Computer Network

BIS Program
Associate Prof. Mohamed Abdelraheem
Syllabus
• A Brief History of Data Network
• Introduction to computer networks
• The OSI reference model & Network Terminologies
• Network Devices and Terminologies
• Network cable and Connections
• TCP/IP Protocol
• IP addressing
• Network Address Translation
• Layer 2 Switching
• Introduction to routing
• Network security
• Network commands and utilities
• Introduction to Network Programming
Instructors
• Dr. Mohamed Medhat Tawfik Abdelraheem
• Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, Assiut
University
• Email: [email protected]
• Office hours: By appointment ( mainly available the entire week)
Course Website
• We will use CANVAS learning management System
• You will find slides, and other materials
• You can find announcements
• You can post questions

• How to enroll ??
• https://canvas.instructure.com/enroll/KTTHCD.
• Alternatively, they can sign up
at https://canvas.instructure.com/register and use the following
join code: KTTHCD
Course Grading system
• Mid term exam (30 Points) MCQ based exam
• Activity during the lectures and tutorials ( 10 points) It depends on
how you behave and interact on the lectures
• Practical Exam ( 10 Points)
Chapter 1 : A Brief History of Data Network

• 1.1. Definition
• A computer network is a collection of computers ( in its wide
definition) that are connected together and share resources. These
computers communicate with each other using common protocols over
various types of physical connections, such as wired, optical, or
wireless methods.
• The nodes in a network can include personal computers, servers,
networking hardware, or other specialized hosts. Each node is
identified by a network address and may have a hostname for easier
identification.
• In the early days of computing, computers were very big and
expensive. They took up entire rooms

• At that time, only large companies, governments, and schools had

computers, and they were not connected to each other. In the 1940s,
the chairman of IBM said that there would only be a market for 5
personal computers in the world.
• in 1977, the president of Digital Equipment Corporation said that no
one would want a computer in their home.
 The First Communications Networks
• By the mid-1900s, electronic communications had been around for over a
century and was being installed in both Europe and the United States.
Initially these networks took many forms and sent only coded signals.
They later became proficient of sending voice across the wire.
• Telegraph cables
• In the early 1800s, the French pioneered the first optical telegraph
network, transmitting information at an impressive speed of 20
characters per second.
• Additionally, Samuel Morse showcased the electrical telegraph system,
which played a crucial role in driving the advancement of networked
communications in the United States.
The Arpanet project

• supported by the U.S. Department of Defense, established the first

packet-switched computer network in the late 1960s. It was named
Arpanet, short for Advanced Research Projects Agency network.
• The initial node was set up at the University of California at Los
Angeles in 1969, followed by another node at Stanford Research
Institute (SRI).
• The network expanded to include two more nodes at UC Santa
Barbara and the University of Utah by the end of 1969.
• Over the next three years, the network grew across the United States
and eventually reached Europe.
 ARPANET to The Internet
• By1970s, more number of nodes were added, both domestically and abroad.
• By 1980s, The Arpanet network reached 113 node
• 1984: The Domain Name System (DNS) was introduced in 1984. Around 100
host computers were connected to the network this year.

• 1989: This year witnessed 100,000 hosts were connected to ARPANET.

• The 1990s: The Net Becomes Big Business The remarkable development of
1980s was nothing compared to what was achieved in the 1990s.Arpanet
ended, and the Internet was “invented,” with the U.S. government taking
interest in pushing the growth of the so-called information superhighway.
Internet in the 1990s
• 1995:
• Online advertising and online banking arrived. By this year the Internet was
so well versed with the user community, that they could even order a pizza
over the Internet. A Brief History of Data Network 10

• 1999 By 1999 almost 1 million sites were hosted on the World Wide Web,
with over 50 million host computers participating in this networking
technology. It was the decade when Internet was commercialized
21st Century
• High Speed Internet Technologies:
• Broadband is also called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a
high speed data transmission rate (256 Kbit/s) as compared to dial-up
access over a modem. There are many diverse technologies that
empower broadband connection’s speed. The most popular of these
include
• 1- Fiber optics cable
• : These cables use glass threads to transmit data. Mode of
transmission is light waves, that more data at faster speed. Data
travels in digital format rather than analog as on copper cables.
• DSL:
• Digital subscriber line is the group of technologies which can transmit data
over the telephone network without interrupting voice communication.
DSL works on higher frequency band of data with DSL filter at customer
premises. These filter separate data and voice signals, thus blocks any
interference in the communication.
• 3- Wireless Broadband
• : It is a high speed internet access and data transmission facility provided
by a Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)
• 4- Satellite Internet:
• It is the high speed Internet service that uses telecommunication in earth’s
orbit to provide Internet access to its consumers.
What about Egypt ???
• Internet services in Egypt started in October 1993 via a 9.6K link
between the Egyptian Universities Network and France carrying the
Bitnet as well as Internet traffic .
• user community at the time was estimated at about 2000 users .
• In 1994 a 64 Kbit/sec. digital link for 400000$ !!!!! Upgraded next
year to 128 Kbps
• By late 1990s and the beginning of 2000s the Dial up service was
introduced in EGYPT with number of users reached 300000
First way to connect to the internet from
home
• Dial up connection
• Connect the PC to the network via phone line
And modem card

Dial a phone number of the ISP !!!

