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Chapter 2 Problems

sec. 2‐4 Average Velocity and Average Speed

2.1
During a hard sneeze, your eyes might shut for 0.50 s. If you are driving a car at 90 km/h during
such a sneeze, how far does the car move during that time?
2.2
Compute your average velocity in the following two cases: (a) You walk 73.2 m at a speed of
1.22 m/s and then run 73.2 m at a speed of 3.05 m/s along a straight track. (b) You walk for
1.00 min at a speed of 1.22 m/s and then run for 1.00 min at 3.05 m/s along a straight track. (c)
Graph versus for both cases and indicate how the average velocity is found on the graph.
2.3
An automobile travels on a straight road for 40 km at 30 km/h. It then continues in the same
direction for another 40 km at 60 km/h. (a) What is the average velocity of the car during the full
80 km trip? (Assume that it moves in the positive direction.) (b) What is the average speed? (c)
Graph versus and indicate how the average velocity is found on the graph.
Worked Solution

 THINK

This one‐dimensional kinematics problem consists of two parts, and we are asked to
solve for the average velocity and average speed of the car.

 EXPRESS

Since the trip consists of two parts, let the displacements during first and second parts of
the motion be and , and the corresponding time intervals be and ,
respectively. Now, because the problem is one‐dimensional and both displacements are in
the same direction, the total displacement is simply , and the total time
for the trip is . Using the definition of average velocity given in Eq. 2.2,
we have

To find the average speed, we note that during a time if the velocity remains a
positive constant, then the speed is equal to the magnitude of velocity, and the distance is
equal to the magnitude of displacement, with .

 ANALYZE
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a. During the first part of the motion, the displacement is and the time
taken is

b. Similarly, during the second part of the trip the displacement is and
the time interval is

c. The total displacement is , and the total

time elapsed is

d. . Consequently, the average velocity is

e. In this case, the average speed is the same as the magnitude of the average
velocity: .
f. The graph of the entire trip, shown below, consists of two contiguous line
segments, the first having a slope of 30 km/h and connecting the origin to

g. and the second having a slope of 60 km/h and connecting

.
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From the graphical point of view, the slope of the dashed line drawn from the
origin to represents the average velocity.

 LEARN

The average velocity is a vector quantity that depends only on the net displacement (also
a vector) between the starting and ending points.

2.4
A car travels up a hill at a constant speed of 40 km/h and returns down the hill at a constant
speed of 60 km/h. Calculate the average speed for the round trip.
2.5

The position of an object moving along an axis is given by , where is in meters

and in seconds. Find the position of the object at the following values of : (a) 1 s, (b) 2 s, (c)
3 s, and (d) 4 s. (e) What is the object's displacement between and ? (f) What is its
average velocity for the time interval from to ? (g) Graph versus for 0 ≤ and
indicate how the answer for (f) can be found on the graph.
Worked Solution

 THINK

In this one‐dimensional kinematics problem, we're given the position function , and
asked to calculate the position and velocity of the object at a later time.

 EXPRESS

The position function is given as . The position of

the object at some instant is simply given by . For the time interval , the
displacement is . Similarly, using Eq. 2.2, the average velocity for this
time interval is

 ANALYZE
a. Plugging in into yields
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b. With we get .

c. With we have .

d. Similarly, plugging in gives

e. The position at is . Thus, the displacement between and is

.

f. The position at is subtracted from the position at s to give the

displacement: . Thus, the average
velocity is

g. The position of the object for the interval is plotted below. The straight
line drawn from the point at would represent the
average velocity, answer for part (f).

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 LEARN

Our graphical representation illustrates once again that the average velocity for a time
interval depends only on the net displacement between the starting and ending points.
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2.6
The 1992 world speed record for a bicycle (human‐powered vehicle) was set by Chris Huber. His
time through the measured 200 m stretch was a sizzling 6.509 s, at which he commented,
“Cogito ergo zoom!” (I think, therefore I go fast!). In 2001, Sam Whittingham beat Huber's
record by 19.0 km/h. What was Whittingham's time through the 200 m?
2.7
Two trains, each having a speed of 30 km/h, are headed at each other on the same straight track.
A bird that can fly 60 km/h flies off the front of one train when they are 60 km apart and heads
directly for the other train. On reaching the other train, the bird flies directly back to the first
train, and so forth. (We have no idea why a bird would behave in this way.) What is the total
distance the bird travels before the trains collide?
2.8
Panic escape. Figure 2.21 shows a general situation in which a stream of people attempt to
escape through an exit door that turns out to be locked. The people move toward the door at
speed , are each in depth, and are separated by . The
arrangement in Fig. 2.21 occurs at time . (a) At what average rate does the layer of people at
the door increase? (b) At what time does the layer's depth reach 5.0 m? (The answers reveal how
quickly such a situation becomes dangerous.)

Figure 2.21 Problem 2.8.

2.9
In 1 km races, runner 1 on track 1 (with time 2 min, 27.95 s) appears to be faster than runner 2
on track 2 (2 min, 28.15 s). However, length of track 2 might be slightly greater than length
of track 1. How large can be for us still to conclude that runner 1 is faster?
2.10
To set a speed record in a measured (straight‐line) distance , a race car must be driven first in
one direction (in time ) and then in the opposite direction (in time ). (a) To eliminate the
effects of the wind and obtain the car's speed in a windless situation, should we find the
average of and (method 1) or should we divide by the average of and ? (b) What
is the fractional difference in the two methods when a steady wind blows along the car's route
and the ratio of the wind speed to the car's speed is 0.0240?
2.11
You are to drive to an interview in another town, at a distance of 300 km on an expressway. The
interview is at 11:15 A.M. You plan to drive at 100 km/h, so you leave at 8:00 A.M. to allow some
extra time. You drive at that speed for the first 100 km, but then construction work forces you to
slow to 40 km/h for 40 km. What would be the least speed needed for the rest of the trip to arrive
in time for the interview?
2.12
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Traffic shock wave. An abrupt slowdown in concentrated traffic can travel as a pulse, termed a
shock wave, along the line of cars, either downstream (in the traffic direction) or upstream, or it
can be stationary. Figure 2.22 shows a uniformly spaced line of cars moving at speed
toward a uniformly spaced line of slow cars moving at speed .
Assume that each faster car adds length (car length plus buffer zone) to the line of
slow cars when it joins the line, and assume it slows abruptly at the last instant. (a) For what
separation distance between the faster cars does the shock wave remain stationary? If the
separation is twice that amount, what are the (b) speed and (c) direction (upstream or
downstream) of the shock wave?

