exercise, I usually jog two or three times a week. I also walk. mistakes the substance it’s allergic to for something dangerous,
I live nearby, so I walk to class every day, actually. Sometimes I and it tries to defend itself.
go biking, but I don’t have my own bike, so I can ride only on Elena: Mmm hmm. The body produces antibodies, and the
weekends in the park. They rent bikes in the park on Saturdays and antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. And when that
Sundays. happens, the mast cells do what they’re supposed to do—they
In the future, I want to have a healthier diet. Now, I live in a very react!
small apartment with no kitchen. I eat a lot of fast food because I
can’t cook for myself. After I graduate, I plan to move to a bigger Raymond: Exactly, but it turns out the cells are reacting to things
apartment with a kitchen. I also want to get my own bike so I can that are not truly harmful.
bike every day. Elena: Yeah, they are, at least they’re harmful to some people—
Staying healthy is very important to me. If I do all of these things things like strawberries, peanuts, and chocolate—I’m allergic to all
now, maybe I’ll live to be 100! Thank you very much. of those things.
Raymond: Wow—allergic to chocolate—that’s really a shame.
Lesson B Vocabulary Elena: It is. And how about you? Are you allergic to anything?
Raymond: No, at least not that I know of, fortunately!
Track 1.8 A. Meaning from Context Page 14
Elena: Yeah, you’re lucky. My allergies are really bad sometimes.
Allergies Besides the food allergies, I have seasonal allergies. They can be
What are allergies? If you have an allergy to something, you pretty bad, especially in spring and early summer when the trees
become sick, or have an allergic reaction, when you eat, smell, or produce a lot of pollen, and I have asthma.
touch it. Many people are allergic to pollen. The diagram below Raymond: Wow. You have asthma too? So living downtown can’t
shows what happens when there is an allergic reaction to pollen. be easy for you with all the air pollution.
1. First, pollen enters the body through the nose or mouth. Elena: Ugh, it isn’t. The air pollution in this city is pretty bad. I also
2. Second, the body’s immune system responds to the pollen can’t be around cats for very long, and some kinds of plants and
with IgE antibodies. These antibodies attach to a mast cell. A flowers make my asthma act up, too. Fortunately, I respond well to
mast cell is a cell that usually defends your body against health my asthma medication. It works really quickly, and I always take it
problems. with me.
3. The next time the same pollen enters the body, the IgE Raymond: Well that’s good. What about your food allergies? I
antibodies “tell” the mast cell. The mast cell “thinks” there is a know those can be really serious for some people.
problem and tries to defend the body. Elena: It’s true. My food allergies are actually a much bigger
4. When this occurs, the mast cell produces substances in the problem for me. Like I said, I’m allergic to chocolate, strawberries,
body that cause allergic reactions such as sneezing, itching, and peanuts. All things I love!
and breathing problems. Raymond: I’d hate to be allergic to chocolate. I eat it every day.
Track 1.9 C. Meaning from Context Page 15 Elena: Lucky you! Well, it’s not easy, but being allergic to peanuts
is actually harder because you don’t always know when food
Allergies and the Hygiene Hypothesis contains peanuts or peanut oil.
Many people work very hard to keep their houses clean. But can Raymond: Good point. I never thought about that. But that
too much cleanliness cause health problems? One theory is that reminds me, do you remember Professor Martinez talking about a
dirt is good for us. Dirt on farms, for example, contains substances “no-peanuts policy” here on campus?
that exercise our immune systems when we’re very young. Elena: Oh, yeah. And the cafeteria and snack bar both stopped
Research shows that allergies are not common among people serving anything with peanuts. Remember last year when that
student had an allergic reaction and had to go to the hospital?

92 AUDIO SCR IP TS
Raymond: Oh, right. I remember that. Professor Martinez called Roger Ali: That’s right, but fortunately, artificial intelligence in the
food allergies the “new” allergy problem. real world isn’t like HAL.
Elena: Yeah, that’s right. She said the research shows the number Radio Host: Well, that’s good! Can you tell us what is happening
of children with food allergies rose 50 percent between 1997 in the field of AI?
and 2011, so it’s a growing problem. I also read somewhere that Roger Ali: Many interesting things. For example, when we search
between seven and eight percent of children nowadays have food for something on the Internet, the search results that we see are
allergies. chosen carefully. The search engine has learned which websites
Raymond: Wow, that’s a lot of kids! I wonder why so many of are the most popular, the most reliable, and so on. This prevents
them have food allergies these days? us from seeing a lot of websites we’re not really interested in.
Elena: My doctor tells me that no one really knows, but there is a Radio Host: In other words, the search engine draws conclusions
theory that the cause is partly genetic and partly environmental. In about what we’re looking for on the Internet.
other words, our genes and our environment both play a role. Roger Ali: Right, so it only shows us the information it thinks we
want to see, which includes advertisements as well. We usually
see only ads for products that the computer thinks we might want
Unit 2: Technology Today and to buy.
Tomorrow Radio Host: You said, “It thinks,” but is the search engine really
thinking?
Lesson A Vocabulary Roger Ali: That depends on your definition of thinking. The search
engine is capable of learning—machine learning—and it does
Track 1.11 A. Meaning from Context Page 24 have knowledge. Knowledge about the Internet. Are learning and
knowledge part of your definition of thinking?
Timeline of AI History
Radio Host: They’re part of it, but human beings are capable of
1950: In I, Robot, a book of fictional short stories by Isaac Asimov, so much more. We have our senses—hearing, smell, sight, touch,
the makers of robots command them not to harm humans. The taste—and our emotions. We notice a lot about the world, and we
robots, however, sometimes create their own rules depending on use our judgment to make decisions.
the circumstances.
Roger Ali: That’s true, and most computer scientists know that we
1950s: Computers become a practical tool for doing calculations can’t replace human beings with computers. We don’t intend to
quickly, and since they don’t make any mistakes, they are more make robots for every kind of job, either. That’s just not practical.
reliable than humans.
Radio Host: OK, but there are some jobs that robots can do.
1956: Researchers at Dartmouth College say they intend to study
“artificial intelligence” during a two-month summer conference. Roger Ali: Yes, there are. I should probably explain this a little
better. When we want a robot to do something, we need to
1997: A computer called Deep Blue wins a chess match against instruct the robot in great detail. We enter information about what
world champion Garry Kasparov, and it’s clear that computers can the robot is supposed to do in any situation. If we give the robot
go beyond just following instructions and can actually “think” for a command, or if it finds itself in certain circumstances, it knows
themselves. In the past, programmers had to instruct computers exactly what to do, because we told it what to do!
in great detail and tell them exactly what to do.
Radio Host: That doesn’t sound like a very intelligent machine.
2011: A computer called Watson replaces one of the humans
competing on the TV quiz show Jeopardy!—and wins! Watson is Roger Ali: It’s not, but the latest idea behind machine learning, or
capable of understanding spoken questions. artificial intelligence, is that machines might someday act more
like the human brain. We’re trying to go beyond the idea of telling
2016: Google puts together a group of engineers in Switzerland the machine everything. We want the machine to be able to learn
to research “machine learning,” an important part of artificial and to tell us something new.
intelligence.
Radio Host: That sounds interesting, but what are machines
Listening: A Radio Show about AI going to tell us that we don’t already know?
Roger Ali: We’re not sure, but we hope that AI can be used in the
Track 1.12 B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 26 medical field. Since computers can read a lot of information very
C. Note Taking Page 27 quickly, they might be able to discover things that people don’t
Radio Host: Welcome back. As I mentioned before the break, have time to discover. If we think about cancer, for example, it’s
Roger Ali is with us today to talk about artificial intelligence. Thank a problem for doctors because it’s really many diseases—not just
you for being here, Dr. Ali. one disease. In addition, millions of people have had cancer, but
doctors can’t possibly know the facts about every one of those
Roger Ali: Thank you for having me. people.
Radio Host: I’ll be honest with you. When I hear the words Radio Host: But a computer could read all of that information and
“artificial intelligence,” the first thing I think of is the character HAL possibly see something that a human doctor couldn’t see?
from the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Roger Ali: That’s our hope, but we’re not there yet.
Roger Ali: Sure. Many people remember HAL. In the movie, he’s
the computer that controls the systems of a spacecraft. He also Radio Host: It’s something for us to look forward to. Our guest
speaks with the people on the spacecraft. today has been Roger Ali. Dr. Ali, thanks very much for joining us.
Radio Host: And he’s not very happy when the people decide Roger Ali: It was my pleasure.
to turn off the computer. In the movie, HAL becomes very
dangerous.