Cannot use the phone while using the internet !!!!

Fun ☺
ADSL history in EGYPT
• ADSL was introduced in EGYPT in 2004 with basic speed of 128Kbps
• My first ADSL connection (2005) speed = 128 for 150LE/month
• Router with single Ethernet no WiFI !!!
Key statistics about the internet in 2023….
• Check the book
• The top most visited sites on the web in 2021 were:
• 1- Google
• 2-YouTube
• 3. Facebook
• 4.Twitter
• 5.Instagram
• 6.Baidu
• 7.Wikipedia
• 8.Yandex
• 9.Yahoo
•  In 2021, there were 4.480 billion social media users around the world. Facebook is the
thirdmost visited website in the world.
• • TikTok was the most downloaded app of 2021.
• • 68% of Americans use Facebook as their primary social media channel, followed by 35%
usingInstagram, 29% using Pinterest, and 24% on Twitter.
• • Only 35% of people using Facebook are under 25.
• • 66% of monthly active users on Facebook come back to the platform every day. 74%
ofAmerican users are found on the platform daily, too.
• • The average American uses Facebook for nearly 1 hour (58 minutes) every day.
• • The average session duration on Facebook is between 10 and 12 minutes.
• • 88% of Facebook traffic comes from mobile devices using the Facebook mobile
application.
• • Facebook isn't just for connecting with friends and family or using Messenger. In fact, 78%
of users have used the platform to find new products and services. Facebook is the most
popular marketing platform for any social media channel for B2B and B2C businesses.
• 80% of people using Instagram are outside of the United States
• • 34% of users of Instagram are in the "Millennial" generation category.
• • 25% of smartphone users have the Instagram application installed on
their devices.
• • 22% of Instagram accounts login every single day.
• • 38% of all Instagram users will check their application more than once
per day.
• • In a single day on Instagram, 4.2 billion pictures are "liked." To add to
that, there are nearly 100million new pictures/posts created on Instagram
every day, and 400 million more stories are posted. Story feature usage
has increased by 100 million posts since 2017.
• • Every minute, there are at least 79,740 posts published on Tumblr,
176,220 calls made on Skype,473,400 tweets sent on Twitter, and
2,083,333 snaps sent on Snapchat.
Video
• Video Statistics
• There are dozens of streaming platforms worldwide. The most popular
video streaming platformsbased on our most recent information are:
• • YouTube: 1.8 billion unique monthly visitors
• • Netflix: 150 million unique monthly visitors
• • Vimeo: 130 million unique monthly visitors
• • Yahoo! Screen: 125 million unique monthly visitors
• • DailyMotion: 100 million unique monthly visitors
• • Hulu: 75 million unique monthly visitors
Here are some statistics on video streaming:
• 45% of people globally watch an hour or more of online video content every day.
• 50% of people between the ages of 18 and 34 would drop their current task to watch a
newYouTube video from a channel they subscribe to.
• 40% of Millennials report trusting YouTube for high-quality content. 60% of them stated that
videos on the platform had impacted their personality and worldview.
• Video is an integral part of the buying journey for consumers in the modern world. 50% of
people on the internet watch videos and product demos before purchasing anything.
• Videos that go over two minutes in length tend to see a significant drop-off in user retention.
But, if someone watches more than six minutes of your video, they are likely to stay for the
entirety of it.
• In the last few years alone, mobile video-based advertising spending has increased by 95%.
• More than 50% of content consumed on YouTube is watched via mobile devices and the
YouTube mobile application.
• 90% of video views on Twitter happen through their mobile app.
Search Statistics

• Google accounts for 92.01% of the global search engine market share.
The rest is divided among Bing, Yahoo!, and Baidu.
• For mobile search engine market share, Google.com again dominates
with 95.23% of usage world wide.
• Google processes over 3.5 billion searches every single day. That's 1.2
trillion searches each year and 40,000 every second. In 1999, Google
crawlers took an entire month to index 50million website pages. In
2012, they accomplished the same task in under 60 seconds.
Ecommerce Statistics

• In 2021, global eCommerce (online store) sales totaled 4.9 trillion

United States dollars.
• In 2021, mobile eCommerce sales now account for 72.9% of all online
purchases, totaling 3.56trillion dollars.
• One in four dollars of eCommerce spending is spent on mobile
devices. Toys and hobbies were the number one item categories of
purchase. The second was video games, consoles, and accessories.
Ecommerce statistics
• • China: 1.03 billion people shop online
• • United States: 259 million people shop online
• • Brazil: 119 million people shop online
• • Germany: 64 million people shop online
• • Mexico: 60 million people shop online
• Amazon is the number one eCommerce retailer in the United States,
accounting for 49.1% of all online shopping. Next is eBay with 6.6%,
followed by Apple, Walmart, The Home Depot, and BestBuy.
Current state of the internet
• To check the world map of internet cables
• https://submarine-cable-map-2023.telegeography.com/