Figure 2.22 Problem 2.12.

2.13
You drive on Interstate 10 from San Antonio to Houston, half the time at 55 km/h and the other
half at 90 km/h. On the way back you travel half the distance at 55 km/h and the other half at
90 km/h. What is your average speed (a) from San Antonio to Houston, (b) from Houston back to
San Antonio, and (c) for the entire trip? (d) What is your average velocity for the entire trip? (e)
Sketch versus for (a), assuming the motion is all in the positive direction. Indicate how the
average velocity can be found on the sketch.

sec. 2‐5 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

2.14

An electron moving along the axis has a position given by , where is in seconds.
How far is the electron from the origin when it momentarily stops?
2.15

(a) If a particle's position is given by (where is in seconds and is in meters),

what is its velocity at ? (b) Is it moving in the positive or negative direction of just then?
(c) What is its speed just then? (d) Is the speed increasing or decreasing just then? (Try
answering the next two questions without further calculation.) (e) Is there ever an instant when
the velocity is zero? If so, give the time ; if not, answer no. (f) Is there a time after when
the particle is moving in the negative direction of ? If so, give the time ; if not, answer no.
2.16

The position function of a particle moving along an axis is , with in meters

and in seconds. (a) At what time and (b) where does the particle (momentarily) stop? At what
(c) negative time and (d) positive time does the particle pass through the origin? (e) Graph
versus for the range −5 s to +5 s. (f) To shift the curve rightward on the graph, should we
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include the term or the term in ? (g) Does that inclusion increase or decrease the
value of at which the particle momentarily stops?
2.17

The position of a particle moving along the axis is given in centimeters by ,

where is in seconds. Calculate (a) the average velocity during the time interval to
; (b) the instantaneous velocity at ; (c) the instantaneous velocity at ;
(d) the instantaneous velocity at ; and (e) the instantaneous velocity when the particle is
midway between its positions at and . (f) Graph versus and indicate your
answers graphically.

sec. 2‐6 Acceleration

2.18

The position of a particle moving along an axis is given by , where is in meters

and is in seconds. Determine (a) the position, (b) the velocity, and (c) the acceleration of the
particle at . (d) What is the maximum positive coordinate reached by the particle and (e)
at what time is it reached? (f) What is the maximum positive velocity reached by the particle and
(g) at what time is it reached? (h) What is the acceleration of the particle at the instant the
particle is not moving (other than at )? (i) Determine the average velocity of the particle
between and .
2.19
At a certain time a particle had a speed of 18 m/s in the positive direction, and 2.4 s later its
speed was 30 m/s in the opposite direction. What is the average acceleration of the particle
during this 2.4 s interval?
Worked Solution

 THINK

In this one‐dimensional kinematics problem, we're given the speed of a particle at two
instants and asked to calculate its average acceleration.

 EXPRESS

We represent the initial direction of motion as the direction. The average acceleration
over a time interval is given by Eq. 2.7:
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 ANALYZE

Let at and at . Using Eq. 2.7 we find

 LEARN

The average acceleration has magnitude and is in the opposite direction to the
particle's initial velocity. This makes sense because the velocity of the particle is
decreasing over the time interval. With , the velocity of the particle as a function of

time can be written as .

2.20

(a) If the position of a particle is given by , where is in meters and is in seconds,

when, if ever, is the particle's velocity zero? (b) When is its acceleration zero? (c) For what
time range (positive or negative) is negative? (d) Positive? (e) Graph , , and .
2.21
From to , a man stands still, and from to , he walks
briskly in a straight line at a constant speed of 2.20 m/s. What are (a) his average velocity
and (b) his average acceleration in the time interval 2.00 min to 8.00 min? What are (c)
and (d) in the time interval 3.00 min to 9.00 min? (e) Sketch versus and versus , and
indicate how the answers to (a) through (d) can be obtained from the graphs.
2.22
The position of a particle moving along the axis depends on the time according to the equation

, where is in meters and in seconds. What are the units of (a) constant and (b)
constant ? Let their numerical values be 3.0 and 2.0, respectively. (c) At what time does the
particle reach its maximum positive position? From to , (d) what distance does
the particle move and (e) what is its displacement? Find its velocity at times (f) 1.0 s, (g) 2.0 s,
(h) 3.0 s, and (i) 4.0 s. Find its acceleration at times (j) 1.0 s, (k) 2.0 s, (l) 3.0 s, and (m) 4.0 s.

sec. 2‐7 Constant Acceleration: A Special Case

2.23
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An electron with an initial velocity enters a region of length

where it is electrically accelerated (Fig. 2.23). It emerges with . What is its

acceleration, assumed constant?

Figure 2.23 Problem 2.23.

Worked Solution

 THINK

The electron undergoes a constant acceleration. Given the final speed of the electron and
the distance it has traveled, we can calculate its acceleration.

 EXPRESS

Since the problem involves constant acceleration, the motion of the electron can be
readily analyzed using the equations given in Table 2.1:

(2.39)

(2.40)

(2.41)

The acceleration can be found by solving Eq. LINK.

 ANALYZE

With , , and , we find the average

acceleration to be
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 LEARN

It is always a good idea to apply other equations in Table 2.1 not used for solving the
problem as a consistency check. For example, since we now know the value of the
acceleration, using Eq. LINK, the time it takes for the electron to reach its final speed
would be

Substituting the value of into Eq. LINK, the distance the electron travels is

This is what was given in the problem statement. So we know the problem has been
solved correctly.