AUDIO SCR IP TS 93
Lesson B Vocabulary Jason: A big machine? So how does it work?
Scott: It has a water wheel on one side, so it gets its energy—or
Track 1.13 A. Meaning from Context    Page 34 most of it—from water power, the movement of the water.
That turns the wheel and makes the whole thing run, so it’s not
Saving the Environment in Germany consuming any fossil fuels or producing any carbon.
Germany has a history of caring about the environment, but it’s a
Jason: Well, no carbon’s a good thing.
country with a lot of industry that consumes enormous amounts
of coal. When coal and other fossil fuels such as petroleum are Scott: Definitely! The trash just floats down the river to Mr. Trash
burned, they send carbon into the air, and carbon is the main Wheel and then it gets carried up a conveyer belt to a Dumpster, a
cause of climate change. In order to fight air pollution and climate big garbage container, and then when the Dumpster’s full, the city
change, Germans have cut back on the amount of coal they use. takes it away. Here, take a look at the photo.
As part of this effort, they are also using cleaner energy sources Jason: Wow, it’s big, and it’s kind of ugly! I mean, who wants to
such as solar and wind power. look at something like that?
Innovative forms of technology, including enormous Scott: Well, who cares what it looks like. It catches 90 percent
wind turbines and huge numbers of solar panels, are helping of the trash from the river, and it’s keeping the trash out of the
Germany reach its goal of having only 20 percent of its energy Atlantic Ocean: millions of cigarette butts, plastic garbage bags,
come from fossil fuels by the year 2050. The change has been soda cans, you name it.
gradual—beginning in the 1970s—and it hasn’t been easy. Many
environmental groups as well as individual people in Germany, Jason: Right—all of that stuff that ends up in the ocean. It sounds
have spent a lot of time and money on clean energy. like it’s having a positive impact on the environment.
Scott: You got it. And a lot of people like Mr. Trash Wheel because
Changing Lives in India of his social media presence. You can send him messages and
Around 1.1 billion people worldwide live without electricity, and interact with him online. In fact, a lot of people on the Internet said
about 25 percent of those people live in India. Solar energy—in that he needed eyes, so they actually added two big eyes on the
the form of small lights that get their power from the sun—is now front! They’re not in this photo, but you can see them if you go to
solving problems for many of them. This innovative technology the live feed.
lets small businesses stay open at night, so people in India are Jason: There’s a live feed? You mean I can go online and watch
earning more money. In addition to the positive economic impact, Mr. Trash Wheel clean garbage out of the river. Fun!
the air inside homes is cleaner since people are not burning wood Scott: It is kind of fun! Maybe it’s not the best way to spend your
or kerosene for light. Solar power is also a good alternative to time, but you should check it out at least once.
expensive batteries that need to be replaced. With the help of
innovative technology, people in rural villages can live more like Jason: Seriously, though, this is interesting because he’s not
people in large cities. really that high-tech. I mean, the water wheel’s been around for
hundreds of years. Solar panels are newer, but using the Internet
Listening: A Conversation about Technology and social media to make people like the technology—that’s
pretty innovative!
Track 1.14 A. Page 36 Scott: Right! He has a lot of followers online. And I think it’s
interesting that he works pretty independently. There’s no worker
Baltimore’s Mr. Trash Wheel or operator. Most of the time, there’s no one there at all. It’s a slow,
With innovative technology, we can solve old problems in new gradual process, but it catches trash and cleans up the harbor.
ways. One old problem was the trash from the city of Baltimore, Jason: OK, but here’s my question. What if people just cut back on
Maryland, that ended up in the Jones Falls River. The river flows the amount of trash they throw into the river? Then they wouldn’t
into Baltimore’s Inner Harbor—a popular tourist destination—and need a trash wheel at all.
from there into the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.
Meet Mr. Trash Wheel, a device that uses the motion of river Scott: Well, it isn’t that people are throwing trash into the river—
water and energy from solar panels to collect plastic bottles, well, not most people. They might throw trash into the street,
cigarette butts, carry-out food containers, and other garbage from though, and in Baltimore, that trash gets washed directly into the
the river. Baltimore’s Inner Harbor is now a more attractive place river every time it rains hard enough.
for visitors. Hundreds of tons of trash have been removed from the Jason: Oh, right. They have an old storm sewer system that goes
water system, and other communities are thinking about building directly into the river. This seems like a pretty smart system then.
their own trash wheels. And certainly a cheaper alternative than building a new storm
sewer system.
Track 1.15 C. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 37 Scott: Yeah it is. In fact, several other communities worldwide are
D. Listening for Details thinking about building their own Mr. Trash Wheel.
Scott: Too funny! Did you see this? Jason: Interesting. I suppose that one individual trash wheel’s
Jason: What are you looking at? helpful in one part of the world, but having a lot of these trash
Scott: It’s a funny post from Mr. Trash Wheel. He says he likes his wheels in different places would increase the impact of the
job even though it’s dirty and the work never ends! technology. Maybe they could build a Ms. Trash Wheel in one of
those places?
Jason: Umm, Mr. Trash Wheel? Who’s that?
Scott: Right, or maybe people could suggest names, post them
Scott: Actually, it’s a what, not a who. It’s this big machine that online, and people could vote on them!
collects trash from the river before it can go into Baltimore Harbor.
Jason: Hey, I like that idea!

