You will study:

1.1 Mole and milimole

1.2 Concentration Definition
1.3 Molarity, Normality
1.4 % Concentration- %w/w, % w/v, % v/v
1.5 ppm and ppb
1.6 Density and Specific Gravity
What you should be able to do

 Recall the units for molarity, % concentration, ppt, ppm and

ppb
 Convert molarity to % concentration, ppt, ppm and ppb and
vice versa
 Understand the concepts of dilution and standardization
 Differentiate the properties of primary and secondary
standards and standard solution
 Prepare the standard solution by direct method and by
standardization
 Calculate the concentration of prepared solutions in units of
molarity, % concentration, ppt, ppm and ppb
Terms you should know

• THE PERIODIC TABLE

• Definition – elements, symbols of elements,
molecules, compounds, atomic & molecular weight,
molar mass, formula weight, empirical formula,
chemical formula, chemical equation,
stoichiometric equation, mol & others.

• Differentiate its meaning and usage

The Periodic Table
 International System of Units

Base units

Physical Quantity Name of Unit Symbol

• Mass kilogram kg
• Length meter m
• Time second s
• Temperature kelvin K
• Amount of substance mole mol
• Electric current ampere A
• Luminous intensity candela cd
Prefixes for Units

Prefix Symbol Multiplier

giga- G 109
mega- M 106
kilo- k 103
deci- d 10-1
centi- c 10-2
milli- m 10-3
micro- µ 10-6
nano- n 10-9
pico- p 10-12
femto- f 10-15
 MOLE - review

Mole – a unit to define number/amount of

substance

Similar to dozen; 1 dozen = 12 things

BUT 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 = Avogadro’s number

Huge number; so usually used in chemistry to

denote
no of atoms – smallest unit in a substance.
 MOLE - review

Mole = number of elementary entities that has same no of

atoms in 12.0 g C-12

12 g C = 1 mole C= 6.02 x 1023 atoms

24 g Mg = 1 mole Mg = 6.02 x 1023 atoms

18 g H2O = 1 mole of water = 6.02 x 1023 molecule of water

1 molecule water = 2 H atoms x 6.02 x 1023 molecule of
water
6.02 x 1023 molecule of water = 2 x 6.02 x 1023 H atoms
= 6.02 x 1023 O atoms
 MOLE - review

• mol = m ass m g
 n   m ol 
m olar m ass MM g
m ol

• Molar mass = ??
Example: Mass of 1 mole of Na = 23 g
Mass of 1 mole of water = 18 g
• millimole = mmol
• 1 mol = 1000 mmol
Mass, mole, molar mass & particles - review

• What is the weight of 0.7 mol of magnesium chloride?

• How many magnesium chloride formula unit are in the compound ?

• Chemical formula of magnesium chloride = ____________

• Molar mass of magnesium = 24 g
• Molar mass of chlorine = 35.453 g
• Therefore, the formula weight/molar mass of magnesium chloride
=___ g.
• Thus one mole of magnesium chloride has a mass of _____ g.
• So, 0.7 mol of magnesium chloride would be _________ g
and contains ________ particles of magnesium chloride
 Calculation on mole & millimole - review

• Q1: Calculate no of moles of Hg in 2.49 g HgCl2

(271.50).

• Q2: Calculate no of moles of Cl in 2.49 g HgCl2

(271.50).

• Q3: Calculate no of mmoles of As and O in 15.37 mg

As2O3 (197.84).
14
 • substance present in smaller
• SOLUTE + SOLVENT proportion compared to the
SOLUTE solution.
• can be solid, liquid or gas.

• generally is a liquid
SOLVENT • present in larger proportion
• SOLUTION compared to the solution.

• homogenous mixture of two

SOLUTION or more substances, consisting
of solvent and solute

Note: Water is universal solvent for most solution

 Solution Concentration - Molarity

 Concentration = amount of solute dissolved per unit

quantity of solution.

mol solute n mol mmol

 Molarity = M =   
L solution V L mL
 Calculation-Molarity

• Calculate the molarity of Li+ when 0.35 g of substance

is dissolved and make up to 100 cm3 of solution.