2.24
Catapulting mushrooms. Certain mushrooms launch their spores by a catapult mechanism. As
water condenses from the air onto a spore that is attached to the mushroom, a drop grows on one
side of the spore and a film grows on the other side. The spore is bent over by the drop's weight,
but when the film reaches the drop, the drop's water suddenly spreads into the film and the spore
springs upward so rapidly that it is slung off into the air. Typically, the spore reaches a speed of
1.6 m/s in a 5.0 m launch; its speed is then reduced to zero in 1.0 mm by the air. Using that data
and assuming constant accelerations, find the acceleration in terms of during (a) the launch and
(b) the speed reduction.
2.25
An electric vehicle starts from rest and accelerates at a rate of 2.0 m/s2 in a straight line until it
reaches a speed of 20 m/s. The vehicle then slows at a constant rate of 1.0 m/s2 until it stops. (a)
How much time elapses from start to stop? (b) How far does the vehicle travel from start to stop?
2.26

A muon (an elementary particle) enters a region with a speed of and then is

slowed at the rate of . (a) How far does the muon take to stop? (b) Graph
versus and versus for the muon.
2.27

An electron has a constant acceleration of . At a certain instant its velocity is +9.6 m/s.
What is its velocity (a) 2.5 s earlier and (b) 2.5 s later?
2.28
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On a dry road, a car with good tires may be able to brake with a constant deceleration of
4.92 m/s2. (a) How long does such a car, initially traveling at 24.6 m/s, take to stop? (b) How far
does it travel in this time? (c) Graph versus and versus for the deceleration.
2.29
A certain elevator cab has a total run of 190 m and a maximum speed of 305 m/min, and it
accelerates from rest and then back to rest at 1.22 m/s2. (a) How far does the cab move while
accelerating to full speed from rest? (b) How long does it take to make the nonstop 190 m run,
starting and ending at rest?
2.30
The brakes on your car can slow you at a rate of 5.2 m/s2. (a) If you are going 137 km/h and
suddenly see a state trooper, what is the minimum time in which you can get your car under the
90 km/h speed limit? (The answer reveals the futility of braking to keep your high speed from
being detected with a radar or laser gun.) (b) Graph versus and versus for such a slowing.
2.31
Suppose a rocket ship in deep space moves with constant acceleration equal to 9.8 m/s2, which
gives the illusion of normal gravity during the flight. (a) If it starts from rest, how long will it

take to acquire a speed one‐tenth that of light, which travels at ? (b) How far will it
travel in so doing?
Worked Solution

 THINK

The rocket ship undergoes a constant acceleration from rest, and we want to know the
time elapsed and the distance traveled when the rocket reaches a certain speed.

 EXPRESS

Since the problem involves constant acceleration, the motion of the rocket can be readily
analyzed using the equations in Table 2.1:

(2.42)

(2.43)

(2.44)

 ANALYZE

a. Given , and , we solve for the

time:
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b. which is about 1.2 months. So it takes 1.2 months for the rocket to reach a speed

of starting from rest with a constant acceleration of .

c. To calculate the distance traveled during this time, we evaluate

with and . The result is

 LEARN

In solving parts (a) and (b), we did not use Eq. (LINK): This equation
can be used to check our answers. The final velocity based on this equation is

which is what was given in the problem statement. So we know the problems have been
solved correctly.

2.32
A world's land speed record was set by Colonel John P. Stapp when in March 1954 he rode a
rocket‐propelled sled that moved along a track at 1020 km/h. He and the sled were brought to a
stop in 1.4 s. (See Fig. 2.7.) In terms of , what acceleration did he experience while stopping?
2.33
A car traveling 56.0 km/h is 24.0 m from a barrier when the driver slams on the brakes. The car
hits the barrier 2.00 s later. (a) What is the magnitude of the car's constant acceleration before
impact? (b) How fast is the car traveling at impact?
Worked Solution

 THINK

The car undergoes a constant negative acceleration to avoid impacting a barrier. Given its
initial speed, we want to know the distance it has traveled and the time elapsed prior to
the impact.

 EXPRESS
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Since the problem involves constant acceleration, the motion of the car can be readily
analyzed using the equations in Table 2.1:

(2.45)

(2.46)

(2.47)

We take and to be the initial position and speed of the

car. Solving Eq. LINK with gives the acceleration . Once is known, the speed
of the car upon impact can be found by using Eq. LINK.

 ANALYZE
a. Using Eq. LINK, we find the acceleration to be

b. or . The negative sign indicates that the acceleration is opposite to

the direction of motion of the car; the car is slowing down.
c. The speed of the car at the instant of impact is

d. which can also be converted to 30.3 km/h.

 LEARN

In solving parts (a) and (b), we did not use Eq. 1‐16. This equation can be used as a
consistency check. The final velocity based on this equation is

which is what was calculated in (b). This indicates that the problems have been solved
correctly.

2.34
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In Fig. 2.24, a red car and a green car, identical except for the color, move toward each other in
adjacent lanes and parallel to an axis. At time , the red car is at and the green car is at
. If the red car has a constant velocity of 20 km/h, the cars pass each other at
, and if it has a constant velocity of 40 km/h, they pass each other at . What
are (a) the initial velocity and (b) the constant acceleration of the green car?

Figure 2.24 Problems 2.34 and 2.35.

2.35
Figure 2.24 shows a red car and a green car that move toward each other. Figure 2.25 is a graph
of their motion, showing the positions and at time . The green car
has a constant speed of 20.0 m/s and the red car begins from rest. What is the acceleration
magnitude of the red car?

Figure 2.25 Problem 2.35.

2.36
A car moves along an axis through a distance of 900 m, starting at rest (at ) and ending at

rest (at ). Through the first of that distance, its acceleration is +2.25 m/s2. Through
the rest of that distance, its acceleration is −0.750 m/s2. What are (a) its travel time through the
900 m and (b) its maximum speed? (c) Graph position , velocity , and acceleration versus
time for the trip.
2.37
Figure 2.26 depicts the motion of a particle moving along an axis with a constant acceleration.
The figure's vertical scaling is set by . What are the (a) magnitude and (b) direction of the
particle's acceleration?

Figure 2.26 Problem 2.37.