94 AUDIO SCR IP TS
Speaking the United States wear cowboy hats and boots. Rodeos are also
very popular in some parts of the United States and help preserve
Track 1.16 Pronunciation: Stressed some aspects of the cowboy culture.
Content Words Page 39
The book is on the table in the back of the room.
Listening: A Lecture about Cowboys
My friend took a chemistry course in college. Track 1.20 B. Listening for Main Ideas, Page 46
C. Listening for Details, and  Page 47
Track 1.17 E. Page 39
D. Critical Thinking: Making
1. Nabila is taking a course in computer programming. Inferences
2. Samir wants to become a software designer.
Professor Diaz: OK, so let’s get started. The cowboy way of life is
3. All of my friends have cell phones. one of the oldest traditions in North and South America. As you
4. Large televisions consume a lot of electricity. know, cattle eat grass—a lot of grass—so a herd, or group of cattle,
5. I’m trying to cut back on the time I spend online. must be moved often to new places with more grass. The people
6. Kenji wants to buy a phone with a better camera. who move the cattle are called cowboys.
A lot of people today think that the last cowboys disappeared
a long time ago, and it’s true that there are fewer cowboys today
Unit 3: Culture and Tradition than in the past. Money is one factor in this because cowboys
usually don’t earn a lot of money for all the hard work they do.
Lesson A Vocabulary But in some places, cowboys still ride their horses as they move
cattle to places with more grass. They also still practice traditional
Track 1.18 A. Meaning from Context Page 44 cowboy customs such as sleeping outdoors under the stars
and singing songs near campfires at night. Their way of life
1. In my country, we have a custom of giving money to children
hasn’t changed much over time because their work hasn’t really
on their birthdays. Parents usually give their children money
changed.
as a gift.
Today we’ll talk about two regions in North America that
2. The actual cost of a big holiday celebration can be higher still have cowboys—the western United States and Mexico.
than people expect. People often end up spending more And thanks to a fascinating book on this topic by a National
money on food and gifts than they plan to. Geographic photographer named Robb Kendrick, we’ll be able
3. Culture is a factor in gift giving. People from some cultures to look at two actual cowboys from those places. Kendrick’s book
feel that if they receive a gift, they must give a gift in return. is called Still: Cowboys at the Start of the Twenty-First Century. As
Their culture is a reason for that feeling. he was writing the book, Kendrick interviewed modern cowboys
4. Women in Japan still wear a kimono for their wedding. They in different places, and he used a very old kind of camera to
haven’t stopped wearing these beautiful clothes. photograph the cowboys.
5. In Korea, people eat traditional foods, such as rice cakes, on The first cowboy we’ll look at lives in the U.S. His name is Tyrel
New Year’s Day. They have done this for a long time. Tucker. He was 18 years old when Kendrick took this photo. Tyrel
6. We are developing a program to teach foreigners about our was born in Wyoming and was riding horses before he could walk.
culture. We are now making plans for this program. He got his first horse when he was just two years old! According
7. In the future, many languages will probably disappear. to Kendrick, Tyrel started working as a cowboy during his school
Someday no one will speak these languages. vacations and developed a love for being outdoors.
8. A group of people called the Inuit live in the Arctic regions of He eventually left school to help with the family ranch and
the world. They live in cold areas. was happy to do that. While all of his classmates were indoors
9. Many cultures use storytelling to help preserve their language studying and playing computer games, Tyrel was working outside.
and traditions. They tell stories to help keep them. As you might guess, however, living away from home and the
10. Scientists estimate that there are over 7,000 languages in the actual work of a cowboy can be quite difficult. In Kendrick’s book,
world. They don’t know the exact number. Tyrel describes one winter when he and his older brother, Blaine,
were working on a ranch in Arizona. He estimates they took care
Track 1.19 C. Page 45 of 2,300 cattle there, so it was a big job! Tyrel and Blaine were the
only people on the ranch. They lived in a very small house—a
Cowboy Life and Culture shack, really—with no electricity and ate pancakes, potatoes, and
In the 1800s, cowboys worked with cattle all across the Western hamburgers every day. But even so, Tyrel enjoyed the work.
region of the United States. An important factor in the cowboys’ Kendrick also interviewed cowboys in Mexico. The cowboy
work was the long distance from cattle ranches to the nearest tradition there began in the 1600s, when Spanish people brought
railroad. Cowboys moved cattle in huge cattle drives. It was hard the first cattle to the New World. In Mexico, large ranches needed
work. Experts estimate that in a cattle drive, only about workers to take care of their herds of cattle. These men were
10 cowboys would be involved in moving over 3,000 cattle. called vaqueros, from the Spanish word vaca, which means cow.
Over time, cowboys developed some very interesting customs. The vaqueros worked outdoors in the hot sun, so they ,started
For example, some cowboys would sing to their cattle at night to wearing big hats to keep the sun off their faces and high boots
keep them quiet. Some traditional American songs were originally to protect their legs. Later, some Mexican vaqueros moved north
cowboy songs, and people still sing them today. into Texas, and their clothing—hats and boots —became a part
Cowboys have not disappeared completely: however, there are of the cowboy culture there, too. Wearing cowboy hats and boots
not nearly as many as there were in the past. And even though is a custom that people have preserved in many parts of North
there are fewer actual cowboys now, many people in parts of America.

AUDIO SCR IP TS 95
 These days, there are two kinds of cowboys in Mexico. Vaqueros Lesson B Vocabulary
work with cattle on the ranches, especially in the northern region
of the country. They still ride horses and live outdoors for many Track 1.22 A. Meaning from Context Page 54
months at a time. In addition, Mexico also has charros, and they’re
an important part of popular culture in Mexico. Charros wear Anthropology 106: Culture and Music
beautiful cowboy clothing, ride horses, and compete in sporting
events called charreadas. Most charros don’t work on ranches, but Assignment: Oral Presentation
they are part of the cowboy tradition in Mexico—a tradition that For this assignment, you will select a kind of music from another
has been preserved and continues to this day. country and teach your classmates about it. Your presentation
Manuel Rodriguez is one of the Mexican cowboys that Kendrick should be at least two minutes.
interviewed for his book. He was working as a vaquero in Coahuila, • Describe how the music sounds. Does it have a nice melody?
Mexico, when Kendrick met him. Manuel started his work as a Is the rhythm fast or slow? What kinds of instruments do the
vaquero early in life. He started helping his father at La Mora Ranch musicians play? Are there typically singers and lyrics? Play an
when he was only four years old. His parents, his grandparents, and example of the music so your audience can hear it.
even his great-grandparents have all worked at La Mora Ranch. • Explain where and when people typically listen to this kind
When Kendrick took this photo, Manuel had recently gotten of music. Do they listen to it on special occasions, such as
married and moved to the city, but he was planning to move back weddings or holidays?
to the countryside and work as a vaquero again after his first child • Compare this kind of music to another kind of music you know
was born. about. How are they similar? Then contrast the two kinds of
OK, so these examples from Kendrick’s book show us that there music. How are they different?
are still cowboys in North America today who are part of a very old • Define any words you think your classmates may not know.
tradition. • In your conclusion, summarize the different aspects of the
music that you discussed and remind your audience of the most
Speaking important ideas of your presentation.