• Describe preparation of 2.50 L of 0.10 M Na+ from

solid Na2C2O4 (134.00).
 NORMALITY
• =No of equivalents of reacting unit per liter of solution

• Normality (N)= no. of equivalent s of solute (eq)

volume(L)

• No equivalents (eq)= Normality (eq/L) x V (L)

• No equivalents (eq)=weight(g)/equiv wt (g/eq)

• equivalent weight = MM(g/mol)/no reacting unit (eq/mol)

 NO of reacting units

Gram equivalent = mass of acid/base which will provide a

concentration of H+/OH- undergoing neutralization.

No. of reacting unit = No. of equivalent

H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO42- 2

NaOH → Na+ + OH- 1

1 mol of sulfuric acid, H2SO4 = 2 reacting units H+
Equivalent weight = MM  no. reacting units
= (98.08 g/mol)  (2 eq/mol)
= 49.04 g/eq

For 1 mol, 1L of H2SO4, No. equivalent = 98.08  49.04

=2
Normality = 2  1L, Molarity = mol  vol(L)
=2N = 11
=1M
Example:
Calculate N of solution prepared
by dissolving 2.3543 g H2SO4
(98.08) in 1000 mL distilled
water .
Find mol H2SO4
98.08 g = 1 mol H2SO4
2.3545 g = 0.024 mol

Find no equiv H2SO4

1 mol = 2 eq
0.024 mol = 0.048 eq
N=nxM
N H2SO4 = 0.048 eq / 1L = 0.048 N M = 0.048/2
= 0.024 M
 % concentration (parts per hundred)

• SOLID SAMPLES (% w/w)

 Concentration - expressed as weight percentage (% w/w)

eg: find percentage of solute/analyte in sample

mass solute ( g )
% w/w (pph)  x 100
mass sample (g)
 % concentration (parts per hundred)

• % w/w

Also applicable to denote concentration of commercial aqueous

reagent

37% w/w HCl = 37 g HCl

x 100
100 g solution
Thus 37 g HCl is dissolved and diluted with sufficient water to make 100 g
solution of HCl.
g solute
% w/w aqueous reagent = x 100
g solution
 % concentration (parts per hundred)

• LIQUID SAMPLES (%w/v)

• Concentration is expressed as weight/volume (%w/v)

• eg: find percentage of solid analyte dissolved in liquid

sample

• weight/vol (%w/v)  mass solute or A ( g ) x 100

vol sample (mL)
 % concentration (parts per hundred)

• %w/v

• Also applicable to denote concentration of dilute solution of

solid reagent

• eg: 5% w/v AgNO3(aq) =5 g AgNO3 + sufficient water to make

up to 100 mL.

•  % w/v dilute solution of solid reagent

mass solute or A ( g )
 x 100
vol solution(mL)
 % concentration (parts per hundred)

• LIQUID SAMPLES (%v/v)

• If analyte/solute is a liquid and is diluted in liquid

vol solute or A(mL)

• Vol percent (% v/v)= x 100
vol sample (mL)
 % concentration (parts per hundred)

• LIQUID SAMPLES (%v/v)

• Also applicable to denote concentration of solution prepared by diluting pure liquid with
another liquid

• eg: 5% aqueous solution of MeOH 5 mL pure MeOH

 x 100
100 mL solution

vol solute or A(mL )

•  %v/v aq soln= x 100
vol solution(mL)

• can also use %w/w but more common = %v/v (change to mass by multiplying with
density)

• Always specify units: % w/w, % w/v, % v/v

 COMPOSITION OF SAMPLE
% concentration (parts per hundred)

 Manganese steel is very strong and is used as railroad nails. It is composed

of 86% iron, 13% manganese, and 1% carbon. What is the mass of each of
the three elements in 254 g sample of manganese steel?

Manganese steel 100% = 86% Fe +13% Mn + 1% C

In 100 g Mn Steel sample = 86 g Fe + 13 g Mn + 1 g C

254 g Mn Steel = ? g Fe + ? g Mn + ? g C

x
Mass Fe: = 254
86 100
= 218 g #
 concentration (parts per million)

 applicable for very low concentration of solute in solution

 common to express concentration of pollutants in H2O

 ie trace analysis

 ppm (ppb) = parts of a substance present in one million (or 1

billion) parts of solution.