2.38
(a) If the maximum acceleration that is tolerable for passengers in a subway train is 1.34 m/s2
and subway stations are located 806 m apart, what is the maximum speed a subway train can
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attain between stations? (b) What is the travel time between stations? (c) If a subway train stops
for 20 s at each station, what is the maximum average speed of the train, from one start‐up to the
next? (d) Graph , , and versus for the interval from one start‐up to the next.
2.39
Cars and move in the same direction in adjacent lanes. The position of car is given in Fig.
2.27, from time to . The figure's vertical scaling is set by . At , car
is at , with a velocity of 12 m/s and a negative constant acceleration . (a) What must be
such that the cars are (momentarily) side by side (momentarily at the same value of ) at
? (b) For that value of , how many times are the cars side by side? (c) Sketch the
position of car versus time on Fig. 2.27. How many times will the cars be side by side if the
magnitude of acceleration is (d) more than and (e) less than the answer to part (a)?

Figure 2.27 Problem 2.39.

2.40
You are driving toward a traffic signal when it turns yellow. Your speed is the legal speed limit of

; your best deceleration rate has the magnitude . Your best reaction
time to begin braking is . To avoid having the front of your car enter the intersection
after the light turns red, should you brake to a stop or continue to move at 55 km/h if the distance
to the intersection and the duration of the yellow light are (a) 40 m and 2.8 s, and (b) 32 m and
1.8 s? Give an answer of brake, continue, either (if either strategy works), or neither (if neither
strategy works and the yellow duration is inappropriate).
2.41
As two trains move along a track, their conductors suddenly notice that they are headed toward
each other. Figure 2.28 gives their velocities as functions of time as the conductors slow the
trains. The figure's vertical scaling is set by . The slowing processes begin when
the trains are 200 m apart. What is their separation when both trains have stopped?

Figure 2.28 Problem 2.41.

2.42
You are arguing over a cell phone while trailing an unmarked police car by 25 m; both your car
and the police car are traveling at 110 km/h. Your argument diverts your attention from the police
car for 2.0 s (long enough for you to look at the phone and yell, “I won't do that!”). At the
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beginning of that 2.0 s, the police officer begins braking suddenly at 5.0 m/s2. (a) What is the
separation between the two cars when your attention finally returns? Suppose that you take
another 0.40 s to realize your danger and begin braking. (b) If you too brake at 5.0 m/s2, what is
your speed when you hit the police car?
2.43
When a high‐speed passenger train traveling at 161 km/h rounds a bend, the engineer is shocked
to see that a locomotive has improperly entered onto the track from a siding and is a distance
ahead (Fig. 2.29). The locomotive is moving at 29.0 km/h. The engineer of the high‐
speed train immediately applies the brakes. (a) What must be the magnitude of the resulting
constant deceleration if a collision is to be just avoided? (b) Assume that the engineer is at
when, at , he first spots the locomotive. Sketch curves for the locomotive and high‐
speed train for the cases in which a collision is just avoided and is not quite avoided.

Figure 2.29 Problem 2.43.

sec. 2‐9 Free‐Fall Acceleration

2.44
When startled, an armadillo will leap upward. Suppose it rises 0.544 m in the first 0.200 s. (a)
What is its initial speed as it leaves the ground? (b) What is its speed at the height of 0.544 m?
(c) How much higher does it go?
2.45
(a) With what speed must a ball be thrown vertically from ground level to rise to a maximum
height of 50 m? (b) How long will it be in the air? (c) Sketch graphs of , , and versus for
the ball. On the first two graphs, indicate the time at which 50 m is reached.
Worked Solution

 THINK

As the ball travels vertically upward, its motion is under the influence of gravitational
acceleration. The kinematics is one‐dimensional.

 EXPRESS
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We neglect air resistance for the duration of the motion (between “launching” and

“landing”), so (we take downward to be the direction). We use

the equations in Table 2.1 (with replacing ) because this is motion:

(2.48)

(2.49)

(2.50)

We set . Upon reaching the maximum height , the speed of the ball is momentarily
zero ( ). Therefore, we can relate its initial speed to via the equation

The time it takes for the ball to reach maximum height is given by
, or . Therefore, for the entire trip (from the time it leaves the
ground until the time it returns to the ground), the total flight time is .

 ANALYZE

a. At the highest point and With , we find the initial speed

of the ball to be

b. Using the result from (a) for , the total flight time of the ball is

c. The plots of , and as a function of time are shown below. The acceleration

graph is a horizontal line at . At , .

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 LEARN

In calculating the total flight time of the ball, we could have used Eq. LINK. At ,
the ball returns to its original position . Therefore,

2.46
Raindrops fall 1700 m from a cloud to the ground. (a) If they were not slowed by air resistance,
how fast would the drops be moving when they struck the ground? (b) Would it be safe to walk
outside during a rainstorm?
2.47
At a construction site a pipe wrench struck the ground with a speed of 24 m/s. (a) From what
height was it inadvertently dropped? (b) How long was it falling? (c) Sketch graphs of , , and
versus for the wrench.
Worked Solution

 THINK

The wrench is in free fall with an acceleration .

 EXPRESS

We neglect air resistance, which justifies setting (taking down as the

direction) for the duration of the fall. This is constant acceleration motion, which
justifies the use of Table 2.1 (with replacing ):

(2.51)
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(2.52)

(2.53)

Since the wrench had an initial speed , knowing its speed of impact allows us to
apply Eq. LINK to calculate the height from which it was dropped.

 ANALYZE

a. Using , we find the initial height to be

b. So that it fell through a height of 29.4 m.

c. Solving for time, we obtain a flight time of

d. SI units are used in the graphs, and the initial position is taken as the coordinate

origin. The acceleration graph is a horizontal line at .

 LEARN

As the wrench falls, with , its speed increases but its velocity becomes more
negative, as indicated by the second graph above.