Track 1.21 A. Pages 48–49 Listening: An Assignment about Music

Emily: During the lecture, you said that the cowboy tradition in
Mexico began in the 1600s. Could you please explain the situation Track 1.23 B. Note Taking Page 57
there today? Professor: OK. In class yesterday, we were listening to music
Professor Diaz: Certainly. Some cowboys in Mexico are workers from Latin America. We heard some traditional music, and we
who live with the cattle and take care of them. The ranches there also heard some examples of new, modern music that developed
can be very large, and cattle need to be moved from place to from that music. Now I’m going to ask you to do some research
place, so there are still cowboys working in Mexico today. and give a short presentation in class. C’mon, you’ll all do a great
job, I’m sure. OK, I’d like you to do six things for this presentation
Liam: You talked about two kinds of cowboys in Mexico. Could assignment, so please listen up and take notes. First, you’ll need
you explain them again? to select a kind of music from another culture to present. Then, in
Professor Diaz: Sure. The most famous cowboys in Mexico are your presentation, I want you to talk a little bit about the culture
the charros. They ride their horses in contests called charreadas. this music comes from. Got that? Next you should describe the
The other kind of cowboys are the vaqueros—the ones who work music and explain which aspects of it are traditional and which
with cattle every day. aspects are new, or modern. Remember to define any words we
Liam: I’m afraid I still don’t understand. What kind of work do might not know. Then I want you to compare and contrast it with
charros do, exactly? another kind of music we’ve talked about in class this semester. I’d
also like you to play a sample of the music if you can. And finally,
Professor Diaz: I’ll put it another way. For charros, riding horses
in your conclusion, you should briefly summarize the main ideas
and roping cattle is mostly a sport, or a hobby. Charros have many
of your presentation. Oh, and you should also allow a few minutes
of the same skills as any cowboy, and they perform those skills for
at the end for questions. OK? Everyone got that? You’ll give your
an audience in the charreada events. But for the vaqueros, this is
presentations in class next Thursday and Friday. Now, unless there
their job. It’s how they make a living.
are any questions about that, I’d like to . . .
Liam: OK. So, Manuel Rodriguez, the cowboy in the book, is a
Female student: Excuse me, I have a question. How long should
vaquero, not a charro, right?
our presentations be?
Professor Diaz: Exactly!
Professor: Right, that’s important! Thank you. Your presentations
Emily: Just to clarify, do you mean that charros aren’t real should be about two to three minutes.
cowboys?
Male student: Umm, sorry, I have a question—what do you mean
Professor Diaz: No, I said that charros are a part of the cowboy by aspects? You said we should explain which aspects of the music
tradition, but many of them don’t do it as actual work. are traditional.
Professor: By that I mean things like the instruments, the rhythm,
the melody, the lyrics, and so on.
Male student: OK. Thanks.
Professor: Any other questions? No? OK, see you Thursday.

Track 1.24 C. Listening for Main Ideas Page 57

Student: Good morning. I’m Alex, as you know. and I’m going to
talk to you today about music from the Roma culture, specifically,
the music by a group called Shukar Collective. They’re from
Romania, and I first heard their music when I was living in Greece.

96 AUDIO SCR IP TS
I really liked it then, and I still like it now. OK, first, I just wanted
to define the word Shukar. It means “fine” or “really good” in the
Unit 4: A Thirsty World
Romani language. And I think they’re really good, so I think it’s a
good name for them. Lesson A Vocabulary
Shukar Collective is a group of musicians and DJs from Eastern
Europe. They were very active from around 2005 until 2010. At that Track 1.27 A. Meaning from Context Page 64
time they were playing a lot, and they were making recordings
and music videos. They play music from the Roma people. So, QUIZ: How much do you know about water?
about the Roma culture . . . Traditionally, the Roma people didn’t
have a country of their own, so they moved frequently from 1. The Amazon River supplies about 20% of the fresh water
place to place. Now, they mostly stay in one place, and many of that enters the world’s oceans.
them speak two languages—their own Roma language and the 2. Farmers require 911 gallons (3,450 liters) of water to
language of the country where they live. produce 2.2 pounds (1 kilogram) of rice.
One thing the Roma people are very famous for is music. 3. The risk of disease is high if the water you drink is not
Traditional Roma music usually has a very fast rhythm, and the clean. About 1 million people die each year from drinking
song lyrics express very strong feelings. OK, the instruments,… dirty water.
The traditional Roma instruments are drums and an instrument 4. Farming uses a significant amount of water—up to 40
called the cimbalom; it sounds sort of like a piano. Shukar percent of the fresh water used worldwide.
Collective also uses some new, electronic instruments, so their 5. The United States has built more than 80,000 dams
music is a mixture of traditional and modern sounds. I really like to manage water for different uses such as producing
their music as you can probably tell. The group is made up of three electricity.
traditional singers and four electronic musicians. They call their 6. Scientists say that 13 gallons (50 liters) of water per day is
music electro-gypsy-dance. I actually did not bring a sample of their adequate for one person.
music to play today. I forgot, but I can bring one in tomorrow, 7. You can collect water in a desert with just a sheet of plastic
or you can probably just go online and find some of their music. and an empty can.
OK, so to summarize: Shukar Collective is a group from Eastern
Europe. They play music from the Roma culture, which combines 8. Water is a renewable resource, so we can use the same
traditional and new, electronic sounds. It has been popular in water again and again.
Europe. Well, that’s it. Thanks for listening to my presentation. . So, 9. The Nile River in Africa (the longest river in the world) flows
does anyone have any questions? through four different countries.
10. People in Australia use the smallest amount of water of any
Speaking country in the world.

Track 1.25 Pronunciation: Reduced

Function Words Page 59 Listening: A Talk about the Itaipu Dam
The sound of a steel drum is light and happy. Track 1.28 B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 66
We bought a birthday gift for Molly. C. Note Taking Page 67
What are you reading? Can I see it? Guest Speaker: Well, good afternoon everyone. Thank you for
inviting me to speak to you today, and thank you all for coming.
Track 1.26 D. Page 59 I’m here to talk to you about the Itaipu Dam, located near the
1. The violin is my favorite instrument. border between Brazil and Paraguay, not far from a series of
2. Our friends are waiting outside. fantastic waterfalls in the Iguaçu National Park.
Today, I’m going to discuss both the benefits that the dam has
3. Only a few people play this kind of guitar. brought to Brazil and Paraguay, as well as some of the problems
4. You can probably hear it on the radio. it has caused. The Itaipu Dam is, of course, a great engineering
5. The group is playing in a small theater. achievement. It consists of four sections, which total nearly five
6. Tell Maria about the class assignment. miles across. It’s one of the largest dams in the world. The reservoir
behind the dam, which collects and holds the water from the
Paraná River, is about 100 miles long. It’s truly enormous!
As you can probably imagine, building a dam this size was
quite a task. They actually had to change the course of the Paraná
River while they were building the dam. This required about
40,000 workers, so a lot of jobs were created. But it’s not only the
size of the dam that’s impressive. Its benefits to the region are
impressive, too.
The Itaipu Dam provides about 20% of the electricity used
in Brazil and about 75% of the electricity used in Paraguay. That
electricity goes to millions of homes and businesses, so it’s good
for the economy of both countries. The dam has also become
a major tourist attraction, which is good for the economy as
well. Visitors to the dam can go on free tours. They can also go
sightseeing in the beautiful natural areas near the dam.
Another important benefit is that Brazil and Paraguay are now
able to manage one of their most valuable resources—the water

