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15 Ext 6

1. The document discusses numerical methods for finding roots of equations. It provides examples of using iterative formulas and graphical analysis to find roots within given intervals to a specified degree of accuracy. 2. Methods covered include finding iterative formulas that give convergent or divergent sequences, using graphical analysis to illustrate the convergence or divergence, and applying techniques like linear interpolation to estimate values. 3. Care must be taken when using the change of sign method to find roots, as it can cause problems in some cases like when multiple roots exist in the given interval.

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80 views

15 Ext 6

1. The document discusses numerical methods for finding roots of equations. It provides examples of using iterative formulas and graphical analysis to find roots within given intervals to a specified degree of accuracy. 2. Methods covered include finding iterative formulas that give convergent or divergent sequences, using graphical analysis to illustrate the convergence or divergence, and applying techniques like linear interpolation to estimate values. 3. Care must be taken when using the change of sign method to find roots, as it can cause problems in some cases like when multiple roots exist in the given interval.

Uploaded by

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Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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6 Numerical methods

Ext6

Extension 1 a Show that x 3 x 2 ‡ 2x 1 ˆ 0 has only one real root.


Exercise 6 b Show that the root lies between 0 and 1.
c Use a suitable iterative formula to calculate the root, correct to 7 decimal
places.
d Hence find a root, correct to 4 decimal places, of
i 23x 22x ‡ 2x ‡ 1 1 ˆ 0 ii sin3 x sin2 x ‡ 2 sin x 1ˆ0

2 a Show that ex x 2 ˆ 4 has a root between 2 and 3.


b Show that ex x 2 ˆ 4 can be rearranged to give two iterative formulae:
p 
xn ‡ 1 ˆ exn 4 and xn ‡ 1 ˆ ln x 2n ‡ 4
c Show that, with x1 ˆ 2, the sequence defined by only one of the formulae
converges. Hence, find the root correct to 6 decimal places.
d Draw sketches to illustrate the iteration process in both cases.
p
e For both f(x) ˆ ex 4 and f(x) ˆ ln (x 2 ‡ 4)
find f 0 (x) and show that, close to the root,
i jf 0 (x)j < 1 for the convergent sequence
ii jf 0 (x)j > 1 for the divergent sequence.
p
3 a Show that x ‡ x 2 x ˆ 0 has a root between 0.4 and 0.8.
p 
b Show that x ‡ x 2 x ˆ 0 can be rearranged as x ˆ F(x) where
p
F(x) ˆ x x 2 or F(x) ˆ (x ‡ x 2 )2
c Rewrite the results in part b as iterative formulae and show that, with
x1 ˆ 0:6, one of the formulae defines a convergent sequence and one a
p
divergent sequence. Hence find the root of x ‡ x 2 x ˆ 0, correct to 6
decimal places.
d Draw sketches to illustrate the iteration process in both the convergent and
divergent cases.
e Find F 0 (x) for both rearrangements and show that, close to the root,
i jF 0 (x)j < 1 for the convergent sequence
ii jF0 (x)j > 1 for the divergent sequence

4 A cuboid has volume 100 cm3 , surface area 150 cm2 , and its length is twice its
breadth. Find its dimensions, in centimetres, giving the answer correct to
2 decimal places. (There are two possible solutions.)

5 When the depth of the water in a hemispherical bowl is h, the volume of the
water in the bowl is p(rh2 13 h3 ), where r is the radius of the bowl. Find, in
terms of r, correct to 3 significant figures, the depth of the water when half the
volume of the bowl is filled.
h
Hint: Use the substitution x ˆ .
r

A2 Core for Edexcel # Pearson Education Ltd. 2005 1


6 Numerical methods

6 A goat is tethered by a rope so that it can graze half a field.


Find the length of the rope if
a the field is a square of side 2 with the rope tied
i at a corner ii at the midpoint of a side
b the field is an equilateral triangle of side 2 with the rope tied to a vertex
c the field is a circle of diameter 2 with the rope tied to a point on the
circumference

7 Find, correct to 3 significant figures, the smallest positive root of 5x 5 ˆ 5x ‡ 1.

8 Given that the function f(x) is continuous in the interval (a, b) and that the
equation f(x) ˆ 0 has a root in that interval, prove that, using linear
interpolation, a first approximation to the root is
af(b) bf(a)
f(b) f(a)

9 The method of locating a root by looking for a change in sign must be used with
care. This question illustrates situations where the method can cause a problem.

a Given that f(x) ˆ x 3 4x 2 ‡ 4x, show that f(x) ˆ 0 has a root between 1
and 3 although f(1) and f(3) have the same sign.
b Given that f(x) ˆ x 3 1:2x 2 ‡ 0:47x 0:06, show that
i f(0) < 0 and f(1) > 0
ii f(x) ˆ 0 has three roots in the interval (0, 1)
1
c Given f(x) ˆ e x ‡ , show that, although f( 1) < 0 and f(1) > 0, f(x) ˆ 0
has no roots. x

d Form an equation, f(x) ˆ 0, with f(0) < 0, f(1) > 0 and exactly two distinct
roots in the interval (0, 1).

10 Before calculators were widely available trigonometrical ratios were obtained from
tables.

Given that tan 638 ˆ 1:9626 and tan 648 ˆ 2:0503, use a method of linear
interpolation to estimate
a tan 63:58 b tan 63:78 c arctan 2

2 A2 Core for Edexcel # Pearson Education Ltd. 2005

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