2.48
 Full file at http://testbankscafe.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Fundamentals-of-Physics-Extended-9th-Edition-Halliday

A hoodlum throws a stone vertically downward with an initial speed of 12.0 m/s from the roof of
a building, 30.0 m above the ground. (a) How long does it take the stone to reach the ground? (b)
What is the speed of the stone at impact?
2.49
A hot‐air balloon is ascending at the rate of 12 m/s and is 80 m above the ground when a package
is dropped over the side. (a) How long does the package take to reach the ground? (b) With what
speed does it hit the ground?
Worked Solution

 THINK

In this problem a package is dropped from a hot‐air balloon which is ascending vertically
upward. We analyze the motion of the package under the influence of gravity.

 EXPRESS

We neglect air resistance, which justifies setting (taking down as the

direction) for the duration of the motion. This allows us to use Table 2.1 (with
replacing ):

(2.54)

(2.55)

(2.56)

We place the coordinate origin on the ground and note that the initial velocity of the
package is the same as the velocity of the balloon, and that its initial
coordinate is . The time it takes for the package to hit the ground can be found
by solving Eq. LINK with .

 ANALYZE

a. We solve for time using the quadratic formula (choosing the

positive root to yield a positive value for ):
 Full file at http://testbankscafe.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Fundamentals-of-Physics-Extended-9th-Edition-Halliday

b. The speed of the package when it hits the ground can be calculated using Eq.
LINK. The result is

c. Its final speed is 41.38 m/s.

 LEARN

Our answers can be readily verified by using Eq. LINK which was not used in either (a)
or (b). The equation leads to

which agrees with that calculated in (b).

2.50
At time , apple 1 is dropped from a bridge onto a roadway beneath the bridge; somewhat
later, apple 2 is thrown down from the same height. Figure 2.30 gives the vertical positions of
the apples versus during the falling, until both apples have hit the roadway. The scaling is set by
. With approximately what speed is apple 2 thrown down?

Figure 2.30 Problem 2.50.

2.51
As a runaway scientific balloon ascends at 19.6 m/s, one of its instrument packages breaks free
of a harness and free‐falls. Figure 2.31 gives the vertical velocity of the package versus time,
from before it breaks free to when it reaches the ground. (a) What maximum height above the
break‐free point does it rise? (b) How high is the break‐free point above the ground?
 Full file at http://testbankscafe.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Fundamentals-of-Physics-Extended-9th-Edition-Halliday

Figure 2.31 Problem 2.51.

2.52
A bolt is dropped from a bridge under construction, falling 90 m to the valley below the bridge.
(a) In how much time does it pass through the last 20% of its fall? What is its speed (b) when it
begins that last 20% of its fall and (c) when it reaches the valley beneath the bridge?
2.53
A key falls from a bridge that is 45 m above the water. It falls directly into a model boat, moving
with constant velocity, that is 12 m from the point of impact when the key is released. What is
the speed of the boat?
Worked Solution

 THINK

This problem involves two objects: a key dropped from a bridge, and a boat moving at a
constant speed. We look for conditions such that the key will fall into the boat.

 EXPRESS

The speed of the boat is constant, given by , where is the distance of the boat
from the bridge when the key is dropped (12 m) and is the time the key takes in falling.

To calculate , we take the time to be zero at the instant the key is dropped, we compute

the time when using , with . Once is known, the speed

of the boat can be readily calculated.

 ANALYZE

Since the initial velocity of the key is zero, the coordinate of the key is given by

Thus, the time it takes for the key to drop into the boat is

Therefore, the speed of the boat is

 Full file at http://testbankscafe.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Fundamentals-of-Physics-Extended-9th-Edition-Halliday

 LEARN

From the general expression , we see that . This agrees

with our intuition that the lower the height from which the key is dropped, the greater the
speed of the boat in order to catch it.

2.54
A stone is dropped into a river from a bridge 43.9 m above the water. Another stone is thrown
vertically down 1.00 s after the first is dropped. The stones strike the water at the same time. (a)
What is the initial speed of the second stone? (b) Plot velocity versus time on a graph for each
stone, taking zero time as the instant the first stone is released.
2.55
A ball of moist clay falls 15.0 m to the ground. It is in contact with the ground for 20.0 ms before
stopping. (a) What is the magnitude of the average acceleration of the ball during the time it is in
contact with the ground? (Treat the ball as a particle.) (b) Is the average acceleration up or down?
Worked Solution

 THINK

The free‐falling moist‐clay ball strikes the ground with a non‐zero speed, and it
undergoes deceleration before coming to rest.

 EXPRESS

During contact with the ground its average acceleration is given by , where

is the change in its velocity during contact with the ground and is the
duration of contact. Thus, we must first find the velocity of the ball just before it hits the
ground .

 ANALYZE
a. Now, to find the velocity just before contact, we take to be when it is
dropped. Using Eq. LINK with , we obtain

b. where the negative sign is chosen since the ball is traveling downward at the
moment of contact. Consequently, the average acceleration during contact with
the ground is
 Full file at http://testbankscafe.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Fundamentals-of-Physics-Extended-9th-Edition-Halliday

c. The fact that the result is positive indicates that this acceleration vector points
upward.
 LEARN

Since is very small, it is not surprising to have a very large acceleration to stop the
motion of the ball. In later chapters, we shall see that the acceleration is directly related to
the magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the ground on the ball during the
course of collision.

2.56
Figure 2.32 shows the speed versus height of a ball tossed directly upward, along a axis.

Distance is 0.40 m. The speed at height is . The speed at height is . What is speed
?

Figure 2.32 Problem 2.56.