AUDIO SCR IP TS 97
that flows in the Paraná River. Drought can be a real problem for 2. Water from rivers can be distributed to cities and farms where
farmers and other people living in the region. Fortunately, the the water is needed.
reservoir behind the dam supplies a large amount of water for 3. Without adequate water for agriculture, a world food crisis is
irrigation—water that farmers can use to grow food. possible. If farmers do not have enough water for their crops, it
Now, as is the case with any large dam, there are risks associated could affect millions of people.
with the Itaipu Dam. For example, when the reservoir behind the 4. Farmers can reduce the amount of water they use. Learning
dam was filled up, it covered more than 520 square miles of land about and practicing water conservation will allow them to do
with water. It’s really a large lake now. As a result, around 10,000 the same work with less water.
families—perhaps as many as 50,000 people—lost their land and 5. Parts of northern Africa are extremely dry. For example, the
had to leave the area and find new homes. Historical and cultural average yearly rainfall in the Sahara Desert is less than 1 inch
sites are now underwater too because of the dam. Archaeologists (25 mm).
are quite upset about this, and with good reason. 6. Water is scarce in many regions of the world, and people in
Other people are concerned about how the dam is affecting these areas often do not have access to clean water.
the environment. Besides the forest areas that were lost when
7. Australia has experienced both drought and floods in recent
the dam was built, farmers nearby are saying that the water in
years. This has been very difficult for the farmers there.
the reservoir is affecting the local climate—by actually raising air
temperatures by about four degrees Celsius. They’re saying the
water in the reservoir heats up with energy from the sun, and in
Listening: A Discussion about the Ogallala
a warm part of the world, that’s not a good thing for farmers. And Aquifer
speaking of heat and drought, in some years the amount of water
in the river has been much lower than normal. This reduces the Track 1.32 B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 76
amount of energy the dam can produce. C. Listening for Problems  Page 77
Perhaps the most significant disadvantage of the Itaipu Dam and Solutions
has to do with the agreement between Brazil and Paraguay. It’s Paula: Hi, Ron.
a bi-national project, and both countries should be sharing the
energy and the money generated by the dam. But not everyone Ron: How’s it going, Paula?
thinks that the agreement is fair. There were some changes to that Paula: Oh, hey Taylor.
agreement in 2009, and more changes will be needed in 2023 Taylor: Hi.
when the agreement ends. Hopefully both countries will be happy
Paula: Well, I’m glad we could get together today. Our group
with those changes, and both countries will share equally in the
presentation is next Thursday—yikes! Anyway, I found an
benefits from the dam.
interesting article about the Ogallala Aquifer in the western region
So, as we can see, although the Itaipu Dam has caused some
of the United States.
serious problems in the region, its benefits are more significant, since
it helps solve two of the biggest problems in the area: the energy Ron: Really? Where in the west? I was born in Oklahoma.
demands of two growing countries and not having adequate water Paula: That’s great. That’s one of the states they mention in the
for farming. Major problems like these often require large-scale article. There are some really good photos of agriculture in the
solutions, and the Itaipu Dam is an example of this. Again, thank you region. Maybe we can include some of them in our slides. Look,
all very much for coming today. Now, are there any questions? here’s a great photo of a farm in Kansas.
Taylor: Wow! That’s a lot of corn! Is it for feeding cattle?
Speaking
Paula: Yeah. The article says that there are over 500 cattle on this
Track 1.29 Pronunciation: Suffixes and farm. Here, Taylor, take a look.
Syllable Stress Page 69 Taylor: Thanks. Oh, I see. Wow! That’s a lot of cattle!
educate  education Ron: Yeah, it sounds like they’re doing pretty well. So, what’s the
industry  industrial problem? The topic for our presentation is “How to Solve the
Aquifer Crisis.” It doesn’t seem like that farm is experiencing a crisis.
available  availability I guess I’m not very clear on what we’re supposed to talk about in
history  historical our presentation. I mean, what is the aquifer crisis, anyway?
Taylor: It’s the situation that Professor Arnold covered in class last
Track 1.30 D. Page 69 week. She talked about the aquifers, you know, the water that’s
1. politics It was a significant political event. in the ground. Since water from rain or rivers is scarce in some
2. resident This is a residential apartment building. places, a lot of water is pumped up out of the ground for irrigation
3. apply  We turned in our application before the due date. to grow crops for food. And when that water is gone, it’s gone.
4. possible There is a possibility of finding water on other Ron: Hmmm. That must have been the day I was out sick. It
planets. sounds like I missed some important information. OK, so, go on.
5. inform We need more information before we make a Paula: Right, so some crops like corn need a lot of water to grow,
decision. and some of the western states in the U.S. are extremely dry. The
6. theory This is only a theoretical situation. It’s not real. average rainfall in Colorado, for example, is only 15 inches for the
whole year. Compare that to Illinois, where they get around 40
inches of rain a year. I think I’d rather be a corn farmer in Illinois!
Lesson B Vocabulary
Taylor: Clearly 15 inches a year is not a lot of rain, but is it really
Track 1.31 B. Meaning from Context   Page 74 an urgent situation when we have such a huge aquifer? After all, it
sits underneath eight big western states! And the water is helping
1. An urgent problem in the western United States is low levels of people because it’s used to grow crops, right?
groundwater.

98 AUDIO SCR IP TS
Paula: Right, the water is being used to grow crops, but the
Ogallala Aquifer took around 15,000 years to fill up.
Taylor: Wow! Really?
CD 2
Paula: Yeah, and the problem is that farmers and other people
in the region have pumped the water out very quickly. It’s only
Unit 5: Inside the Brain
been in the past 70 years or so. Now there’s much less water in the
aquifer. Some people in western states don’t even have water at Lesson A Vocabulary
their homes for drinking or washing.
Track 2.2 A. Meaning from Context Page 84
Taylor: Wow! That sounds pretty bad—not having adequate
clean water at home? I can’t imagine not being able to take a Facts to Make You Think about Your Brain
shower every day.
1. Your brain is an extremely complex organ. It contains over 100
Ron: We’ve been lucky, I guess. I don’t think we’ve ever
billion neurons that are constantly sending messages. Different
experienced a serious water shortage around here. It must be
neurons send messages at different speeds—some faster and
difficult for those people without water at home, but I think
some slower.
growing food is an even more important issue. People need to eat!
2. Every time you experience something new, your brain creates
Paula: True. So having enough water to grow food is also a new connections and pathways between brain cells.
problem, and that’s why we need to think about the solutions 3. The common belief that we use only a tiny amount (10
we’re going to talk about in our presentation. percent) of our brains is wrong. Each part of the brain has a
Ron: What does the article say? Can farmers use water from rivers function, so we use 100 percent of our brains.
and streams to irrigate their crops instead of taking water from the 4. Even without words, you can figure out how someone is
aquifer? feeling. A part of your brain called the amygdala lets you “read”
Paula: That’s one possible solution, but unfortunately, rivers and other people’s faces and understand what kind of mood they
streams are often far away, and it’s quite difficult and expensive are in.
to distribute water to large areas across long distances. Still, it’s a 5. Every time you think, laugh, or sneeze, chemical and electrical
possible solution for some people—just not for everyone. signals are moving between neurons. These messages make it
Taylor: Hmmm. What if farmers in the west just reduced the possible for your brain to communicate with your body.
amount of water they take from the aquifer? Then the water that’s 6. Learning changes the structure of the brain. When you learn a
there would last longer. new skill, such as playing a musical instrument, your brain cells
Ron: That’s a smart solution. We had some neighbors in Oklahoma organize themselves in a new way.
who did something called “dryland farming.” They grew wheat, 7. Your brain is extremely powerful. When you’re awake, it
but they didn’t use any irrigation. generates between 10 and 23 watts of electricity—enough to
power a light bulb!
Taylor: Huh. That’s interesting. Why didn’t they need to irrigate?
8. The hypothalamus is the part of your brain that controls body
Ron: With dryland farming, they plant crops that don’t need much temperature. It keeps you from getting too hot or too cold.
water. They also follow good water and soil conservation practices.
For example, they plant the seeds at very specific times of year to Listening: A Podcast about Exercise
take advantage of what little rain they get. And to prevent the dry and the Brain
dirt, or soil, from blowing away, they plant trees to block, or break,
the wind. One year my father and I helped our neighbors plant Track 2.3 B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 86
trees. They call it a “windbreak.”
C. Listening for Details Page 87
Paula: Interesting. I’ve never heard of “dryland farming.” It makes a
Aaron Fleming: Welcome back to the podcast. I’m Aaron
lot of sense, and your personal experience with it would be good
Fleming, and I’m talking today with Jocelyn Taylor. Our goal today
information for the presentation. In the real world, though, would
is to make you think about the human brain.
everyone agree on the idea? The farmers who are raising corn and
cattle are making a good living. They might not want to change. Jocelyn Taylor: That’s right, Aaron. More specifically, we’re talking
about the effects of exercise on the brain.
Taylor: OK, but for our presentation at least, let’s focus on
these two possible solutions: number one, better ways to Aaron Fleming: Great. Let’s get started. I’m guessing you’re going
distribute water from rivers and streams and number two, water to tell us that exercise is good for the brain.
conservation—for example, through dryland farming. Jocelyn Taylor: Yes, there’s really no surprise there, I suppose.
Paula: Sounds good! Both of those would help to solve the problems Exercise—anything that makes your heart beat faster—is not only
of not having enough water for homes and not enough water for good for your body, but good for your brain as well.
crops. Now, let’s decide which photos to include in our slides. Aaron Fleming: I’ve heard exercise can put us in a better mood—
make us feel better mentally and emotionally.
Jocelyn Taylor: That’s true, and scientists learned recently that
exercise makes you smarter as well.
Aaron Fleming: I know a lot of people who are going to be
happy to hear that! All of my friends who are out there jogging or
playing tennis every day.
Jocelyn Taylor: They’re doing the right thing! That’s because for
some time after you’ve exercised, your body produces a chemical
that actually makes it easier for your brain to learn.