 Parts may be any unit; eg: gram

 1 g of substance in 1,000,000 g solution
 concentration (parts per thousand)

• a. solid samples (w/w)

• ppt mass solute ( g )

 x 10 3
mass sample (g)

mg solute
=
g sample
 concentration (parts per million, ppm)

a. solid (w/w)

mass solute ( g )
 ppm  x 10 6
mass sample (g)

 ppm (w/w) 
mg solute g
OR
kg sample g

 Note: unit used for trace analysis

 concentration (parts per billion, ppb)

a. solid (w/w)

mass solute ( g )
• ppb = x 10 9
mass sample (g)

g solute ng solute
• ppb (w/w)  OR
kg sample g sample

Note: unit used for trace analysis

 concentration (parts per thousand)

b. Liquid samples w/v

mass solute ( g )
• ppt  x 10 3
vol sample (mL)
 concentration (parts per million, ppm)

b. liquid (w/v)

 ppm  mass solute ( g ) x 10 6

vol sample (mL)

mg solute g
 ppm (w/v)  
L sample mL

 Note: unit used for trace analysis

 concentration (parts per billion, ppb)

b. liquid (w/v)

• ppb (w/v)  mass solute ( g ) x 109 OR g

vol sample (mL) L

Note: unit used for trace analysis

 concentration (parts per thousand)

b. Liquid samples v/v

 ppt vol solute (mL)

 x 10 3
vol sample (mL)
 ppm vol solute (mL) for trace analysis
 x 10 6
vol sample (mL)
 ppb vol solute (mL)
 x 10 9
vol sample (mL)
 EXAMPLE

•A 25.0 L serum sample was analysed for

glucose content and found to contain 26.7 g.
Calculate concentration of glucose in i) ppm ii)
ppb
 DILUTION

- occurs whenever a solvent is added to a solution.

- adding solvent results in a solution of lower concentration.
- the concentration of a solution following a dilution maybe
calculated using

• where M is molarity, V is volume, and the subscripts c and d

refer to the concentrated and diluted values.
 DILUTION OF STOCK SOLUTION

Stock solution
• stable solution of known concentration.
• prepared at higher concentration which later may be used to
prepare solution of lower concentration by dilution.
• Prepared to save preparation time, conserve materials, reduce
storage space, and improve the accuracy with which working
solutions are prepared.

Working Solution
• solution made for actual use in the lab, usually made from
diluting or combining stock or standard solutions.
 DILUTION OF STOCK SOLUTION
Stock solution Diluted solution by dilution series

1
2 3

1000 ppm Pb2+ 100 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm

Calculation for dilution solution: M1V1 = M2V2

M1 = molarity of higher concentration

M2 = molarity of lower concentration
V1 = volume of higher concentration
V2 = volume of lower concentration
 DILUTION OF STOCK SOLUTION

 M1V1 = M2V2
1000V1 = 100 x 250 mL 1
V1 = 25

M1V1 = M2V21
100V1 = 1 x 100 mL 2
V1 =1

M1V1 = M2V2
1V1 =0.1 x 100 3
V1 = 10

1
 DENSITY & SPECIFIC GRAVITY

 Definition:
 Density of a substance = its mass / unit volume
 Sp gravity = ratio of mass of substance to mass of equal
volume of H2O at specified Temperature (temperature
dependant). (density of substance/density of water).

 Since density of water is 1 g/mL at room temperature, thus

value is interchangeable.

 Unit for density = kg/L or g/mL

 Sp gravity = dimensionless
 DENSITY & SPECIFIC GRAVITY

• Questions:

• Q7: Perchloric acid, HClO4 is 70% w/w. d HClO4 =

1.664 g/mL. Calculate M HClO4

• Q8: Calculate M of 5.00 ppm Mg(NO3)2 solution

Describe the preparation of :

a)100 mL of 6.0M HCl from a concentrated solution that has a specific

gravity of 1.18 and 37% (w/w).(Ans: 50.2ml)

b)750 mL 6.0M H3PO4 from commercial reagent , 85% (w/w) and specific
gravity = 1.69 (Ans: 307 ml)

c)250 mL 50 ppm of AgNO3 from the solid chemical (Ans: 0.0125g of

AgNO3)

d)250 mL 50 ppm of Ca2+ from the solid chemical Ca(NO3)2 (Ans:

0.0513g)

e)400 ml 0.080 M AgNO3 from reagent solids (Ans: 5.44g)