2.57
To test the quality of a tennis ball, you drop it onto the floor from a height of 4.00 m. It rebounds
to a height of 2.00 m. If the ball is in contact with the floor for 12.0 ms, (a) what is the magnitude
of its average acceleration during that contact and (b) is the average acceleration up or down?
2.58
An object falls a distance from rest. If it travels 0.50h in the last 1.00 s, find (a) the time and (b)
the height of its fall. (c) Explain the physically unacceptable solution of the quadratic equation in
that you obtain.
2.59
Water drips from the nozzle of a shower onto the floor 200 cm below. The drops fall at regular
(equal) intervals of time, the first drop striking the floor at the instant the fourth drop begins to
fall. When the first drop strikes the floor, how far below the nozzle are the (a) second and (b)
third drops?
2.60
A rock is thrown vertically upward from ground level at time . At it passes the top of
a tall tower, and 1.0 s later it reaches its maximum height. What is the height of the tower?
2.61
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A steel ball is dropped from a building's roof and passes a window, taking 0.125 s to fall from the
top to the bottom of the window, a distance of 1.20 m. It then falls to a sidewalk and bounces
back past the window, moving from bottom to top in 0.125 s. Assume that the upward flight is an
exact reverse of the fall. The time the ball spends below the bottom of the window is 2.00 s. How
tall is the building?
2.62
A basketball player grabbing a rebound jumps 76.0 cm vertically. How much total time (ascent
and descent) does the player spend (a) in the top 15.0 cm of this jump and (b) in the bottom
15.0 cm? Do your results explain why such players seem to hang in the air at the top of a jump?
2.63
A drowsy cat spots a flowerpot that sails first up and then down past an open window. The pot is
in view for a total of 0.50 s, and the top‐to‐bottom height of the window is 2.00 m. How high
above the window top does the flowerpot go?
2.64
A ball is shot vertically upward from the surface of another planet. A plot of versus for the ball
is shown in Fig. 2.33, where is the height of the ball above its starting point and at the
instant the ball is shot. The figure's vertical scaling is set by . What are the
magnitudes of (a) the free‐fall acceleration on the planet and (b) the initial velocity of the ball?

Figure 2.33 Problem 2.64.

sec. 2‐10 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis

2.65
Figure 2.13a gives the acceleration of a volunteer's head and torso during a rear‐end collision. At
maximum head acceleration, what is the speed of (a) the head and (b) the torso?
2.66
In a forward punch in karate, the fist begins at rest at the waist and is brought rapidly forward
until the arm is fully extended. The speed of the fist is given in Fig. 2.34 for someone skilled
in karate. The vertical scaling is set by . How far has the fist moved at (a) time
and (b) when the speed of the fist is maximum?
 Full file at http://testbankscafe.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Fundamentals-of-Physics-Extended-9th-Edition-Halliday

Figure 2.34 Problem 2.66.

2.67
When a soccer ball is kicked toward a player and the player deflects the ball by “heading” it, the
acceleration of the head during the collision can be significant. Figure 2.35 gives the measured
acceleration ) of a soccer player's head for a bare head and a helmeted head, starting from

rest. The scaling on the vertical axis is set by . At time , what is the
difference in the speed acquired by the bare head and the speed acquired by the helmeted head?

Figure 2.35 Problem 2.67.

2.68
A salamander of the genus Hydromantes captures prey by launching its tongue as a projectile:
The skeletal part of the tongue is shot forward, unfolding the rest of the tongue, until the outer
portion lands on the prey, sticking to it. Figure 2.36 shows the acceleration magnitude versus
time for the acceleration phase of the launch in a typical situation. The indicated accelerations

are and . What is the outward speed of the tongue at the end of the
acceleration phase?

Figure 2.36 Problem 2.68.

2.69
How far does the runner whose velocity–time graph is shown in Fig. 2.37 travel in 16 s? The
figure's vertical scaling is set by .
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Figure 2.37 Problem 2.69.

2.70
Two particles move along an axis. The position of particle 1 is given by

(in meters and seconds); the acceleration of particle 2 is given by

(in meters per second squared and seconds) and, at , its velocity is 20 m/s. When
the velocities of the particles match, what is their velocity?

2.8 Additional Problems

2.71
In an arcade video game, a spot is programmed to move across the screen according to

, where is distance in centimeters measured from the left edge of the screen
and is time in seconds. When the spot reaches a screen edge, at either or , is
reset to 0 and the spot starts moving again according to . (a) At what time after starting is the
spot instantaneously at rest? (b) At what value of does this occur? (c) What is the spot's
acceleration (including sign) when this occurs? (d) Is it moving right or left just prior to coming
to rest? (e) Just after? (f) At what time does it first reach an edge of the screen?
2.72
A rock is shot vertically upward from the edge of the top of a tall building. The rock reaches its
maximum height above the top of the building 1.60 s after being shot. Then, after barely missing
the edge of the building as it falls downward, the rock strikes the ground 6.00 s after it is
launched. In SI units: (a) with what upward velocity is the rock shot, (b) what maximum height
above the top of the building is reached by the rock, and (c) how tall is the building?
2.73
At the instant the traffic light turns green, an automobile starts with a constant acceleration of
2.2 m/s2. At the same instant a truck, traveling with a constant speed of 9.5 m/s, overtakes and
passes the automobile. (a) How far beyond the traffic signal will the automobile overtake the
truck? (b) How fast will the automobile be traveling at that instant?
2.74
A pilot flies horizontally at 1300 km/h, at height above initially level ground. However,
at time , the pilot begins to fly over ground sloping upward at angle (Fig. 2.38). If
the pilot does not change the airplane's heading, at what time does the plane strike the ground?
 Full file at http://testbankscafe.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Fundamentals-of-Physics-Extended-9th-Edition-Halliday

Figure 2.38 Problem 2.74.

2.75
To stop a car, first you require a certain reaction time to begin braking; then the car slows at a
constant rate. Suppose that the total distance moved by your car during these two phases is
56.7 m when its initial speed is 80.5 km/h, and 24.4 m when its initial speed is 48.3 km/h. What
are (a) your reaction time and (b) the magnitude of the acceleration?
2.76
Figure 2.39 shows part of a street where traffic flow is to be controlled to allow a platoon of cars
to move smoothly along the street. Suppose that the platoon leaders have just reached
intersection 2, where the green appeared when they were distance from the intersection. They
continue to travel at a certain speed (the speed limit) to reach intersection 3, where the green
appears when they are distance from it. The intersections are separated by distances and
. (a) What should be the time delay of the onset of green at intersection 3 relative to that at
intersection 2 to keep the platoon moving smoothly?

Figure 2.39 Problem 2.76.