AUDIO SCR IP TS 99
Aaron Fleming: Wait, now in order to learn something, don’t 3. The activity in your brain never stops.
you just need to repeat it several times? For example, my son is 4. I’m with you on that!
learning to ride a bicycle. He practices near our house—with some 5. Any exercise that makes your heart beat faster can help your
help from me, of course—and when he does, his brain sends mood.
him “bike riding” messages along certain pathways in his brain. 6. Neurons carry the messages around the brain.
Eventually, he’ll know how to ride a bike— no problem!
Jocelyn Taylor: That’s right, and those bike-riding messages form
new connections between the neurons in your son’s brain. In fact,
Lesson B Vocabulary
the structure of our brain actually changes every time we learn Track 2.6 A. Meaning from Context Page 94
something new.
Aaron Fleming: So let’s get back to exercise. I know my mood is Romantic Love vs. Long-Term Attachments
better after I exercise, but I’m not sure it’s making me any smarter. There are many different kinds of love. There is the strong
Jocelyn Taylor: Let me explain. You probably know that your emotion we feel when we fall in love. There is the attachment
brain generates some electricity. between parents and children, and the quiet feeling of security
Aaron Fleming: Right, and electrical signals are moving inside that develops slowly in long-term relationships, when couples are
the brain. That’s what makes it possible for us to move, or think, or together for many years.
have conversations like this one. Your brain knows the difference between romantic love and
other attachments. When we’re in love, the amount of a brain
Jocelyn Taylor: Exactly, but it’s a little more complex than that. chemical called dopamine increases. This increase gives us the
Those signals in the brain are part electricity and part chemistry. extra energy we feel when we’re in love.
Whenever you have a thought or perform any kind of action, it’s On the other hand, an increase in dopamine can make the
because tiny chemical and electrical signals are moving at high brains of people in love similar to the brains of people with
speeds inside your brain. It’s as if you have billions of tiny neuron OCD—Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. People with OCD cannot
highways inside your head. stop thinking about something, and these thoughts can cause
Aaron Fleming: OK, I think I understand the function of the compulsive behaviors—actions the person cannot control, such
neurons. They’re like wires inside an electrical device. They carry as washing the hands again and again. Similarly, people who are
the messages around the brain—and between the brain and the in love often cannot stop thinking about the person they are in
rest of the body. But the brain is not an electrical device. love with. Both kinds of people may find it difficult to function
Jocelyn Taylor: No, it’s not. A lot of the brain’s functions have to normally because of their thoughts.
do with chemicals. Fortunately, this “lovesickness” is a short-term condition. With
time, strong romantic feelings decrease, and we can concentrate
Aaron Fleming: And what’s the chemical that’s produced when on “real life” again. As time passes, couples have higher levels
we exercise? of oxytocin—a brain chemical connected with calm feelings of
Jocelyn Taylor: It’s called BDNF, and it’s really important for happiness and trust.
memory and learning. The reason for this is that BDNF controls So is love only a matter of brain chemistry? In fact, while chemicals
some of the processes in the brain, such as the way the brain do affect the way we feel, psychological factors are also important.
grows new neurons. We might be attracted to someone who likes the same things we
Aaron Fleming: So, if this chemical affects memory and learning, like, for example, or someone who makes us feel safe and secure.
I can see why you said it makes us smarter. And is exercise the
only way to get it? I mean, can’t you just buy it at the store or Listening: A Discussion about Memory,
something? Learning, and Emotions
Jocelyn Taylor: No, sorry, Aaron. BDNF is only made in the brain,
and it’s the result of regular exercise. And you need to exercise Track 2.7 B. Listening for Main Ideas and  Page 96
several times a week. C. Listening for Details
Aaron Fleming: Well then, I guess I’d better keep exercising! Toshi: I’m glad we decided to form a study group. I always find it
I want to keep my brain fit as well as my body. helpful to study with other people.
Jocelyn Taylor: I’m with you on that! Julia: I agree. Studying in a group definitely helps me. Thanks for
Aaron Fleming: My thanks to Jocelyn Taylor for being with me suggesting it, Toshi.
today. I’ve enjoyed speaking with you. Liz: Yes, thank you, Toshi. And Julia, your idea to divide the topics
Jocelyn Taylor: My pleasure, Aaron. Thanks for having me. and summarize the information in our notes was brilliant as well!
Julia: Well, I’m glad it was helpful. Maybe you could go first, Liz.
Speaking Liz: Absolutely. My topic was memory, or how do we remember
things? According to my notes, the memory process has three
Track 2.4 Pronunciation: Linking Page 89 steps. OK, first, information enters the brain through our senses—
It’s a fascinating job. what we taste, smell, touch, see, and hear—and it is stored, kept
I knew it was the right answer. there for a very short time—less than a second. OK, so then, only
some of this information moves to our short-term memory.
The book will certainly be interesting.
Toshi: Sorry, Liz, can I interrupt for a second? Could you explain
What was your reason for leaving? why we don’t remember everything? I mean, I know from
Track 2.5 D. Page 89 experience that we don’t, but why don’t we?
Liz: Hmmm. I’m actually not sure why, but Professor Wong said
1. Your brain controls everything you do. that only the information we need to use immediately moves to
2. Your brain generates enough energy to power a light bulb. our short-term memory.

100 AUDIO SCR IP TS

Julia: Right. I remember that. Our short-term memory allows us Liz: Right, but you might not remember the question tomorrow.
to function normally in the world. For example, if you ask me a OK, the third and final part of the memory process happens when
question, I can remember the question long enough to answer it. information that we try to remember, or that the brain decides is
Liz: Right, but you might not remember the question tomorrow. important, moves to our long-term memory. This information can
OK, the third and final part of the memory process happens when last a lifetime.
information that we try to remember, or that our brain decides is
important, moves to our long-term memory. This information can
last a lifetime.
Unit 6: Let’s Eat!
Toshi: Right, and if you really want to remember something, you
need to think about it, or say it, or do it many times. Memories Lesson A Vocabulary
become stronger when they are sent down the same pathway in
the brain many times, And yes, I remember that from the lecture!
Track 2.9 A. Page 104
grains protein servings specific
Julia: Thanks, you two. That was helpful. Now, before I give you
my summary, let’s go back to what Toshi just said. If you want to guidelines recommend source varied
remember something, and you concentrate on it and think about modernize regional
it and repeat it again and again, that’s very similar to actually
learning something, right? Track 2.10 B. Meaning from Context Page 104
Liz: That’s right. Here’s what I wrote in my notes: “To remember 1. Today, many countries have produced guidelines to teach
is to recall the past. To learn is to do something differently in the their citizens about healthy diets.
future.” 2. Most doctors recommend eating a lot of fruits and
Julia: Huh. That’s a good way to look at it. To learn new vegetables.
information, you have to concentrate on it and think about it. Or 3. Grains such as rice, wheat, and corn are basic parts of most
to learn how to do something, like ride a bicycle, you have to do it people’s diets.
again and again. 4. It’s OK to include a few servings of sweets in your diet each
Toshi: It’s interesting to me that when you learn new things, your week, but not too many.
brain forms new connections—new pathways of neurons. So 5. Cheese is an excellent source of calcium; so are milk and
learning actually changes the structure of the brain! That’s pretty yogurt.
amazing. 6. Scientists believe the regional food in Sardinia, Italy, helps the
Julia: Yeah, pretty interesting stuff! people who live there to have long, healthy lives.
Toshi: Alright, so I guess it’s my turn now. Ready? My topic was 7. A varied diet includes many different kinds of food, not just
emotions and the brain, especially the emotions of romantic love the same foods again and again.
and feelings of attachment and security. This was quite interesting 8. Foods that are high in protein include fish, chicken, nuts, and
to me because I think of emotions as being psychological. They’re beans.
the result of our past experiences and our nature—probably 9. This recipe calls for a specific kind of red pepper. You can’t
even the way our parents raised us. But in fact, emotions are use just any kind of pepper.
also chemical, not just psychological. There’s a chemical in our 10. To modernize means to begin using the newest technology
brains called dopamine, for example, and the level of dopamine and methods.
increases when we fall in love with someone.
Listening: A Presentation about the Korean Diet
Track 2.8 D. Note Taking Page 97
Toshi: I’m glad we decided to form a study group. I always find it Track 2.11 B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 106
helpful to study with other people. D. Listening for Numerical  Page 107
Julia: I agree. Studying in a group definitely helps me. Thanks for Data
suggesting it, Toshi. Mi-Ran: Hello, everyone. As you know, I’m from South Korea,
Liz: Yes, thank you, Toshi. And Julia, your idea to divide the topics and people from my country love food! So today I’ll be talking
and summarize the information in our notes was brilliant as well! about—what else? Food! Specifically, I’ll be talking about
changes in the Korean diet in the twentieth century. First, as
Julia: Well, I’m glad it was helpful. Maybe you could go first, Liz.
you might know, South Korea is a country that developed very
Liz: Absolutely. My topic was memory, or how do we remember quickly. Around 50 years ago, South Korea was a developing
things? According to my notes, the memory process has three agricultural country. Today, it’s one of the most modern countries
steps. OK, first, information enters the brain through our senses— in Asia. And people’s diets have modernized, too. In my research,
what we taste, smell, touch, see, and hear—and it is stored, kept I’ve been looking at these dietary changes and trying to answer
there for a very short time—less than a second. OK, so then, only this question: which kind of diet is better—a traditional diet or a
some of this information moves to our short-term memory. modern one?
Toshi: Sorry, Liz, can I interrupt for a second? Could you explain OK, this chart shows what Koreans ate in two different years:
why we don’t remember everything? I mean, I know from 1969, before Korea started modernizing, and 1995, after Korea
experience that we don’t, but why don’t we? was modernized. You can see that in 1969, people were eating
Liz: Hmmm. I’m actually not sure why, but Professor Wong said about 37 ounces of food every day, and in 1995, they were
that only the information we need to use immediately moves to eating about 39 ounces of food. That’s not a very big change. So,
our short-term memory. even when Korea was a developing country, overall, people had
enough food.
Julia: Right. I remember that. Our short-term memory allows us
to function normally in the world. For example, if you ask me a Male student: Mi-Ran, may I say something here? Um, you’re
question, I can remember the question long enough to answer it. talking about the average amount of food, so maybe some

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people really didn’t have enough to eat. Can we really assume that Speaking
everyone was eating well?
Mi-Ran: That’s a good point. Actually, because Korea was a Track 2.12 D. Page 109
farming country then, almost everyone had some kind of food, 1. Male student: Mi-Ran, may I say something here?
but their diets weren’t always healthy. OK, Moving on, when 2. Mi Ran: Moving on, when we compare the kinds of food
we compare the kinds of food people ate, we see a significant people ate, we see a significant difference.
difference. The most important food in Korea is rice: we eat it three
3. Female student: Could I ask a question, Mi-Ran? Is that just
times a day. In 1969, people were eating 20 ounces of rice every
milk, or does that include other dairy products too?
day—more than a pound! That’s a lot of rice—around six servings
per day. But if you don’t eat a varied diet, you are not going to 4. Mi Ran: To continue, as the country developed, instead of just
be very healthy. By 1995, people were eating only 11 ounces of eating a lot of rice and vegetables, Koreans started including
rice and other grains per day—much less than in the past. Now, many other kinds of food in their diets, . . .
remember, the total amount of food increased during that period Track 2.13 Pronunciation Intonation: Finished
of time. So, what specific foods were people eating in 1995?
If you look at the chart, you’ll see that people were eating more and Unfinished Sentences Page 110
of everything. Their diets became much more varied. The amount I have to go to the supermarket.
of vegetables they ate increased a little from 9 and a half ounces She lives in Tokyo.
a day in 1969, to 10 ounces a day in 1995. But people were eating
I saw Pam yesterday…
a lot more fruit. The amount of fruit people ate increased from
about 2 ounces a day to about 5 ounces a day. They were getting Mike’s brother called…
more vitamins from that extra fruit. And look at meat. In 1969,
people were eating only a very tiny amount of meat—about a Track 2.14 E. Page 110
quarter of an ounce a day. In 1995, they were eating almost two 1. I really don’t like milk.
and a half ounces a day. That’s ten times as much. Finally, look 2. Rick has two favorite restaurants…
at the numbers for milk. OK, in 1969, people were only drinking 3. I’ll buy chicken if it looks fresh…
about one tenth of an ounce of milk per day. In 1995, that
4. On my next vacation, I want to go to Seoul.
increased to about 2.3 ounces a day. All in all, Korean people’s
diets in 1995 were much closer to government guidelines than 5. My mother is an excellent cook…
they used to be. 6. If the weather is nice, we usually go to the park.
Female student: Could I ask a question, Mi-Ran? Is that just milk,
or does that include other dairy products too? Lesson B Vocabulary
Mi-Ran: That includes all dairy products. A lot of Koreans like Track 2.15 A. Meaning from Context Page 114
yogurt and ice cream, though there are regional differences.
People in different parts of the country like to eat different things; Dr. Alia Crum’s Milkshake Experiment
it varies.
Mi-Ran: Alright. To continue, as the country developed, instead of Introduction:
just eating a lot of rice and vegetables, Koreans started including We know that seeing a picture of food can make us hungry,
many other kinds of food in their diets, especially animal products but Dr. Crum, a psychologist and researcher, wanted to find out
like meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. One reason for this change whether reading food labels can affect the body. Her conclusion
was that people had more money, so they could buy more of these was that our attitude is relevant to the way our bodies respond to
expensive foods. The percentage of animal products in the Korean food.
diet went from 3 percent in 1969 to almost 21 percent in 1995! To understand this experiment, it is important to understand the
That’s the biggest change in the Korean diet. hormone ghrelin. When you have not eaten, the level of ghrelin in
Now, some nutritionists recommend having a diet that consists your body rises. It stimulates feelings of hunger and “tells” us we
of mostly plant foods such as grains and fruits and vegetables. They need to eat. After we have eaten enough, the level drops, we feel
think animal products—meat, cheese, butter, and so on—aren’t full, and our bodies use the food for energy and strength.
healthy. But I’m not sure those nutritionists are totally correct. That’s
because young Koreans today are taller than before. The average Results:
height of teenage boys is about 3 and a half inches taller. And the Dr. Crum’s research strategy was to give two groups of people the
average teenage girl is almost 2 inches taller. It’s very interesting! same milkshake but with two different labels. First, the team asked
I think that young people now are taller because of the improved participants to read the label on the milkshake. Then participants
diet. Meat, milk, cheese, and other animal products are good drank the milkshake and rated the taste. The final step was a blood
sources of protein. And if a population eats more protein, people test.
are taller on average. Really, in general, people in Korea are healthier The first group of participants read a label for “Sensi-Shake”
now. and drank a milkshake they believed had 140 calories and 0 grams
So, in conclusion, I want to return to my original question: of fat. Blood tests afterwards showed very little change in their
Which is better—a modern diet or a traditional diet? Now, in ghrelin levels.
some of the other presentations, we heard about places where The second group read a label for “Indulgence,” a shake they
the modern diet has caused some new health problems. But my thought had 620 calories and 30 grams of fat. The label convinced
research on South Korea shows us that in some ways, at least, a participants that they should feel full, and in fact, their ghrelin
modern diet can be better than a traditional diet. Thank you very levels dropped significantly, so they did feel full and satisfied. The
much. Does anyone have any questions? only element of the experiment that was different between the
two groups was the label on the milkshake.