Suppose, instead, that the platoon had been stopped by a red light at intersection 1. When the
green comes on there, the leaders require a certain time to respond to the change and an
additional time to accelerate at some rate to the cruising speed . (b) If the green at
intersection 2 is to appear when the leaders are distance from that intersection, how long after
the light at intersection 1 turns green should the light at intersection 2 turn green?

2.77
A hot rod can accelerate from 0 to 60 km/h in 5.4 s. (a) What is its average acceleration, in m/s2,
during this time? (b) How far will it travel during the 5.4 s, assuming its acceleration is constant?
(c) From rest, how much time would it require to go a distance of 0.25 km if its acceleration
could be maintained at the value in (a)?
Worked Solution

 THINK

The speed of the rod changes due to a nonzero acceleration.

 EXPRESS
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Since the problem involves constant acceleration, the motion of the rod can be readily
analyzed using the equations given in Table 2.1. We take to be in the direction of
motion, so

and . The location where the rod starts from rest is taken to be .

 ANALYZE
a. Using Eq. 2.7, we find the average acceleration to be

b. Assuming constant acceleration , the total distance traveled

during the 5.4‐s time interval is

c. Using Eq. LINK, the time required to travel a distance of is:

 LEARN

The displacement of the rod as a function of time can be written as .

Note that we could have chosen Eq. 2.17 to solve for (b):

2.78
A red train traveling at 72 km/h and a green train traveling at 144 km/h are headed toward each
other along a straight, level track. When they are 950 m apart, each engineer sees the other's train

and applies the brakes. The brakes slow each train at the rate of . Is there a collision? If
so, answer yes and give the speed of the red train and the speed of the green train at impact,
respectively. If not, answer no and give the separation between the trains when they stop.
2.79
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At time , a rock climber accidentally allows a piton to fall freely from a high point on the
rock wall to the valley below him. Then, after a short delay, his climbing partner, who is 10 m
higher on the wall, throws a piton downward. The positions of the pitons versus during the
falling are given in Fig. 2.40. With what speed is the second piton thrown?

Figure 2.40 Problem 2.79.

2.80
A train started from rest and moved with constant acceleration. At one time it was traveling
30 m/s, and 160 m farther on it was traveling 50 m/s. Calculate (a) the acceleration, (b) the time
required to travel the 160 m mentioned, (c) the time required to attain the speed of 30 m/s, and
(d) the distance moved from rest to the time the train had a speed of 30 m/s. (e) Graph versus
and versus for the train, from rest.
2.81
A particle's acceleration along an axis is , with in seconds and in meters per second
squared. At , its velocity is +17 m/s. What is its velocity at ?
Worked Solution

 THINK

The particle undergoes a non‐constant acceleration along the axis. An integration is

required to calculate velocity.

 EXPRESS

With a non‐constant acceleration , the velocity of the particle at time is

given by Eq. 2.22: , where is the velocity at time . In our situation,

we have . In addition, we also know that at .

 ANALYZE

Integrating (from to variable ) the acceleration to get the velocity and using
the values given in the problem, leads to
 Full file at http://testbankscafe.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Fundamentals-of-Physics-Extended-9th-Edition-Halliday

 LEARN

The velocity of the particle as a function of is

in SI units (m/s). Since the acceleration is linear in , we expect the velocity to be

quadratic in , and the displacement to be cubic in .

2.82
Figure 2.41 gives the acceleration versus time for a particle moving along an axis. The a‐

axis scale is set by . At , the particle's velocity is 7.0 m/s. What is its
velocity at t = 6.0 s?

Figure 2.41 Problem 2.82.

2.83
Figure 2.42 shows a simple device for measuring your reaction time. It consists of a cardboard
strip marked with a scale and two large dots. A friend holds the strip vertically, with thumb and
forefinger at the dot on the right in Fig. 2.42. You then position your thumb and forefinger at the
other dot (on the left in Fig. 2.42), being careful not to touch the strip. Your friend releases the
strip, and you try to pinch it as soon as possible after you see it begin to fall. The mark at the
place where you pinch the strip gives your reaction time. (a) How far from the lower dot should
you place the 50.0 ms mark? How much higher should you place the marks for (b) 100, (c) 150,
(d) 200, and (e) 250 ms? (For example, should the 100 ms marker be 2 times as far from the dot
as the 50 ms marker? If so, give an answer of 2 times. Can you find any pattern in the answers?)

Figure 2.42 Problem 2.83.

2.84
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A rocket‐driven sled running on a straight, level track is used to investigate the effects of large
accelerations on humans. One such sled can attain a speed of 1600 km/h in 1.8 s, starting from
rest. Find (a) the acceleration (assumed constant) in terms of and (b) the distance traveled.
2.85
A mining cart is pulled up a hill at 20 km/h and then pulled back down the hill at 35 km/h
through its original level. (The time required for the cart's reversal at the top of its climb is
negligible.) What is the average speed of the cart for its round trip, from its original level back to
its original level?
2.86
A motorcyclist who is moving along an axis directed toward the east has an acceleration given

by for . At , the velocity and position of the cyclist are

2.7 m/s and 7.3 m. (a) What is the maximum speed achieved by the cyclist? (b) What total
distance does the cyclist travel between and 6.0 s?
2.87
When the legal speed limit for the New York Thruway was increased from 55 mi/h to 65 mi/h,
how much time was saved by a motorist who drove the 700 km between the Buffalo entrance and
the New York City exit at the legal speed limit?
Worked Solution

 THINK

In this problem we're given two different speeds, and asked to find the difference in their
travel times.

 EXPRESS

The time is takes to travel a distance with a speed is . Similarly, with a speed
the time would be . The two speeds in this problem are

 ANALYZE

With , the time difference between the two is

 Full file at http://testbankscafe.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Fundamentals-of-Physics-Extended-9th-Edition-Halliday

 LEARN

The travel time was reduced from 7.9 h to 6.9 h. Driving at higher speed (within the legal
limit) reduces travel time.