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Discussion: Paul: Exactly. Well, to get back to what I was saying, our
When food manufacturers market their products, they create labels psychology, the way we think, is quite powerful. I heard about one
to appeal to the tastes and interests of consumers. When they study where they gave people the same milkshake to drink, but
target people who want to be healthy, for example, their food half of the people thought it was a low-fat, low-calorie milkshake,
labels might include a picture of someone exercising outdoors. and half of the people thought it was super rich and high in
Crum’s experiment suggests that our ideas about a food product— calories.
even before we eat or drink it—may affect us in unexpected ways. Abbie: I heard about that experiment as well. The people who
thought they’d drunk the high-fat, high-calorie drink experienced
Listening: A Discussion about Food Psychology less hunger afterwards than the other group.
Paul: And they felt full and satisfied because of what their
Track 2.16 B. Note Taking and  Page 117 minds told their bodies! The researchers did blood tests, and
C. Note Taking the two groups actually had different blood chemistry after the
Abbie: This is really nice. We should go out to dinner together experiment! If nothing else, it shows us how much our minds and
more often. our attitudes influence our bodies.
Patrick: Yes, it’s good to see you two, and we’ve never been here Patrick: I see your point, and ahhh I think that’s our food.
before. This menu looks great; the descriptions of the food sound Lydia: Yep, it is. Great! I hope it tastes as good as it looks!
delicious!
Lydia: I agree, Patrick! This place knows how to appeal to hungry Speaking
people.
Abbie: You’re right, Lydia, the descriptions and photos of the Track 2.17 B. Page 118
food on the menu would certainly stimulate your appetite if you
Tips for Marketing your Food Truck
weren’t hungry already. And look, there’s a survey card on the
table where we can leave comments and rate the food. Food trucks have become very popular, but attracting customers
isn’t always easy. According to Ross Resnick, who created a
Paul: That’s a good strategy, actually. If you give customers a
smartphone app to help customers find food trucks in their
chance to give feedback about the food, they feel like they’re
cities, “You can’t just show up and expect to make a lot of money
communicating with the restaurant owners.
running a food truck. You have to have a brand and a strategy.”
Lydia: Right, and communicating with customers is so important Other tips include:
nowadays! I mean, look at social media. Businesses are using it to
market all kinds of products. It’s all about communication. If you 1. If you want to have a successful food truck, work on your
can convince people to see your business as a friend or a business photography skills, as well as your cooking skills. Taking
partner—you know, instead of just someone who is trying to get beautiful photos of your food for advertising or social media is
their money—it can be a very effective strategy. essential in today’s market.
Patrick: True, communicating with customers is a real strength 2. Use social media to attract “followers.” Then if you send regular
of some businesses. And speaking of communication, it’s not updates such as an e-newsletter, customers will remember to
just connecting on social media that matters to people. Getting stop by for a bite to eat.
together for a meal with friends, family, neighbors—those social 3. Learn to cook creatively. International foods in new
connections are another element of food psychology—the role combinations—from Korean style tacos to fried-chicken
our brain plays. sandwiched between breakfast waffles—add to the fun of
food-truck dining.
Paul: Right, like the way those beautiful photos on the menu
4. Use a creative brand strategy. For example, choose a
made us start to feel hungry.
memorable name and a colorful truck design. This will make
Lydia: Sorry, but I was hungry before we even got here! you unforgettable to customers.
Paul: OK, but Patrick makes a very relevant point. The whole 5. Set up the truck in places where customers can socialize and
food industry—from food manufacturers to grocery stores to have fun while they eat. This will encourage them to return and
restaurants and advertisers—they all know us better than we will help you be successful in the food-truck business.
know ourselves. At least, they understand the psychology of food.
Abbie: That’s true, Paul. One way they target us at the grocery
store is by displaying a huge variety of foods. We see all of the Unit 7: Our Active Earth
options in front of us, and what do we do? We find ourselves
wanting to buy at least one of everything!
Lesson A Vocabulary
Paul: Abbie knows what I’m talking about. It’s the way food looks,
the varied options, the social element. Track 2.18 A. Meaning from Context Page 124
Patrick: Can I ask a question? How does this make you feel? I
mean, do you think the food industry has power over us and the Inexpensive Buildings for Earthquake Zones
food we buy? Or the restaurants we decide to go to? The earth’s outer layer consists of several pieces called tectonic
Lydia: Well, understanding food psychology, and understanding plates. The places where these plates meet are called boundaries.
the way it might be used to market food—it’s really helpful! You Tectonic plates are always moving. Sometimes the plates “jump”
can see all the ads, and you can see the beautiful displays at the as they move. When this happens, earthquakes can occur.
grocery store, and you can say to yourself, “They’re using food Regions where earthquakes are more likely to occur are called
psychology to encourage me to buy this.” And then you can make earthquake zones. Some of the countries inside these zones
a sensible decision and buy what you actually need. are Pakistan, Haiti, Peru, and Indonesia. All of these countries
have experienced major earthquakes, and many people have
Abbie: Good point, Lydia. Well, you know what they say, died because of unsafe buildings. Fortunately, we can construct
knowledge is power.

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