2.88
A car moving with constant acceleration covered the distance between two points 60.0 m apart in
6.00 s. Its speed as it passed the second point was 15.0 m/s. (a) What was the speed at the first
point? (b) What was the magnitude of the acceleration? (c) At what prior distance from the first
point was the car at rest? (d) Graph versus and versus for the car, from rest ( ).
2.89
A certain juggler usually tosses balls vertically to a height . To what height must they be tossed
if they are to spend twice as much time in the air?
Worked Solution

 THINK

In this problem we explore the connection between the maximum height an object
reaches under the influence of gravity and the total amount of time it stays in air.

 EXPRESS

Neglecting air resistance and setting (taking down as the

direction) for the duration of the motion, we analyze the motion of the ball using Table
2.1 (with replacing ). We set . Upon reaching the maximum height , the
speed of the ball is momentarily zero . Therefore, we can relate its initial speed
to via the equation

The time it takes for the ball to reach maximum height is given by , or

 ANALYZE

If we want the ball to spend twice as much time in air as before, i.e., , then the new

maximum height it must reach is such that . Solving for we obtain

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 LEARN

Since , doubling means that must increase fourfold. Note also that for , the

initial speed must be twice the original speed: .

2.90
A particle starts from the origin at and moves along the positive axis. A graph of the
velocity of the particle as a function of the time is shown in Fig. 2.43; the v‐axis scale is set by
. (a) What is the coordinate of the particle at ? (b) What is the velocity of the
particle at ? (c) What is the acceleration of the particle at ? (d) What is the
average velocity of the particle between and ? (e) What is the average
acceleration of the particle between and ?

Figure 2.43 Problem 2.90.

2.91
A rock is dropped from a 100‐m‐high cliff. How long does it take to fall (a) the first 50 m and (b)
the second 50 m?
2.92
Two subway stops are separated by 1100 m. If a subway train accelerates at +1.2 m/s2 from rest
through the first half of the distance and decelerates at −1.2 m/s2 through the second half, what
are (a) its travel time and (b) its maximum speed? (c) Graph , , and versus for the trip.
2.93
A stone is thrown vertically upward. On its way up it passes point with speed , and point ,

3.00 m higher than , with speed . Calculate (a) the speed and (b) the maximum height
reached by the stone above point .
2.94
A rock is dropped (from rest) from the top of a 60‐m‐tall building. How far above the ground is
the rock 1.2 s before it reaches the ground?
2.95
An iceboat has a constant velocity toward the east when a sudden gust of wind causes the iceboat
to have a constant acceleration toward the east for a period of 3.0 s. A plot of versus is shown
 Full file at http://testbankscafe.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Fundamentals-of-Physics-Extended-9th-Edition-Halliday

in Fig. 2.44, where is taken to be the instant the wind starts to blow and the positive axis is
toward the east. (a) What is the acceleration of the iceboat during the 3.0 s interval? (b) What is
the velocity of the iceboat at the end of the 3.0 s interval? (c) If the acceleration remains constant
for an additional 3.0 s, how far does the iceboat travel during this second 3.0 s interval?

Figure 2.44 Problem 2.95.

Worked Solution

 THINK

This problem involves analyzing a plot describing the position of an iceboat as function
of time. The boat has a nonzero acceleration due to the wind.

 EXPRESS

Since we are told that the acceleration of the boat is constant, the equations of Table 2.1
can be applied. However, the challenge here is that , , and are not explicitly given.

Our strategy to deduce these values is to apply the kinematic equation to

a variety of points on the graph and solve for the unknowns from the simultaneous
equations.

 ANALYZE
a. From the graph, we pick two points on the curve: and (3.0 s, 27
m). The corresponding simultaneous equations are

b. Solving the equations lead to the values and .

c. From Table 2.1,
 Full file at http://testbankscafe.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Fundamentals-of-Physics-Extended-9th-Edition-Halliday

d. which leads to .

e. Assuming the wind continues during , we apply to

this interval (where from part (b)) to obtain

 LEARN

By using the results obtained in (a), the position and velocity of the iceboat as a function
of time can be written as

One can readily verify that the same answers are obtained for (b) and (c) using the above
expressions for and .

2.96
A lead ball is dropped in a lake from a diving board 5.20 m above the water. It hits the water with
a certain velocity and then sinks to the bottom with this same constant velocity. It reaches the
bottom 4.80 s after it is dropped. (a) How deep is the lake? What are the (b) magnitude and (c)
direction (up or down) of the average velocity of the ball for the entire fall? Suppose that all the
water is drained from the lake. The ball is now thrown from the diving board so that it again
reaches the bottom in 4.80 s. What are the (d) magnitude and (e) direction of the initial velocity
of the ball?
2.97
The single cable supporting an unoccupied construction elevator breaks when the elevator is at
rest at the top of a 120‐m‐high building. (a) With what speed does the elevator strike the ground?
(b) How long is it falling? (c) What is its speed when it passes the halfway point on the way
down? (d) How long has it been falling when it passes the halfway point?
2.98
Two diamonds begin a free fall from rest from the same height, 1.0 s apart. How long after the
first diamond begins to fall will the two diamonds be 10 m apart?
2.99
A ball is thrown vertically downward from the top of a 36.6‐m‐tall building. The ball passes the
top of a window that is 12.2 m above the ground 2.00 s after being thrown. What is the speed of
the ball as it passes the top of the window?
2.100
A parachutist bails out and freely falls 50 m. Then the parachute opens, and thereafter she
decelerates at 2.0 m/s2. She reaches the ground with a speed of 3.0 m/s. (a) How long is the
parachutist in the air? (b) At what height does the fall begin?
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2.101
A ball is thrown down vertically with an initial speed of from a height of . (a) What is its
speed just before it strikes the ground? (b) How long does the ball take to reach the ground?
What would be the answers to (c) part a and (d) part b if the ball were thrown upward from the
same height and with the same initial speed? Before solving any equations, decide whether the
answers to (c) and (d) should be greater than, less than, or the same as in (a) and (b).
2.102
The sport with the fastest moving ball is jai alai, where measured speeds have reached 303 km/h.
If a professional jai alai player faces a ball at that speed and involuntarily blinks, he blacks out
the scene for 100 ms. How far does the ball move during the blackout?